Fracture characteristics of notched investment cast TiAl alloy through in situ SEM observation

TiAl alloys were produced by investment casting method combined with induction skull melting （ISM） technique. In situ scanning electron microscopy （SEM） was utilized to study the fracture characteristics and crack propagation of a notched investment cast TiAl specimens in tension under incremental loading conditions. The whole process of crack initiation, propagation and failure during tensile deformation was observed and characterized. The results show that the fracture mechanism was sensitive to not only the microcracks near the notched area but also lamellar orientation to loading axis. The high tensile stress leads to the new microcracks nucleate along lamellar interfaces of grains with favorable orientation when local stress intensity reaches the toughness threshold of the material. Thus, both plasticity and high tensile stress are required to cause notched TiAl failure.

青岛市大气颗粒物SEM图像数据集

本文选取青岛市7个具有代表性的采样点,分时段进行大气颗粒物样本的采集,然后通过扫描电镜,进一步得到颗粒物的SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)图像。通过对得到SEM图像的形貌特征进行观察分析,进而挑选出含有形貌特征明显的颗粒物的SEM图像,共计334张图片。基于得到的大气颗粒物的SEM图像进行分析研究,根据其形貌特性的不同将颗粒物分为7类:链条状颗粒物、絮状颗粒物、纤维状颗粒物、球状颗粒物、类球状颗粒物、不规则矿物颗粒物、规则矿物颗粒物。将得到的SEM图片采用水平翻转、色彩平衡、亮度变换、模糊处理等相应的图像处理方法进行颗粒物SEM图像样本的扩展,生成新的图片样本,并将其添加到数据集中。从而建立起含有7类大气颗粒的SEM图像数据集,共含有2672张SEM图片。本文所建立的数据集可以用于采用机器学习等相关方法对大气颗粒物进行识别分类、分割等相关研究,也可为大气颗粒物相关研究提供基础数据资料。

基于SEM的建筑安装工程施工安全风险评价方法

由于各种安全风险因素之间存在相互作用,建筑安装工程施工安全风险评价的可靠性难以保证,为此,提出基于SEM的建筑安装工程施工安全风险评价方法。首先对建筑安装工程施工安全风险的特点进行分析,并明确评价的目标和要求。然后,采用结构方程模型作为评价工具,构建建筑安装工程施工安全风险评价模型,模型包括多个评价指标和路径关系,全面考虑各种安全风险因素之间的相互作用。通过模型分析和计算,准确评估施工安全风险水平。测试结果表明,设计评价方法实现了对建筑安装工程施工安全风险的准确评价。

Comparison of Micro-morphological Characteristics of Four Triticeae Species in Gramineae

[Objective] This study was to investigate the difference in microscopic features of pollen grain and stoma of four triticeae species, as well as the relationship between the sizes of pollen grain and stoma, and the chromosome ploidy. [Method] Comparison of the micro-morphological characteristics of pollen grain and leaf epiderm among diaploid Thinopyrum elongatum, Elytrigia intermedia, hexaploid Triticum aestivum and octoploid Tritielytrigia types were carried out by observation under scanning electronic microscope(SEM). [Result] There were some differences among the four species in the micro-morphology, the size, the surface protuberance, the germ pore of pollen grain and the leaf epidermal stoma, in which diploid Thinopyrum elongatum was obviously different from the other three. Diploid, hexaploid and octoploid species of triticeae had remarkable differences in micro-morphological characteristics of pollen grain and stoma. However, some differences between hexaploid species and octoploid species were not significant. [Conclusion] Some microscopic characteristics of pollen grain and stoma could be used as the evidence to identify diaploid, hexaploid and octoploid spieces whose chromosome ploidy are hugely different.

基于SEM多级化孔隙特征研究——以重塑黄土为例

为了探究扫描电镜(SEM)下多尺度微观孔隙特征,确定孔隙定量分析的最佳放大倍数,利用IPP 6.0软件对12种不同放大倍数(包括100X、200X、300X、400X、500X、600X、800X、1000X、1200X、1500X、2000X、3000X)下8个不同干密度的重塑黄土试样的SEM图像进行孔隙多级化分析,并依据雷祥义的黄土孔隙分类标准对孔隙进行统计分类。结果表明:在放大倍数小于400X时,任何干密度试样的SEM图像都无法观察到微孔隙,在放大倍数大于1000X时,无法观察到大孔隙,而在放大倍数介于400~1000X时,基本可以观察到不同类型的孔隙;基于多元统计学中的聚类分析,得到放大倍数的分类结果与IPP 6.0软件对SEM图像的处理统计结果相一致;不同干密度试样多级化孔隙特征的差异主要是由土体密实度变化使得不同孔隙类型转化而引起的;随着放大倍数的增大,视域变小,大孔隙越难统计;反之,放大倍数越小,视域越大,微孔隙越容易被忽略;在综合考虑微孔隙和大孔隙的分布及其含量下,最佳观察倍数应介于500~800X之间。该研究不仅有助于揭示重塑黄土基于SEM多级化孔隙特征,同时对地质工程领域土体微结构定量表征具有借鉴价值。

Integration of SEM/WDX elemental mapping and micromorphology to determine mineralogical traits of peat soils(case study：Northern Iran)

We explored the potential use of combining wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(WDX) and micromorphology of thin sections to identify minerals in peat soils. Peat soil minerals from three peats and swamps across Golestan Province in northern Iran were first characterized by micromorphological studies. Soils were composed mainly of quartz, muscovite, biotite, pyroxene,sericitized Fe-nodules, and iron-rich garnet. In addition,micromorphological results indicated that Galougah Coastal Swamp sections contained some inorganic residue with biological origin including oyster and limpet, which may be related to the swamp's location near Gorgan Gulf.In order to determine mineralogical properties of samples,twelve unknown grains were chosen for elemental concentration map studies. Quartz, garnet, ilmenite, calcite,and pyroxene in Suteh samples; epidote and Fe-nodule in Ghaleh-Ghafeh Peat Swamp; and barite, phyllosilicates,and calcite in Galougah were identified by WDX mapping of Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, C, Ba, S, and Ti. Composition of the oysters' body was also analyzed by WDX for Si, Ca, Fe,and C. The results indicated that most of the minerals in all sections likely formed through weathering, inheriting their composition from the parent rock. This research suggests that merging micromorphology and SEM/WDX image techniques can be useful in confirming the presence of mineral particles in soil science.

Long-term Hardening Characteristics of Prestressed Anchorage Grout

Grout plays an important role in the transmission and maintenance of anchoring force,and in the protection of anchorage materials against corrosion.Thus,the hardening characteristics of grout directly affect the anchoring effectivity and long-term reliability.We have excavated a prestressed anchorage which has been in service for 20 years,and have tested the grout which has worked for that long period under complicated geological conditions through strength tests and have analyzed its mineral composition using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).The results show that the mineral composition of the 12.5 m segment differs from other segments,and corresponds with poor coagulation characteristics of the 12.5 m segment grout.Analysis shows that unhydrated tricalcium silicate may be the reason for the localized poor coagulation.

Microscopic characteristics of different fracture modes of brittle rock

Three types of rock specimens, three-point bending specimen, anti-symmetric four-point bending specimen and direct shearing specimen, were used to achieve Mode I, Mode II and mixed mode I–II fracture, respectively. Microscopic characteristics of the three fracture modes of brittle rock were studied by SEM technique in order to analyze fracture behaviors and better understand fracture mechanisms of different fracture modes of brittle rock. Test results show that the microscopic characteristics of different fracture modes correspond to different fracture mechanisms. The surface of Mode I fracture has a great number of sparse and steep slip-steps with few tearing ridges and shows strong brittleness. In the surface of Mode II fracture there exist many tearing ridges and densely distributed parallel slip-steps and it is attributed to the action of shear stress. The co-action of tensile and shear stresses results in brittle cleavage planes mixed with streamline patterns and tearing ridges in the surface of mixed mode I–II fracture. The measured Mode II fracture toughness K II C and mixed mode I–II fracture toughness K mC are larger than Mode I fracture toughness K I C · K II C is about 3.5 times K I C, and KmC is about 1.2 times K I C.

Nanoscale Pore Characteristics of the Upper Permian Mudrocks from a Transitional Environment in and around Eastern Sichuan Basin, China

Nanoscale pore characteristics of the Upper Permian Longtan transitional mudrocks and their equivalent strata Wujiaping Formation marine mudrocks in and around the eastern Sichuan Basin was investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM)and low-pressure N2 adsorption experiments.The results indicate that the Upper Permian mudrock is at a mature stage with total organic carbon(TOC)values ranging between 0.47%and 12.3%.The Longtan mudrocks mainly contain vitrinite,and their mineral composition is primarily clay.In contrast,the Wujiaping mudrocks are dominated by sapropelinite and solid bitumen,and their mineral compositions are mainly quartz and a notably high amount of pyrite.The FE-SEM reveals that clay mineral pores and microcracks are the common pore types in the Longtan mudrocks.The specific surface area and pore volume depend on the clay content but are negatively correlated with the TOC.The generation of nanometer pores in the Longtan mudrocks is caused by high clay mineral contents.Meanwhile,the Wujiaping mudrock mainly contains OM pores,and the pore parameters are positively correlated with the TOC.The OM pore development exhibits remarkable differences in the Longtan and Wujiaping mudrocks,which might be related to their sedimentary facies and maceral fractions.Vitrinite and inertinite appear as discrete particles in these mudrocks and cannot generate pores during thermal maturation.Sapropelinite often contains many secondary pores,and solid bitumen with large particles,usually with several pores,is not the major contributor to the pore system of the investigated mudrock.

反式聚异戊二烯/有机黏土复合材料的形状记忆性能

以反式聚异戊二烯(TPI)为基体,通过加入有机黏土(OC)制备了TPI/OC纳米复合材料(TPICNs)。通过X射线衍射、差示扫描量热、动态力学分析和扫描电子显微镜等手段分别考察了TPICNs的结晶情况、形状记忆性能、力学性能和微观形貌。结果表明,随着OC用量的增加,TPICNs的结晶度、拉伸强度和形状回复率均先增大后减小;当OC用量为1.2份(质量)时,TPICNs的拉伸强度最大且展现出最好的形状记忆行为;TPICNs断面处结晶颗粒分布均匀。

滇中高原湖泊湖滨带土壤生态化学计量特征及影响因素研究

湖滨带是地球化学元素循环高度活跃且极易受环境变化与人类活动影响的敏感地带。文章通过对滇中湖泊杞麓湖湖滨带土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量的分析,结合冗余分析和结构方程模型等,研究了土壤生态化学计量的时空变化特征及其与土壤理化性质间的耦合关系。结果表明,杞麓湖湖滨带土壤总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均含量分别为31.97、1.79、1.01 g/kg。雨季土壤TOC、TN含量低于旱季,在湖滨带结构上均呈现水向带>消落带>陆向带的特征,且随土壤深度的增加而降低,TP时空差异不显著。土壤C∶N、C∶P和N∶P平均值分别为23.08、41.38、2.10,表明湖滨带土壤有机质的分解速率较慢,释放有效磷的潜力大,植物生长易受到氮的限制,而磷的高含量将影响杞麓湖流域生态环境保护。土壤容重、含水率和黏土含量通过改变其C、N、P含量,进而影响土壤生态化学计量比。

城市生活垃圾焚烧渣工程特性试验研究

焚烧法减量效果显著,已成为生活垃圾的主要处理方法,然而城市生活垃圾焚烧会产生大量底渣,底渣如何处置利用是当前一个重要且亟待解决的难题。以武汉地区底渣为例,借助微观观测技术和室内测试试验,较为全面地分析武汉底渣的物理、化学及工程特性,与不同地区底渣特性进行对比,并进一步探讨武汉底渣在道路工程中作为路基填料、垃圾填埋场中用作防渗层的可行性。结果表明,底渣颗粒形状各异,表面光滑且有细小孔洞,是一种塑性较低、比重较高的级配不良砂性粗粒土;底渣重金属元素浸出浓度均未超过国家相关标准的规定限值;底渣的击实性与中细砂相似,有一定的压缩性,但其固结特性不明显;底渣的渗透系数略大于细砂,经掺和膨润土后可考虑用作垃圾填埋场防渗材料;底渣内摩擦角接近中细砂取值,同时还具有一定的黏聚力;在承载变形能力上,底渣的CBR测定值较高,满足路基工程材料对承载力的要求。

澜沧江流域主要断裂断层泥中石英碎砾表面SEM特征及其断裂活动研究

根据断层泥及地层中石英碎砾表面SEM结构特征的研究 ,澜沧江断裂带早、中更新世是其主要活动时期 ,晚更新世活动减弱 ,全新世以来基本不活动 ;澜沧—勐遮断裂、孟连断裂晚更新世以来至全新世仍明显活动 ;木戛断裂、谦迈河断裂、平掌寨断裂及贵基处 -瓦窑断裂晚更新世后期以来基本不活动。因此澜沧—勐遮断裂。

土壤/橡胶粘附界面土壤表层微形态SEM研究

利用扫描电镜观察了土壤/橡胶粘附系统自然风干后界面处土壤表层微形态,发现土壤表层呈现各种尺度的粗糙结构,微观形态特征与界面所受法向压力的大小有关。文中还对土壤与固体外物表面粘附的机理进行了分析,并依据粘附界面土壤固相形成特征,探讨了土壤粘附界面水膜状态及其对土壤粘附强度的影响。

11种1变种单叶花楸的叶表皮微形态

为探讨叶表皮微形态特征的分类学意义,以中国产花楸属(Sorbus)冠萼组(sect. Aria)和落萼组(sect.Micromeles)11种1变种单叶类群为研究对象,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其特征进行观察。结果如下:单叶花楸的叶表皮细胞呈多边形或不规则形;多边形细胞的垂周壁平直或弧状,不规则形细胞的垂周壁弧状或波状;表皮细胞面积在分类群间差异显著,且上表皮细胞面积均大于下表皮细胞;细胞表面纹饰有脊状、条状、皱褶、次生加厚、局部加厚,蜡质纹饰有壳状、颗粒状、片状、线状;叶光滑或具毛,毛被的位置、颜色、疏密和类型是重要的物种鉴定特征;气孔均为无规则型,分布于下表皮脉间区,保卫细胞具环形外缘、两极有或无T型加厚;气孔的长、宽、面积、密度和气孔指数在分类群间差异显著。由此,叶表皮微形态特征对单叶花楸的物种界定和鉴定具有重要价值。

基于SEM图像处理的天然硅藻土分形特征分析

为探讨天然沉积硅藻土的微观结构及变形机制,对硅藻土样进行了SEM电镜扫描、压汞试验和高压三轴试验。采用图像分割原理及最佳阈值法分析了天然沉积硅藻土在不同固结压力下的分形特征和孔隙结构特征参数,探讨了硅藻土分形维数和各向等压固结压力之间的关系。结果表明,硅藻土体多孔隙,具有很强的结构性。土中孔隙孔径大多在0.1~1.0μm之间。在固结压力达到屈服压力后,孔径大于1μm的较大孔隙随固结压力的增加而减少,硅藻颗粒破坏,孔隙结构坍塌。获取了灰度阈值及二值化后的SEM图像。得到天然沉积硅藻土在不同固结压力下的分形盒子数和盒维数。结果还表明分形盒维数随固结压力增加而增加,天然沉积硅藻土在固结压力下的微观结构性及孔隙分布可通过分形盒维数来反映。

土体SEM图像定量分析系统及应用

给出了一种基于Matlab平台的土体SEM图像定量分析系统,以图像读取、图像处理、参数提取和数据存储等4个功能模块作为定量分析系统的核心,通过各个模块的相互配合来实现土体微观结构特征参数的提取.以昆明红土为实例,分析了红土加固前后SEM图像的微观结构特征参数,以此来检验该系统的合理性和适用性.

高寒沼泽湿地植被特征和土壤养分对自然野火的响应

为探讨高寒沼泽湿地植被和土壤养分对野火的响应,本文选择高寒沼泽湿地野火影响区和非影响区(对照区)调查植被群落和土壤养分特征。结果发现:与对照区比,野火显著增加了禾本科和杂类草盖度(P<0.05),豆科和苔藓盖度分别从6.17%和32.67%下降到0.17%和4.50%(P<0.05)。野火显著降低了土壤全氮和速效磷含量,但显著增加了速效氮含量(P<0.05)。结构方程模型分析发现,对照区苔藓盖度直接影响土壤全磷和速效磷含量,影响系数分别为0.990和0.913。野火影响区苔藓盖度与Shannon-Wiener指数存在正向直接影响(影响系数=0.604)。死苔藓生物量与Pielou指数和全磷含量之间为直接负向影响关系,影响系数为-0.652(P<0.01)和-0.503(P<0.05)。野火影响区和对照区的苔藓均是影响土壤养分和植物多样性的关键因子。故在分析野火的影响时,除重点关注禾本科、豆科以及氮磷等敏感指标变化特征外,也要重视苔藓的生态作用。

湖北省楠属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

【目的】楠属(Phoebe)各物种在形态学方面差异甚微,种间界限模糊,物种的识别鉴定较为困难,尤其在缺少花、果的时期。叶微形态特征对植物种间界定具有重要价值,但目前楠属植物叶显微特征的研究仍然较少。【方法】利用体视显微镜、光学显微镜对湖北省楠属8种及1变种的叶形态和微形态进行观察,并测定分析各物种气孔、表皮毛的质量和数量性状,以期为楠属植物的识别和鉴定提供必要依据。【结果】楠属植物叶形态有大型叶、中型叶、小型叶和不规则叶4种类型;毛被类型有粗短柔毛、细短柔毛、长柔毛、混生短柔毛和长柔毛(脉上被长柔毛)4种。毛密度在湘楠(200根/mm^(2))与闽楠、浙江楠、紫楠(低于100根/mm^(2))之间差异显著。表皮细胞类型为多边形或不规则形,垂周壁为平直-弓形、浅波或波状。气孔除披针叶楠、闽楠、裂叶白楠为近圆形外,其余物种均为宽椭圆形。气孔密度以紫楠最高,山楠和湘楠最低。此外,气孔大小与气孔密度之间,毛长度与毛密度之间存在负相关关系。【结论】叶形态和微形态的特征组合可作为9种楠属植物鉴定和区分的必要依据,可为楠属植物识别和种间界定提供参考。

个体特征因素对不安全行为影响的SEM研究

为分析个体特征因素对不安全行为意向和不安全行为的影响,收集7个煤矿的735名一线作业人员有效调查问卷,采用因子分析方法和结构方程模型(SEM)的方法,构建有关个体特征因素与不安全行为意向及其行为的关系的结构方程模型。结果表明:自我效能、事故体验、工作满意度、安全知识、家庭安全劝导与不安全行为意向显著相关;自我效能、外控人格倾向、工作满意度、安全知识与不安全行为显著相关;事故体验、家庭安全劝导与不安全行为关系不显著;外控人格倾向与不安全行为意向关系不显著。