化学团聚促进电除尘脱除烟气中PM_(2.5)和SO_3

化学团聚技术是实现燃煤烟气超净排放的有效技术之一,采用燃煤热态实验系统,分析探讨化学团聚技术促进电除尘对PM_(2.5)和SO_3的脱除作用,考察了化学团聚剂添加前后细颗粒化学组分及粒径的变化,以及化学团聚室、电除尘出口PM_(2.5)和SO_3浓度变化,并分析促进PM_(2.5)和SO_3脱除的机理。结果表明:喷入化学团聚剂后,细颗粒粒径峰值由0.1μm增大到3μm左右,细颗粒化学组分基本保持不变;电除尘出口细颗粒物数量浓度由5.8×10~4 cm^(-3)降低到3.2×104 cm^(-3),电除尘效率提高45%;烟气SO_3浓度由40 mg·m^(-3)提高到100 mg·m^(-3)时,单一化学团聚对SO_3的脱除效率由42%提高到68%,协同电除尘SO_3脱除效率由66%提高到86%。

低低温电除尘协同脱除细颗粒与SO_3实验研究

低低温电除尘技术是降低燃煤电厂细颗粒、SO_3排放的有效技术之一。采用燃煤热态试验系统,试验考察了普通电除尘与低低温电除尘中细颗粒的粒度变化特性,以及低低温电除尘入口烟温、烟气中SO_3浓度等对细颗粒与SO_3脱除性能的影响,并探讨飞灰吸附SO_3的机理。结果表明:低低温电除尘中存在颗粒凝结长大现象,出口颗粒物粒度高于普通电除尘,适当降低入口烟温,有利于增强低低温电除尘对细颗粒与SO_3的脱除,脱除效果随着入口烟气SO_3浓度的增加而提高。低低温电除尘对于SO_3的脱除效率高于80%,SO_3在飞灰上的冷凝主要由内扩散控制。

电厂湿法脱硫系统对烟气中细颗粒物及SO_3酸雾脱除作用研究

对2家燃煤电厂湿法烟气脱硫（wet flue gas desulfurization,WFGD）系统前后细颗粒及SO_3酸雾进行了测试分析,对比分析了单塔、双塔脱硫工艺、燃煤组分等与细颗粒物和SO_3酸雾脱除作用的关系。结果表明,双塔WFGD系统对细颗粒物和SO_3酸雾的脱除效率明显高于单塔系统。WFGD系统入口细颗粒物粒径分布相似,脱硫后细颗粒物粒径分布向小粒径方向迁移,同时PM_（2.5）相对比例有所增加,双塔脱硫系统更为明显。WFGD系统在脱除燃煤烟气中颗粒物的同时,本身也会形成新的细颗粒物,其主要成分为硫酸钙,呈板状及棱柱状。单塔、双塔WFGD系统对燃煤烟气中SO_3酸雾的脱除效率范围分别介于30%~40%、50%~65%,随着塔入口烟气中SO_3及颗粒物浓度的增加,其脱除效率有所提高;燃用高硫煤时,会出现蓝烟现象。

燃煤锅炉烟气中SO_3的产生机理及其控制技术

目前燃煤电厂已经普遍采用了脱硫、脱硝、除尘等技术来控制污染物的排放,这些技术对烟气中SO_3的去除能力有一定的局限性。阐述了燃煤锅炉烟气中SO_3的生成机理,分析了烟气中SO_3在燃煤锅炉后续设备中的转化,指出了烟气中SO_3对燃煤电站设备和环境造成的危害(如空气预热器的腐蚀、蓝羽现象等),提出了几种可行的SO_3治理方案。

QSPR模型对AE_3SO_3表面活性剂的cmc计算及其分子中EO基团对胶束化的作用

合成并纯化了三种阴离子表面活性剂脂肪醇聚氧乙烯 (3 )醚磺酸钠AE3 SO3 [CnH2n+ 1(OE) 3 SO3 Na (n =12 ,14 ,16) ] .用我们建立的定量结构 -性质相关 (QSPR)模型预测它们的cmc值 ,其结果与表面张力测定的实验值相吻合 ;并用QSPR计算分子中嵌入 0～ 5个EO基团的C12 ESO3 的cmc值 ,表明EO具有疏水性 .从Klevens经验公式和有机概念图均得出 ,EO链对AE3 SO3 疏水性的贡献随烷基链长增加 (n =12～ 16)而逐渐减弱 ,3个EO基团分别相当于 2 .4,2 .3 ,2 .2个CH2 的疏水作用 .热力学计算表明 ,在C12 SO3 中引入第 1个EO后 ,胶束形成的ΔG°mic下降约 3kJ/mol,相当于 1个CH2 的疏水作用 ,而第 2和第 3个EO的引入使ΔG°mic下降约 2kJ/mol,即每个EO基团相当于 1/3个CH2 的疏水作用 ;说明随着分子中EO数增加 ,每个EO基团的疏水性减弱 ,亲水性的作用越来越明显 .长期被认作是亲水基团的EO也具有一定的疏水性 .

SO_3与SrO对阿利特-硫铝酸锶钙水泥性能的影响

将硫铝酸锶钙矿物引入到硅酸盐熟料矿物体系中,合成了阿利特-硫铝酸锶钙水泥,改善了硅酸盐水泥的性能.利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜-能谱仪和岩相等测试手段,研究了过量掺加SO_3和SrO对阿利特-硫铝酸锶钙水泥性能的影响.结果表明:熟料中SO_3和SrO最佳过掺量分别为50%和80%(质量分数),制得的阿利特-硫铝酸锶钙水泥的1,3,28 d抗压强度分别达到32.8,66.8,126.4 MPa,具有良好的力学性能.SO_3和SrO的过量掺入促进了硫铝酸锶钙矿物的形成,且有利于阿利特在低温下的形成.

漂前用DTPA/Na_2SO_3混合液预处理磺化化学机械浆的研究

该文研究了用ＤＴＰＡ／Ｎａ２ＳＯ３混合液处理磺化化学机械浆ＳＣＭＰ的最佳工艺条件，结果发现云南松ＳＣＭＰ、思茅松ＳＣＭＰ不但白度、强度得到提高，而且浆的返黄值下降，更重要的是浆中的金属离子含量迅速下降。

Calculation of H_2O-NH_3-CO_2 Vapor Liquid Equilibria at High Concentration Conditions

A vapor liquid equilibrium model and its related interactive energy parameters based on UNIQUAC model for the H2O-NH3-CO2 system without solid phase at the conditions of temperature from 30℃ to 90℃, pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.4 MPa, and the maximum NH3 mass fraction up to 0.4 are provided. This model agrees with experimental data well (average relative error < 1%) and is useful for analysis of industrial urea production.

Bottom-up lithium growth guided by Ag concentration gradient in 3D PVDF framework towards stable lithium metal anode

Three-dimensional(3 D)frameworks have received much attention as an effective modification strategy for next-generation high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.However,the top-growth mode of lithium(Li)on the 3 D framework remains a tough challenge.To achieve a uniform bottom-up Li growth,a scheme involving Ag concentration gradient in 3 D PVDF framework(C-Ag/PVDF)is proposed.Ag nanoparticles with a concentration gradient induce an interface activity gradient in the 3 D framework,and this gradient feature is still maintained during the cycle.As a result,the C-Ag/PVDF framework delivers a long lifespan over 1800 h at a current density of 1 mA cm^(-2) with a capacity of 1 mAh cm^(-2),and shows an ultra-long life(>1300 h)even at a high current density of 4 mA cm^(-2) with a capacity of 4 mAh cm^(-2).The advantage of concentration gradient provides further insights into the optimal design of the 3 D framework for stable Li metal anode.

Individualized Design of the Ventilator Mask based on the Residual Concentration of CO2

OSAHS(Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome)is a respiratory disease mainly characterized by limited and repeated pauses of breathing in sleep.Currently,the optimal treatment is to apply CPAP(Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)ventilation on the upper airway of the patient through a household respiratory machine.However,if the ventilator mask is designed improperly,it might cause the residue and repeated inhalation of CO2,which will exert an adverse impact on the therapeutic effect.Present research numerically analyzed the CO2 transportation inside a commercial ventilator mask(Mirage SoftGel,ResMed,Australia)based on the reconstructed 3D numerical model of a volunteer's face and performed the improved design of the ventilator mask in terms of the CO2 residual concentration below the nostrils.The fluid dynamic analyses showed that at the end time of expiratory,the CO2 residual concentration below the nostrils is close to 4%.To improve the therapeutic effect,we changed the position of the exhaust holes and found that by moving the exhaust holes to the bottom of the ventilator mask,the CO2 residual concentration below the nostrils would be reduced to no more than 1%.This study established a near physiological computational model and provided a new method for the individualized design of the commercial ventilator mask.

Arctic sea ice concentration retrieval using the DT-ASI algorithm based on FY-3B/MWRI data

Sea ice concentration(SIC)is one of the most important indicators when monitoring climate changes in the polar region.With the development of the Chinese satellite technology,the Feng Yun(FY)series has been applied to retrieve the sea ice parameters in the polar region.In this paper,to improve the SIC retrieval accuracy from the passive microwave(PM)data of the Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI)aboard on the Feng Yun-3 B(FY-3 B)Satellite,the dynamic tie-point(DT)Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study(ARTIST)Sea Ice(ASI)(DT-ASI)SIC retrieval algorithm is applied and obtained Arctic SIC data for nearly 10 a(from November 18,2010 to August 19,2019).Also,by applying a land spillover correction scheme,the erroneous sea ice along coastlines in melt season is removed.The results of FY-3 B/DT-ASI are obviously improved compared to that of FY-3 B/NT2(NASA-Team2)in both SIC and sea ice extent(SIE),and are highly consistent with the results of similar products of AMSR2(Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2)/ASI and AMSR2/DT-ASI.Compared with the annual average SIC of FY-3 B/NT2,our result is reduced by 2.31%.The annual average SIE difference between the two FY-3 Bs is 1.65×10^(6) km^(2),of which the DT-ASI algorithm contributes 87.9%and the land spillover method contributes12.1%.We further select 58 MODIS(Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)cloud-free samples in the Arctic region and use the tie-point method to retrieve SIC to verify the accuracy of these SIC products.The root mean square difference(RMSD)and mean absolute difference(MAD)of the FY-3 B/DT-ASI and MODIS results are 17.2%and 12.7%,which is close to those of two AMSR2 products with 6.25 km resolution and decreased 8%and 7.2%compared with FY-3 B/NT2.Further,FY-3 B/DT-ASI has the most significant improvement where the SIC is lower than 60%.A high-quality SIC product can be obtained by using the DT-ASI algorithm and our work will be beneficial to promote the application of Feng Yun Satellite.

Effects of Concentration and Freeze-Thaw on the First Hydration Shell Structure of Zn^(2+) Ions

To investigate the effects of salt concentration and freeze-thaw (FT) on the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions in Zn(NO_3)_2 aqueous solutions, extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy was used to examine Zn K-edge EXAFS spectra of Zn(NO_3)_2 aqueous solutions with various concentrations before and after FT treatment. The influences of salt concentration and freeze-thaw on the structural parameters of the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions, including hydration number, Zn-O distance and thermal disorder, were analyzed. The results show that Zn2+ ions have 3.2―6.8 nearest oxygen neighbors with the Zn-O distance being 0.202―0.207 nm. In highly concen-trated solutions, Zn2+ ions are hydrated with four water molecules in a tetrahedral form. The dilution of Zn(NO_3)_2 aqueous solutions increases the number of water molecules in the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions to six with their octahedral arrangement. Both the hydration number in the first hydration shell of Zn2+ ions and the degree of thermal disorder increase when the FT treatment is operated in Zn(NO_3)_2 aqueous solutions.

Effect of GA_(3) Concentration and Soaking Time on Seed Germination Characteristics of Blueberry

This study aims to explore the effect of GA_(3) concentration and soaking time on seed germination characteristics of blueberry.To be specific,big(B),medium-sized(M),and small(S)blueberry seeds were soaked in 0,100,200,and 300 mg/L GA_(3) solution for 18 h and 200 mg/L GA_(3) solution for 0,24,and 48 h,respectively.The results showed that 300 mg/L GA_(3) had significant effect on the germination of B and M seeds(P<0.01)and enabled the germination 4~5 d and 7~8 d earlier,respectively.Soaking with 200 mg/L GA_(3) for 24 h was conducive to the germination of B and M seeds(P<0.05).However,GA_(3) concentration and soaking time had no obviously promoting effect on the germination of S seeds.The interactions between GA_(3) concentration and seed size and between soaking time and seed size were significant(P<0.01).

Er^(3+) ion concentration effect on transient and steady-state behavior in Er^(3+):YAG crystal

The effect of Er3＋ ion concentration on transient and steady-state behavior in 45-nm Er3＋ ：YAG crystal is investigated. It is shown that by changing the signal field, the coherent field and the concentration of Er3＋ ions in the crystal, the absorption, dispersion, and group index of the weak probe field can be adjusted. Also, it is found that the probe absorption occurs in the presence of population inversion and probe amplification is obtained in the absence of population inversion.

Raman and infrared spectroscopic quantification of the carbonate concentration in K_(2)CO_(3)aqueous solutions with water as an internal standard

Carbonate-bearing fluids widely exist in different geological settings,and play important roles in transporting some elements such as the rare earth elements.They may be trapped as large or small fluid inclusions(with the size down to<1μm sometimes),and record critical physical-chemical signals for the formations of their host minerals.Spectroscopic methods like Raman spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy have been proposed as effective methods to quantify the carbonate concentrations of these fluid inclusions.Although they have some great technical advantages over the conventional microthermometry method,there are still some technical difficulties to overcome before they can be routinely used to solve relevant geological problems.The typical limitations include their interlaboratory difference and poor performance on micro fluid inclusions.This study prepared standard ion-distilled water and K_(2)CO_(3)aqueous solutions at different molarities(from 0.5 to 5.5 mol/L),measured densities,collected Raman and infrared spectra,and explored correlations between the K_(2)CO_(3)molarity and the spectroscopic features at ambient P-T conditions.The result confirms that the Raman O-H stretching mode can be used as an internal standard to determine the carbonate concentrations despite some significant differences among the correlations,established in different laboratories,between the relative Raman intensity of the C-O symmetric stretching mode and that of the O-H stretching mode.It further reveals that the interlaboratory difference can be readily removed by performing one high-quality calibration experiment,provided that later quantifying analyses are conducted using the same Raman spectrometer with the same analytical conditions.Our infrared absorption data were collected from thin fluid films(thickness less than~2μm)formed by pressing the prepared solutions in a Microcompression Cell with two diamond-II plates.The data show that both the O-H stretching mode and the O-H bending mode can be used as internal standards to determine the carbonate concentrations.Since the IR signals of the C-O antisymmetric stretching vibration of the CO32ion,and the O-H stretching and bending vibrations from our thin films are very strong,their relative IR absorbance intensity,if well calibrated,can be used to investigate the micron-sized carbonate-bearing aqueous fluid inclusions.This study establishes the first calibration of this kind,which may have some applications.Additionally,our spectroscopic data suggest that as the K_(2)CO_(3)concentration increases the aqueous solution forms more large water molecule clusters via more intense hydrogen-bonding.This process may significantly alter the physical and chemical behavior of the fluids.

Study on Statistical Forecast Method for O_3 Concentration near the Ground in Pudong District of Shanghai Based on Meteorological Condition Analysis

[Objective] The research aimed to study statistical forecast method for O3 concentration near the ground in Pudong District of Shanghai based on meteorological condition analysis. [Method] Via observation and statistical analysis of the O3 concentration near the ground in Pudong District of Shanghai from 2006 to 2008, by considering meteorological condition, a kind of simple and practical new method suiting for forecast of the O3 concentration and pre-warning of the high-concentration O3 pollution event in whole year was established. [Result] Meteorological condition had obvious influence on O3 concentration near the ground. O3 concentration was the biggest in sunny day, followed by cloudy day. O3 concentration near the ground had typical seasonal change characteristics, and high value mainly happened in summer. Meteorological condition generating high-concentration O3 included sunny day, strong UV radiation, low relative humidity, high temperature and small wind speed, etc. By surveying historical weather chart, 10 kinds of main weather situations affecting Shanghai were summed. Under each weather situation, occurrence probability of the high-concentration O3 near the ground and average O3 concentration were conducted statistics. We found that occurrence probability of the high-concentration O3 was the biggest under northwest side of the subtropical high type, followed by internal type of the subtropical high. By introducing HPPI and WDI and comprehensively considering various meteorological factors, forecasting equation of the O3 concentration was established based on stepwise regression. The equation had good fitting effect and predictability on the daily maximum O3 concentration. [Conclusion] The method also could provide reference for O3 forecast in other areas.

The concentration quenching and crystallographic sites of Eu^(2+) in Ca_2BO_3Cl

A yellow phosphor, Ca2BO3CI：Eu2＋, is prepared by the high-temperature solid-state method. Under the condition of excitation sources ranging from ultraviolet to visible light, efficient yellow emission can be observed. The emission spectrum shows an asymmetrical single intensive band centred at 573 nm, which corresponds to the 4f65dl→4f7 transition of Eu2＋. Eu2＋ ions occupy two types of Ca2＋ sites in the Ca2BO3C1 lattice and form two corresponding emission centres, respectively, which lead to the asymmetrical emission of Eu2＋ in Ca2BO3C1. The emission intensity of Eu2＋ in Ca2BO3C1 is influenced by the Eu2＋ doping concentration. Concentration quenching is discovered, and its mechanism is verified to be a dipole-dipole interaction. The value of the critical transfer distance is calculated to be 2.166 nm, which is in good agreement with the 2.120 nm value derived from the experimental data.

Calculating models of mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in RbCl-H_2O binary system and RbCl-RbNO_3-H_2O ternary system

Thermodynamic models of calculating mass action concentrations for structural units or ion couples in RbCl-H2O binary and RbCl-RbNO3-H2O ternary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions were developed based on the ion and molecule coexistence theory at 298.15 K.A transformation coefficient is needed to compare the calculated mass action concentration and the reported activity because they are obtained at different standard states and concentration units.The results show that the transformation coefficients between the calculated mass action concentrations and the reported activities of the same structural units or ion couples in RbCl-H2O binary and RbCl-RbNO3-H2O ternary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions change in a very narrow range.The transformed mass action concentrations of structural units or ion couples in RbCl-H2O binary system are in good agreement with the reported activities. The transformed mass action concentrations of RbCl and RbNO3 in RbCl-RbNO3-H2O ternary solution are also in good agreement with the reported activities,aRbCl and 3RbNOa,with different total ionic strengths as 0.01,0.05,0.1,0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,3.0 and 3.5 mol/kg,respectively.All those results mean the developed thermodynamic model of strong electrolyte aqueous solutions can reflect structural characteristics of RbCl-H2O binary and RbCl-RbNO3-H2O ternary strong electrolyte aqueous solutions and the mass action concentration also strictly follows the mass action law.

Role of incoherent pumping and Er^(3+) ion concentration on subluminal and superluminal light propagation in Er^(3+)-doped YAG crystal

We study the absorption-dispersion process and group index of weak probe field in a four-level Er^3＋：YAG crystal.We find that the Er^3＋ion concentration and incoherent pumping field can influence the absorption-dispersion process and group index of weak probe field. Moreover, our results show that Er^3＋ion concentration plays a major role in lasing without inversion and absorption with inversion.

CRITICAL CONCENTRATIONS OF α(1→3)-D-GLUCAN FROM LENTINUS EDODES IN NaOH AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Critical concentrations of α-(1→3)-D-glucan L-FV-Ⅱ from Lentinus edodes were studied by viscometry andfluorescence probe techniques. The dependence of the reduced viscosity on concentration of the glucan in 0.5 mol/L NaOHaqueous solutions with or without urea showed two turning points corresponding to the dynamic contact concentration c_s andthe overlap concentration c~* of the polymer. The values of c_s and c~* were found to be 1×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) and 1.1×10^(-2) g cm^(-3),respectively, for L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions. The two critical concentrations of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/LNaOH aqueous solutions were also found to be 1.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) fbr c_s and 9.2×10^(-3) g cm^(-3) for c~* from the concentrationdependence of phenanthrene fluorescence intensities. The overlap concentration c~* of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueoussolutions was lower than that of polystyrene with same molecular weight in benzene, owing to the fact that polysaccharidetends to undergo aggregation caused by intermolecular hydrogen bonding. A normal viscosity behavior of L-FV-Ⅱ in 0.5 mol/L urea/0.5 mol/L NaOH aqueous solutions can still be observed in an extremely low concentration range at 25℃.