Numerical Study on the Effect of Gap Diffraction on the Hydrodynamic Performance of A Floating Breakwater

Two-dimensional(2D)flume experiments are useful in investigating the performances of floating breakwaters(FBs),including hydrodynamic performances,motion responses,and mooring forces.Designing a reasonable gap between the flume wall and the FBs is a critical step in 2D flume tests.However,research on the effect of the gap on the accuracy of 2D FB experimental results is scarce.To address this issue,a numerical wave tank is developed using CFD to estimate the wave-FB interaction of a moored dual-cylindrical FB,and the results are compared to experimental data from a previously published work.There is good agreement between them,indicating that the numerical model is sufficiently accurate.The numerical model is then applied to explore the effect of gap diffraction on the performance of FBs in2D experiments.It was discovered that the nondimensional gap length L_(Gap)/W_(Pool)should be smaller than 7.5%to ensure that the relative error of the transmission coefficient is smaller than 3%.The influence of the gap is also related to the entering wave properties,such as the wave height and period.

CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A LONG－PERIOD ORDERED PHASE IN Fe－C MARTENSITE AND COMPUTER SIMULATION OF ITS ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS

Different structure models of a long-period ordered phase in Fe-C martenstie formed during aging have been checked by computer simulation of electron diffraction(ED) patterns based on these models.The results showed that the simulated ED pattern of γ'-FexC(Ⅱ) model proposed by the present authors is in good agreement with experimentally observed ED pattern.It was also confirmed that the incommensurate superperiod stems from the coexistence of several γ'-Fe_xC(H) phases with different superperiods.The Fe(144)C(24)(Fe6C) model proposed by Uwakweh et al.generated ED patterns remarkably different from the experimental ones.

Computer Simulation and X-ray Diffraction of Nanocrystals

X-ray diffraction of structure in nanocrystalline alpha -Fe and Cu was studied by atomistic simulation. Atomic position equilibrium was reached by using molecular dynamics method to simulate nanocrystalline structure with Finnis potentials to model interatomic interactions. It was found that the boundary component exhibits short-range order, and the distortion in crystalline component increases with the decrease of grain size.

Simulation of X-ray Diffraction Line Broadening Caused by Stress Gradients and Determination of Stress Distribution by Fourier Analysis

Different physical, mechanical and chemical processes, such as： ion implantation, oxidation, nitridation and others create on the surface of materials residual stress state, characterized by high level and strong gradient. X-ray diffraction method widely used for stress measurements has some difficulties in interpretation of experimental data, when the depth of X-ray penetration is compared with thickness of surface layer where inhomogeneous stress distribution is localized. Early it has been shown by authors that diffraction line broadening occurs when analyzed surface is characterized by strong gradient. The interest to study the diffraction line broadening is connected to the possibility of obtaining information about parameters of surface stress distribution. In the present paper the convolution and deconvolution concepts of Fourier analysis were applied to study X ray diffraction line broadening caused by surface stress gradients. Developed methodology allows determining of stress distribution in superficial layers of materials.

IDENTIFICATION AND SIMULATION OF X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERN

A new method for pattern identification and simulation of X-ray powder diffraction data is described, which can give definite phase composition of the unknown rapidly and correctly. The method is implemented in Microsoft Fortran 77 for the IBM PC/XT/AT personal computer or their compatibles.

Using a Time-domain Higher-order Boundary Element Method to Simulate Wave and Current Diffraction from a 3-D Body

To study wave-current actions on 3-D bodies a time-domain numerical model was established using a higher-order boundary element method(HOBEM).By assuming small flow velocities,the velocity potential could be expressed for linear and higher order components by perturbation expansion.A 4th-order Runge-Kutta method was applied for time marching.An artificial damping layer was adopted at the outer zone of the free surface mesh to dissipate scattering waves.Validation of the numerical method was carried out on run-up,wave exciting forces,and mean drift forces for wave-currents acting on a bottom-mounted vertical cylinder.The results were in close agreement with the results of a frequency-domain method and a published time-domain method.The model was then applied to compute wave-current forces and run-up on a Seastar mini tension-leg platform.

Numerical Modeling of Wave Diffraction-Refraction in Water of Varying Current and Topography

A numerical model for wave diffracrion-refraction in water of varying current and topography is proposed, and time-dependent wave mild-slope equation with a dissipation term and corresponding equivalent: governing equations are presented. Two different expressions of parabolic approximations for the case of the absence of current are also given and analyzed. The influence of current on the results of simulation of waves is discussed. Some examples show that the present model is better than others in simulating wave transformation in large water areas. And they also show that the influence of current should be taken into account, on numerical modeling of wave propagation in water of strong current and coastal areas, otherwise the modeling results will be largely distorted.

Numerical Simulation of Multi-Directional Random Wave Transformation in a Yacht Port

This paper extends a prediction model for multi-directional random wave transformation based on an energy balance equation by Mase with the consideration of wave shoaling, refraction, diffraction, reflection and breaking. This numerical model is improved by 1) introducing Wen's frequency spectrum and Mitsuyasu's directional function, which are more suitable to the coastal area of China; 2) considering energy dissipation caused by bottom friction, which ensures more accurate results for large-scale and shallow water areas; 3) taking into account a non-linear dispersion relation. Predictions using the extended wave model are carried out to study the feasibility of constructing the Ai Hua yacht port in Qingdao, China, with a comparison between two port layouts in design. Wave fields inside the port for different incident wave directions, water levels and return periods are simulated, and then two kinds of parameters are calculated to evaluate the wave conditions for the two layouts. Analyses show that Layout I is better than Layout II. Calculation results also show that the harbor will be calm for different wave directions under the design water level. On the contrary, the wave conditions do not wholly meet the requirements of a yacht port for ship berthing under the extreme water level. For safety consideration, the elevation of the breakwater might need to be properly increased to prevent wave overtopping under such water level. The extended numerical simulation model may provide an effective approach to computing wave heights in a harbor.

Nonlinear Time-Domain Theory for the Simulation of Moored Floating Body Motion

Nonlinear wave loads can induce low-frequency and high-frequency resonance motions of a moored platform in deep water. For the analysis of the nonlinear response of an offshore platform under the action of irregular waves, the most widely used method in practice is the Cummins method, in which the second-order exciting forces in the time domain are computed by a two-term Volterra series model based on incident waves, first-order body motion response, and quadratic transfer functions(QTFs). QTFs are bichromatic waves acting on a body and are computed in the frequency domain in advance. For moving bodies, QTFs are related to the first-order body response, which is to be determined in the simulation process of body motion response but is unknown in the computation procedure of QTFs. In solving this problem, Teng and Cong(2017) proposed a method to divide the QTFs into different components,which are unrelated to the body response. With the application of the new QTF components, a modified Cummins method can be developed for the simulation of the nonlinear response of a moored floating platform. This paper presents a review of the theory.

ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS ANALYSIS OF PRECIPITATES IN LD_(10) ALLOY

ＥＬＥＣＴＲＯＮＤＩＦＦＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＰＡＴＴＥＲＮＳＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦＰＲＥＣＩＰＩＴＡＴＥＳＩＮＬＤ_（１０）ＡＬＬＯＹ￥Ｊｉｎ，Ｔｏｕｎａｎ；Ｙｉｎ，Ｚｈｉｍｉｎ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒ?..

Refraction-Diffraction Mathematical Model for Waves With Lateral Energy Transmission Mechanism and Its Verification

To solve problems concerning wave elements and wave propagation, an effective way is the wave energy balance equation, which is widely applied in oceanography and ocean dynamics for its simple computation. The present papaer advances wave energy balance equations considering lateral energy transmission and energy loss as the governing equation for the study of wave refraction-diffraction. For the mathematical model, numerical simulation is made by means of difference method, and the result is verified with two examples.

Observation and computer simulation of multicomponent chemical short-range order (MCSRO) for the bulk metallic glasses

The atomic configuration of chemical short-range order (CSRO) for the Zr-base metallic glasses was investigated by using nano-diffraction and high resolution transmission electronic microscopy (HRTEM) technology with a beam size of 0.5 nm. It is il- lustrated that the pattern of atomic configuration of CSRO might have various compound counterparts because of the chemical inter- action of bonding atoms. Some atomic configuration of MCSRO is similar to the icosahedral structure with 10-fold symmetry of very weak spots. In deed, the nano-beam technology could clearly detect the evolution of atomic configuration in nanometer scale during the transformation from the metallic melt to the primary crystallization. The local atomic configuration of CSRO is also investigated by molecular dynamics simulation (MD) for the Zr2Ni compound in a wider temperature range. The CSRO in the melt could be pic- torially demonstrated as distorted coordination polyhedron of the compound structure and/or the structure similar to cubo-octahedron analogs. The MD simulation illustrates that the atomic packing of long-range order disappears just above the melting point, but the chemical interaction of bonding atoms still exists that leads to form the various CSRO with the atomic configuration similar to stable or metastable unit cell of Zr2Ni compound. The icosahedral polyhedron became more abundance as the overheating temperature was raised.

SIMULATION OF BACK-REFLECTED PSEUDO-KOSSEL PATTERNS OF CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION

The method of studying crystals using divergent X-ray beams emitted by a point source is known as the divergent beam method. If the X-ray source is inside a crystal and the characteristic radiation is emitted by the crystal itself, it is called the Kossel method. If the source is outside the crystal and the divergent

光学虚拟仿真实验平台的设计与实现

设计了光学虚拟仿真实验平台,涵盖了大学物理实验教学中的6个光学实验:单缝衍射、双缝干涉、光栅衍射、二维光栅衍射、圆孔衍射和巴比涅原理验证.学生可以使用电脑端进入交互性强的3D虚拟现实实验环境中,进行沉浸式、亲临式学习.该平台使用Blender,VS Code和Unity平台进行自主开发,通过对实验仪器进行3D建模、实验场景搭建、脚本代码设计、实验现象呈现、代码调试与漏洞完善等步骤,复现了线下实验的操作与实验现象.本文以光栅衍射为例,介绍了虚拟平台上的实验操作、数据记录和数据处理的过程.

基于双能X射线透射成像与能量色散衍射的物质分类与识别虚拟仿真实验

X射线相关技术发展至今已逾百年。针对安检领域快速、准确应用要求,以双能X射线透射成像与能量色散X射线衍射技术相结合的复合式违禁品快速检测的前沿课题研究为基础,通过模拟实验场景和实验过程,设计基于X射线技术的物质分类与识别虚拟仿真实验。内容包含参观虚拟实验室与实验预习、系统搭建、实验操作与数据处理和实验拓展等多个模块,构建全过程、多环节在线教学环境,实现分层次教学。学生通过X射线技术分类识别物质的原理、方法和安全规范,加深对X射线与物质相互作用原理的理解,培养学生的实验能力、科学观察和创新思维能力。

盾构克泥效浆液成分与渗透扩散研究

盾构隧道近接既有结构施工中常采用克泥效工法辅助控制地层位移。克泥效浆液的流变和渗透扩散性能对盾壳外环向间隙的填充效果具有重要影响。基于克泥效浆液X射线衍射试验(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和黏度试验,研究浆液微观成分及流变性能。基于多孔介质多相流控制方程,建立砂土中克泥效浆液扩散数值模型,分析浆液配比、地层渗透系数和注浆压力对扩散性能的影响。结合宾汉姆流体砂土渗流公式,验证数值模型的可靠性。结果表明:克泥效浆液成分主要为石英、斜长石、伊利石、正长石,且随A液水粉比增加,斜长石含量增加,伊利石含量减小。克泥效浆液的塑性黏度与屈服强度随A液水粉比的减小而增大,宾汉姆模型对浆液流变曲线的拟合优度大于0.95。克泥效浆液在环向间隙中的填充扩散阶段约为25s,而后再向地层中发生渗透扩散,渗透扩散速度远小于填充扩散。随A液水粉比、地层渗透系数、注浆压力增加,克泥效在地层渗透距离均会增加。

粉末X射线衍射法解析晶体结构的三种常用方法简介

介绍了X射线粉末衍射法解析晶体结构的三种常用方法:直接法、模拟退火法和电荷翻转法的基本原理和处理方法。直接法是典型的倒易空间法,利用倒易空间的衍射强度建立初始结构;模拟退火法则在实空间产生随机模型并进行全局优化获得初始模型;电荷翻转法为双空间迭代法,分别在倒空间和实空间进行微扰并在二者间进行傅里叶循环得到结构模型。文中以三个实例Ba_(3)BPO_(7),MgSO_(4)·2.5H_(2)O以及MgSO_(4)∙2H_(2)O的结构解析分别进行简要说明。

夫琅禾费衍射中的“反常”现象与模拟

在用氦氖激光器作为光源的夫琅禾费单缝及多缝衍射实验中,衍射光强分布曲线中央零级明纹处出现与理论图样不符的下凹的异常现象.考虑到衍射片镀膜层部分有微弱透光,本文构建了衍射片镀膜层透光条件下的非理想单缝/多缝衍射模型,并通过基尔霍夫衍射公式及高斯光束电场公式,推导得到高斯光束照射下非理想单缝/多缝衍射的衍射光强分布公式,利用数值模拟成功复现了观察到的异常现象,证实了其主要来源是缝附近镀膜层的微弱透光.