Letter to the Editor Re “Fractional Modeling and SOC Estimation of Lithium-ion Battery”

A Recent paper by Ma et al.,claims to estimate the state of charge of Lithium-ion batteries with a fractionalorder impedance model including a Warburg and a constant phase element(CPE)with a maximum error of 0.5%[1].The proposed equivalent circuit model from[1]is reproduced in Fig.1.

Model based SOC estimation for high-power Li-ion battery packs used on FCHVs

A model based method which recruited the extended Kalman filter （EKF） to estimate the full state of charge （SOC） of Li-ion battery was proposed. The underlying dynamic behavior of the cell pack was described based on an equivalent circuit comprising of two capacitors and three resistors. Measurements in two tests were applied to compare the SOC estimated by model based EKF estimation with the SOC calculated by coulomb counting. Results have shown that the proposed method is able to perform a good estimation of the SOC of battery packs. Moreover, a corresponding battery management systems （BMS） including software and hardware based on this method was designed.

Robust state of charge estimation of lithium-ion battery via mixture kernel mean p-power error loss LSTM with heap-based-optimizer

The state of charge(SOC)estimation of lithium-ion battery is an important function in the battery management system(BMS)of electric vehicles.The long short term memory(LSTM)model can be employed for SOC estimation,which is capable of estimating the future changing states of a nonlinear system.Since the BMS usually works under complicated operating conditions,i.e the real measurement data used for model training may be corrupted by non-Gaussian noise,and thus the performance of the original LSTM with the mean square error(MSE)loss may deteriorate.Therefore,a novel LSTM with mixture kernel mean p-power error(MKMPE)loss,called MKMPE-LSTM,is developed by using the MKMPE loss to replace the MSE as the learning criterion in LSTM framework,which can achieve robust SOC estimation under the measurement data contaminated with non-Gaussian noises(or outliers)because of the MKMPE containing the p-order moments of the error distribution.In addition,a meta-heuristic algorithm,called heap-based-optimizer(HBO),is employed to optimize the hyper-parameters(mainly including learning rate,number of hidden layer neuron and value of p in MKMPE)of the proposed MKMPE-LSTM model to further improve its flexibility and generalization performance,and a novel hybrid model(HBO-MKMPE-LSTM)is established for SOC estimation under non-Gaussian noise cases.Finally,several tests are performed under various cases through a benchmark to evaluate the performance of the proposed HBO-MKMPE-LSTM model,and the results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid method can provide a good robustness and accuracy under different non-Gaussian measurement noises,and the SOC estimation results in terms of mean square error(MSE),root MSE(RMSE),mean absolute relative error(MARE),and determination coefficient R2are less than 0.05%,3%,3%,and above 99.8%at 25℃,respectively.

State-of-Charge Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery for Electric Vehicles Using Deep Neural Network

It is critical to have precise data about Lithium-ion batteries,such as the State-of-Charge(SoC),to maintain a safe and consistent functioning of battery packs in energy storage systems of electric vehicles.Numerous strategies for estimating battery SoC,such as by including the coulomb counting and Kalman filter,have been established.As a result of the differences in parameter values between each cell,when these methods are applied to highcapacity battery packs,it has difficulties sustaining the prediction accuracy of overall cells.As a result of aging,the variation in the parameters of each cell is higher as more time is spent in operation.It is suggested in this study to establish an SoC estimate model for a Lithium-ion battery by employing an enhanced Deep Neural Network(DNN)approach.This is because the proposed DNN has a substantial hidden layer,which can accurately predict the SoC of an unknown driving cycle during training,making it ideal for SoC estimation.To evaluate the nonlinearities between voltage and current at various SoCs and temperatures,the proposed DNN is applied.Using current and voltage data measured at various temperatures throughout discharge/charge cycles is necessary for training and testing purposes.When the method has been thoroughly trained with the data collected,it is used for additional cells cycle tests to predict their SoC.The simulation has been conducted for two different Li-ion battery datasets.According to the experimental data,the suggested DNN-based SoC estimate approach produces a low mean absolute error and root-mean-square-error values,say less than 5%errors.

Factors Acquisition and Content Estimation of Farmland Soil Organic Carbon Based upon Internet of Things

Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon(SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things(IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.

Adaptive Kalman filter based state of charge estimation algorithm for lithium-ion battery

In order to improve the accuracy of the battery state of charge（SOC） estimation, in this paper we take a lithiumion battery as an example to study the adaptive Kalman filter based SOC estimation algorithm. Firstly, the second-order battery system model is introduced. Meanwhile, the temperature and charge rate are introduced into the model. Then, the temperature and the charge rate are adopted to estimate the battery SOC, with the help of the parameters of an adaptive Kalman filter based estimation algorithm model. Afterwards, it is verified by the numerical simulation that in the ideal case, the accuracy of SOC estimation can be enhanced by adding two elements, namely, the temperature and charge rate.Finally, the actual road conditions are simulated with ADVISOR, and the simulation results show that the proposed method improves the accuracy of battery SOC estimation under actual road conditions. Thus, its application scope in engineering is greatly expanded.

Co-estimation of state-of-charge and state-of-temperature for large-format lithium-ion batteries based on a novel electrothermal model

The safe and efficient operation of the electric vehicle significantly depends on the accurate state-of-charge(SOC)and state-of-temperature(SOT)of Lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries.Given the influence of cross-interference between the two states indicated above,this study establishs a co-estimation framework of battery SOC and SOT.This framwork is based on an innovative electrothermal model and adaptive estimation algorithms.The first-order RC electric model and an innovative thermal model are components of the electrothermal model.Specifically,the thermal model includes two lumped-mass thermal submodels for two tabs and a two-dimensional(2-D)thermal resistance network(TRN)submodel for the main battery body,capable of capturing the detailed thermodynamics of large-format Li-ion batteries.Moreover,the proposed thermal model strikes an acceptable compromise between the estimation fidelity and computational complexity by representing the heat transfer processes by the thermal resistances.Besides,the adaptive estimation algorithms are composed of an adaptive unscented Kalman filter(AUKF)and an adaptive Kalman filter(AKF),which adaptively update the state and noise covariances.Regarding the estimation results,the mean absolute errors(MAEs)of SOC and SOT estimation are controlled within 1%and 0.4​°C at two temperatures,indicating that the co-estimation method yields superior prediction performance in a wide temperature range of 5–35​°C.

Simulation of second-order RC equivalent circuit model of lithium battery based on variable resistance and capacitance

With the rise of the electric vehicle industry,as the power source of electric vehicles,lithium battery has become a research hotspot.The state of charge(SOC)estimation and modelling of lithium battery are studied in this paper.The ampere-hour(Ah)integration method based on external characteristics is analyzed,and the open-circuit voltage(OCV)method is studied.The two methods are combined to estimate SOC.Considering the accuracy and complexity of the model,the second-order RC equivalent circuit model of lithium battery is selected.Pulse discharge and exponential fitting of lithium battery are used to obtain corresponding parameters.The simulation is carried out by using fixed resistance capacitance and variable resistance capacitor respectively.The accuracy of variable resistance and capacitance model is 2.9%,which verifies the validity of the proposed model.

An improved neural network model for battery smarter state-of-charge estimation of energy-transportation system

The safety and reliability of battery storage systems are critical to the mass roll-out of electrified transportation and new energy generation.To achieve safe management and optimal control of batteries,the state of charge(SOC)is one of the important parameters.The machine-learning based SOC estimation methods of lithium-ion batteries have attracted substantial interests in recent years.However,a common problem with these models is that their estimation performances are not always stable,which makes them difficult to use in practical applications.To address this problem,an optimized radial basis function neural network(RBF-NN)that combines the concepts of Golden Section Method(GSM)and Sparrow Search Algorithm(SSA)is proposed in this paper.Specifically,GSM is used to determine the optimum number of neurons in hidden layer of the RBF-NN model,and its parameters such as radial base center,connection weights and so on are optimized by SSA,which greatly improve the performance of RBF-NN in SOC estimation.In the experiments,data collected from different working conditions are used to demonstrate the accuracy and generalization ability of the proposed model,and the results of the experiment indicate that the maximum error of the proposed model is less than 2%.