A Hybrid Integrated and Low-Cost Multi-Chip Broadband Doherty Power Amplifier Module for 5G Massive MIMO Application

In this paper,a hybrid integrated broadband Doherty power amplifier(DPA)based on a multi-chip module(MCM),whose active devices are fabricated using the gallium nitride(GaN)process and whose passive circuits are fabricated using the gallium arsenide(GaAs)integrated passive device(IPD)process,is proposed for 5G massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)application.An inverted DPA structure with a low-Q output network is proposed to achieve better bandwidth performance,and a single-driver architecture is adopted for a chip with high gain and small area.The proposed DPA has a bandwidth of 4.4-5.0 GHz that can achieve a saturation of more than 45.0 dBm.The gain compression from 37 dBm to saturation power is less than 4 dB,and the average power-added efficiency(PAE)is 36.3%with an 8.5 dB peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR)in 4.5-5.0 GHz.The measured adjacent channel power ratio(ACPR)is better than50 dBc after digital predistortion(DPD),exhibiting satisfactory linearity.

Performance and Stability of Supercapacitor Modules based on Porous Carbon Electrodes in Hybrid Powertrain

Hybrid power sources have attracted much attention in the electric vehicle area. Particularly, electric-electric hybrid powertrain system consisting of supercapacitor modules and lithium-ion batteries has been widely applied because of the high power density of supercapacitors. In this study, we design a hybrid powertrain system containing two porous carbon electrode-based supercapacitor modules in parallel and one lithium ion battery pack. With the construction of the testing station, the performance and stability of the used supercapacitor modules are investigated in correlation with the structure of the supercapacitor and the nature of the electrode materials applied. It has been shown that the responding time for voltage vibration from 20 V to 48.5 V during charging or discharging process decreases from about 490 s to 94 s with the increase in applied current from 20 A to 100 A. The capacitance of the capacitor modules is nearly independent on the applied current. With the designed setup, the energy efficiency can reach as high as 0.99. The results described here provide a guidance for material selection of supercapacitors and optimized controlling strategy for hybrid power system applied in electric vehicles.

Research on power electronic transformer applied in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks

The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.

Hybrid Renewable Energy Source Combined Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Power Quality Improvement

In this paper,the hybrid photovoltaic-thermoelectric generator(PVTEG)combined dynamic voltage restorer(DVR)system is proposed for the power quality disturbances compensation in a single-phase distribution system.The stable and precise level of input voltage is essential for the smooth and trouble-free operation of the electrically sensitive loads which are connected at the utility side to avoid system malfunctions.In this context,the hybrid PV-TEG energy module combined DVR system is proposed in this paper.With the support of the hybrid energy module,the DVR will perform the power quality disturbances compensation effectively with needed voltage and/or power.In the proposed system,the PV and TEG energy sources are connected electrically in series to produce adequate voltage for the DVR operation and the fractional factor-based variable incremental conduction(FFVINC)maximum power point tracking(MPPT)control algorithm is employed to extract the possible maximum power from the PV array.The intelligent fuzzy logic controller(FLC)is chosen for implementing the MPPT control algorithm.The half-bridge voltage source inverter(VSI)circuit and in-phase voltage compensation technique are used in the DVR for better power quality disturbances compensation.The performance and usefulness of the proposed DVR system are investigated by an extensive simulation study with four different modes of operation,the study results are confirmed that the proposed system promptly identifies the power quality disturbances for compensation.Moreover,the investigation proved that the combined PV and TEG energy module can provide better energy efficiency in converting solar irradiation into electricity.

Feasibility Study for Power Generation during Peak Hours with a Hybrid System in a Recycled Paper Mill

The differential pricing for peak hours encourages industrial consumers to look for independent power supplies for the period from 19 to 22 hours. This paper presents a study to identify the optimal solution for a recycled paper mill that also intends to work in that period. The factory is located in Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, and considers the use of a diesel gen set, a micro hydro power plant and possibly PV modules. Two micro hydro power plants were considered in the study, an old plant to be renewed and another to be fully implemented. The software Homer was used as a tool to determine the most feasible combination of components considered in the study. The sale of surplus power to the energy system appears as a key to viability of alternatives that are not based solely on diesel generators. The optimal solution consists of a combination of diesel generators and micro hydro power plant, in one case, and only on hydroelectric power plant in another, with a significant penetration of PV modules if its cost is reduced to 12% of the current price, selling an amount of energy equal to that which is bought. The annual water availability in one of the sites requires diesel supplement, while the other, more abundant, this supplement is not necessary.

小型风光互补发电集成模块研究

随着全球对可再生能源需求的不断增长,小型风光互补发电集成模块作为一种新型的分布式发电技术,因其清洁、高效、模块化的特点,受到广泛关注。该文针对风光互补发电系统中的小型化和高集成应用需求,围绕系统集成、智能控制、场地适应、能量存储和成本控制等问题开展研究设计,提出一种创新的小型风光互补发电集成模块设计方案,将光伏发电和风力发电整合优化,加入PLC、电磁阀和传感器等控制器件,增强系统在不同工况下的的智能化控制水平,旨在提高系统的发电效率和可靠性,降低成本,促进其在可再生能源领域的广泛应用。

基于MPC的光-储协同调频优化策略

[目的]为了降低光伏发电给电网带来的频率扰动,并进一步提升调频效果,提出了一种基于MPC(Model Predictive Control)的光-储协同调频优化策略,分析了该策略的基本原理、控制流程、约束条件、目标函数并优化了权重系数。[方法]构建了一个基于MPC的光-储并网系统模型,并根据该模型推导出了非线性状态空间方程。为了验证该策略的调频效果,设置了4种不同的仿真环境:无储能、带电池储能、带混合储能以及文章提出的策略。[结果]仿真结果表明:与其他场景相比,所提出的策略在调频效果上是最优的,无储能的条件下调频效果是最差的,此外,采用混合储能的调频方法优于使用电池储能的方法。[结论]在MATLLAB/Simulink平台上验证了所提策略的有效性。在光伏发电系统中,对储能和光伏最大功率点跟踪进行优化控制,能使电网频率更加稳定,从而提高整个系统的稳定性。该研究成果可为光伏发电并网提供参考依据。

面向风电场频率支撑的混合储能层次化容量优化配置

为应对风电大规模并网给新型电力系统运行的安全稳定带来新的重大挑战,通过混合储能技术参与风电场并网平滑输出功率和辅助一次调频可以有效减缓风电场输出功率波动,主动支撑电网频率安全。兼顾不同储能系统的优势,该文提出一种基于飞轮和锂电池的混合储能平抑-调频方案,并考虑混合储能系统的全生命周期成本,结合多时间尺度的需求,构建容量优化配置的层次化模型。平抑层计及售电收益和碳交易收益,调频层考虑一次调频收益。充分考虑层次化模型间的耦合特性,以年化收益最大为目标,并通过实际数据进行计算分析。结果表明,相比混合储能仅参与平抑波动,计及风电消纳和一次调频需求的层次化容量配置模型可以有效发挥各自在功率平抑和调频支撑上的优势,整体经济性更好,可有效提升风-储联合系统的全生命周期净收益。

基于模糊逻辑控制的混合储能辅助风电调频的双层优化配置模型

基于风电场站实际调频需求,展开混合储能的优化配置计算能实现降低调频服务成本和混合储能投资成本的兼顾。故而,文中提出了一种基于模糊逻辑预测控制的混合储能辅助风电调频的双层优化配置模型。上层模型由计及混合储能投资成本,运维成本,替换利用成本,电量偏差成本,风电调频收益以及促进新能源消纳收益的六因素优化配置模型,为下层模型提供混合储能功率与容量限制;下层模型构建了基于模糊逻辑控制的单步长混合储能协同风电调频的能量优化分配策略,缩短策略计算时间同时避免了电池储能的频繁充放电行为,为上层模型提供运行成本与收益的核算依据,并采用智能算法对模型进行优化求解。最后,基于浙江省某风电场的实际运行数据进行仿真分析,结果证明了文中所提方法的有效性与经济性。

基于模型预测控制的混合储能风电场一次调频策略

风电机组通过减载控制预留备用容量参与系统调频,导致风机发电效益低。提出了混合储能参与风电场一次调频的策略,风电机组的调频完全由储能系统控制,无须改变或增加风电机组额外控制。该策略在考虑储能各自约束条件下,定义其优化指标,求解滚动时域最优控制问题协调两者间的输出功率分配。电网的有功功率不平衡值通过滚动时域估计求解,以获得更精准的系统状态。对比表明所提出的混合储能调频策略可以提高调频性能。

大型光伏电站交直流侧混合储能联合设计方法

针对现有的光伏电站储能装置类型过于单一且配置在光伏电站交流侧母线上、未能充分发挥交直流侧混合储能优势的问题,提出了一种大型光伏电站交直流侧混合储能联合设计方法,在光伏电站交流侧配置功率密度大、循环寿命长的储能电池,主要用于一次调频等功能,能有效减少直流侧储能装置充放电次数,提高直流侧储能电池的寿命;在直流侧配置能量密度高的储能电池,能有效提高光伏电站容配比,减少光伏电站超配所造成的电能损失,提升光伏电站的发电效益。此外,直流侧储能装置与光伏组串共用集中逆变升压一体机,能提高光伏电站交流设备及电缆的利用率,节约光伏项目储能配置投资成本。

混合调制技术在光纤通信系统功耗优化中的应用研究

随着信息技术的迅猛发展,光纤通信技术已成为现代通信系统中不可或缺的一部分。然而,随着通信系统规模的不断扩大和带宽需求的增加,如何降低功耗已成为通信系统设计时的核心挑战。在这一背景下,混合调制技术因其在降低功耗方面的优良表现而备受关注。因此,文章探讨混合调制技术在光纤通信系统中的应用,详细阐述其降低功耗的原理,旨在为相关领域提供切实可行的指导,推动通信技术的持续发展与进步。

用于火电机组二次调频的混合储能系统容量配置优化方法

现代经济与社会发展的同时,对电力的需求也不断增加,并且世界范围内的环境问题、能源短缺问题越来越受到关注,新能源发展迅速,风能、太阳能等可再生能源大规模并网。但由于并网的不确定性、波动性、弱惯性等,不利于电力系统的安全、稳定运行。受响应速度慢、爬坡率低等的影响,传统机组不符合电网的调频需求,需更加优质的调频资源。混合储能系统对火电机组的二次调频可发挥辅助作用,可解决其二次调频能力不足的问题。

升压模块对混合动力电驱各系统的设计影响

随着用户对混合动力汽车在不同工况下的强动力性和低油耗追求越来越高,搭载升压模块,即双向直流转直流(DC/DC)变换器能满足用户要求的一种技术方案。文章主要针对升压模块应用在混合动力汽车后,其中电机、电控、速比匹配、策略优化四个维度的设计变化,并分析在混合电驱动力系统中的设计逻辑以及阐述了增加升压模块之后各子系统应用中可能遇到的技术难点,为混合动力汽车采用升压模块提高动力性和油耗提出一些设计思考。

基于混合频率载波调制的多电平PWM控制策略研究

混合多电平功率变换电路因在输出电压电平数相同的情况下采用的级联单元较少而受到关注。但由于其控制算法并未作相应扩展,影响了该电路的实用化。该文在分析混合七电平逆变电路工作原理的基础上,提出了一种适合混合功率单元的混合频率载波PWM调制法。与现有控制算法相比,该方法可使混合功率变换电路的各基本单元都参与PWM调制,避免了低压单元的电流倒灌问题。基于该控制策略给出了各基本单元驱动信号的生成方法,并在研制的混合七电平变频实验装置上实现了该控制算法。

混合级联逆变器的混合频率载波调制技术

混合频率载波调制法可以解决混合级联7电平逆变器的功率环流问题,但其输出电压的谐波特性较差。为此,提出了一种改进的混合频率载波调制策略,该策略使得高压单元运行在单极倍频正弦脉宽调制(sinusoidal pulse width modulation,SPWM)下,从而提高了高压单元的等效开关频率。此外,对高、低压单元的开关策略进行了优化改进,减少了开关次数。相比于改进前的方法,在高压单元开关频率相同时,其等效开关频率可提高1倍,逆变器输出电压的谐波将分布在更高的频段,从而改善了逆变器输出的电能质量,同时消除了功率环流。由仿真结果可知,在相同开关频率下,改进后的方法使得输出电压的较低次谐波由约1 k Hz提高到了约2 k Hz,并且不会出现功率环流现象。研究结果对所提出的改进的混合频率或波调制策略的实用化有一定意义。

直流调制抑制南方电网区域功率振荡的研究

通过分析南方电网的区域功率振荡模式以及对采用不同直流调制方式的系统进行时域仿真,设计了可以有效抑制南方电网内区域功率振荡的直流调制控制器,并将其应用于贵广直流工程中,从而提高了南方电网交直流并联系统运行的稳定性。

不对称两单元H桥级联逆变器的混合载波PWM方法

与传统的级联H桥变换器相比,混合级联多电平变换器在相等的级联单元下可以输出更多的电平,减少了开关器件和隔离电源的数目,因而受到越来越多的关注。混合级联多电平变换器的发展,对其调制策略的研究和改善提出了新的要求。该文对混合级联拓扑常见调制策略的问题进行分析,提出一种针对不对称两单元H桥级联逆变器的混合载波脉宽调制方法。此方法在高压单元工作频率较低的情况下,对低压单元进行倍频调制,改善了输出电压的波形质量。同时在整个调制比范围内能有效解决传统混合调制方法中存在的功率倒灌问题。仿真与实验结果验证了该调制方法的可行性与有效性。

直流调制对南方电网交直流混联输电系统暂态稳定裕度的影响

交直流混联输电系统中,直流系统的控制及调制措施对系统的暂态稳定具有重要影响。以南方电网2005年丰大运行方式下,贵广直流单极运行、天广直流双极运行为例,当北通道交流输电系统发生扰动时,研究了直流系统在一定的控制方式下,调制增益的变化对系统暂态稳定裕度及直流系统的影响;分别取北通道功率变化率及南通道功率变化率为调制信号对系统暂态稳定裕度及直流系统的影响;考察了直流系统运行在不同控制方式下时,大方式调制和双侧频率调制等措施对混联系统暂态稳定裕度、送端电网机组及直流系统的影响,研究结果对实际电网运行中直流调制措施的制定具有一定的参考价值。

一种用于提高风电变流器中功率器件寿命的混合空间矢量调制方法

空间矢量调制可分为连续脉宽调制(continuous pulse width modulation,CPWM)和不连续脉宽调制(discontinuous pulse width modulation,DPWM)。与CPWM相比,当变流器采用DPWM时,器件开关损耗较低,使得结温波动较低。DPWM策略被用于变流器,虽然可以提高功率器件的寿命,但是将导致电能质量问题。因此文中结合DPWM和CPWM策略的优点,提出了一种功率器件混合调制方法,该调制方法根据风电场中风速的概率分布切换不同的调制策略。为考虑长时间风速对器件寿命的影响,文中提出了一种适用于不同调制方法的结温数值计算方法。以1.2MW直驱风机系统为例,结合一年的风速和气温快速计算不同调制序列下器件的结温,进而评估了器件的寿命消耗,并且分析了不同调制序列对器件寿命消耗的影响。结果表明,与CPWM和DPWM相比,当采用混合调制方法时,器件年寿命消耗不仅得到大幅降低,而且风机系统并网的电能质量几乎不受影响。