Synthesis of a highly hydrophobic cyclic decapeptide by solid-phase synthesis of linear peptide and cyclization in solution

A general method was described to synthesize a highly hydrophobic cyclic peptide,cyclo[LWLWLWLWLQ]where underlines indicate D-configuration of the amino acid,by a two-step solid-phase/solution synthesis strategy.The linear decapeptide was assembled by standard Boc chemistry on solid-phase and subsequently cyclized in solution with high efficiency and reproducibility. In subsequent purification by semi-preparative HPLC,50%(v/v) DMF/H_2O was employed as the solvent to overcome the difficulty of solubilization...

Solid-Phase Enzymatic Peptide Synthesis to Produce an Antioxidant Dipeptide

Peptide bond synthesis is favorable to the production of bioactive small peptides. However, the abuse of toxic reagents remains an issue for chemical synthesis method, whereas the low product yield and purity limit the widespread use of enzymatic method. In this study, a new solid-phase enzymatic peptide synthesis(SPEPS) strategy was developed to produce an antioxidant tyrosine-alanine dipeptide(Tyr-Ala) by using recombinant carboxypeptidase Y(CPY) as the catalyst. The general SPEPS procedure involves three steps. First, the N-protected acyl donor was covalently attached to solid resin. Second,the peptide bond was condensed between the acyl donor and the nucleophile under the catalysis of CPY. Finally, one-step cleavage was performed to remove the protecting group and cleave the peptides from solid resin. Upon the optimization of reaction conditions, 77.92%(±2.723%) yield of Tyr-Ala with high product purity of 90.971%(±2.695%) was obtained.In addition, the antioxidant activity of Tyr-Ala was determined by ABTS method, indicating that the synthesized Tyr-Ala obtained by SPEPS showed a superior antioxidant capability compared with commercial glutathione.

An Improved Synthesis of Laminin Fragment CR9

Laminin nonapeptide CR9 was synthesized via two different methods. A notably enhanced yield (46.8%) was obtained from method B compared to that (12.4%) from standard protocol (method A).

Preparation of Sea Anemone Peptide Toxin Ap-TxI and Its Insecticidal Activity

[Objectives]This study was conducted to synthesize sea anemone peptide toxin Ap-TxI and investigate its insecticidal activity. [Methods] The sea anemone linear peptide toxin Ap-TxI was synthesized by the solid-phase peptide synthesis(SPPS), and six cysteines were oxidized to form three disulfide bonds by a three-step directional oxidation method. Then, purification by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and mass spectrometry identification were performed. Finally, the insect cytotoxicity and insecticidal activity of Ap-TxI were studied by the MTT method and insect injection method. [Results] The oxidized peptide Ap-TxI with three disulfide bonds in natural configuration was successfully synthesized by the SPPS method, and its purity was >90% by HPLC analysis. The results of the MTT method showed that Ap-TxI was active on the growth of insect cells sf9, with a half effective dose of 0.2 nM;and the results of the mealworm injection test showed that the polypeptide Ap-TxI had high insecticidal activity with a median lethal dose of 11.7 nM. [Conclusions] The sea anemone peptide toxin Ap-TxI with high insecticidal effect was obtained, laying a foundation for the development of new, efficient and safe biological insecticides.

Recent advances in chemical protein synthesis:method developments and biological applications

The central dogma of modern biology underscores the pivotal roles proteins play in diverse biological processes,the study of which necessitates advanced methods to produce proteins with precision and versatility.Chemical protein synthesis,a powerful approach utilizing chemical reactions for the de novo construction of structurally accurate proteins,has emerged as a transformative tool for studying proteins and generating protein derivatives/mimics inaccessible by natural biological machinery,including post-translationally modified proteins,proteins comprised of unnatural amino acids,as well as mirror-image proteins.This review summarizes recent strides in synthetic method developments for chemical protein synthesis,including innovative techniques in solid-phase peptide synthesis,the challenges presented by difficult sequences in either synthesis or folding and the exploration of novel ligation reactions using both chemical and enzymatic methods.Furthermore,the review also delves into newly developed protocols for site-selective protein modifications and the generation of stapled or macrocyclized peptides/miniproteins,highlighting the power of chemical methods to make structurally diverse proteins.Recent applications of synthetic proteins in investigating post-translational modifications(phosphorylation,lipidation,glycosylation,ubiquitination,etc.),mirror-image biological processes and drug development are further discussed.Together,these topics provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of chemical protein synthesis.

An improved installation of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl(iHmb)method for chemical protein synthesis

The 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl(Hmb)backbone modification can prevent amide bond-mediated sidereactions(e.g.,aspartimide formation,peptide aggregation)by installing the removable Hmb group into a peptide bond,thus improving the synthesis of long and challenging peptides and proteins.However,its use is largely precluded by the limited Hmb’s installation sites.In this report,an improved installation of Hmb(iHmb)method was developed to achieve the flexible installation and the convenient removal of Hmb.The iHmb method involves two critical steps:(1)oxidative diazotization of the readily installed 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-amino-benzyl(Hmab)to give 2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-5-diazonium-benzyl(Hmdab)by combining soamyl nitrite(IAN)/HBF_(4),and(2)reductive elimination of Hmdab to give the desired Hmb by 1,2-ethanedithiol(EDT).The iHmb method enables the installation of Hmb at any primary amino acid including the highly sterically hindered amino acids(e.g.,valine and isoleucine).The practicality and utility of the iHmb method was demonstrated by one-shot solid-phase synthesis of a challenging aspartimide-prone peptide,the mirror-image version of a hydrophobic peptide and a long-chain peptide up to 76-residue.Furthermore,the iHmb method can be utilized to facilitate chemical protein ligation,as exemplified by the synthesis of the single-spanning membrane protein sarcolipin.The iHmb method expands the toolkit for peptide synthesis and ligation and facilitates the preparation of peptides/proteins.

Recent advances in the preparation of Fmoc-SPPS-based peptide thioester and its surrogates for NCL-type reactions

Solid phase peptide synthesis(SPPS)based on Fmoc chemistry has become a commonly used technique in peptide chemistry,as it can be easily conducted using automated machine,and not requiring highly toxic HF in comparison to Boc-SPPS.With the fast development in the emerging field of protein chemical synthesis,many efforts have been endeavored aiming to find more efficient methods for preparing peptide fragments required in ligation reactions.This review briefly summarizes recent advances in the engineering and modification of Fmoc-SPPS-derived peptides,which can be used as the N-terminal fragments in a native chemical ligation(NCL)or NCL-type ligation reactions.

STUDIES ON PEPTIDES (Ⅵ)——SYNTHESIS AND PRIMARY BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY EXAMINING OF THREE FRAGMENTS (93-102, 84-102, 25-38) OF TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-β

Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)is a multifunctional regulatory molecule existing in a wide variety of both normal and neoplastic cells. In order to evaluate the structure-function relationship of TGF-β, we have synthesized a series of its important fragments by manual stepwise solid-phase methodology and studied their biological activity. In

USE OF HOEC ACTIVE ESTERS IN SOLIDPHASE PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS——THE SYNTHESIS OF GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING PEPTIDE

N-hydroxysuccinimide (HOSU) active esters have gained wide application in peptide synthesis, especially in the synthesis of longer peptides by segment conden sation, for they can avoid racemization during coupling processes. However, the HOSU active ester method is prone to side reactions, forming undesirable by-products such as succinimide-oxycarbonyl-alanine N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Ⅰ) in activating steps and compound (Ⅱ) in the coupling steps sterically hindered by amino acids (proline, valine, isoleucine, etc.).

Use of a Removable Backbone Modification Strategy to Prevent Aspartimide Formation in the Synthesis of Asp Lactam Cyclic Peptides

The synthesis of an Asp lactam derivative of A-183,a selective inhibitor of Factor 7a with good anticoagulant and antithrombotic activity,is described.Our synthesis depends on the use of a removable backbone modification(RBM)strategy to prevent aspartimide formation,which thwarted all attempts to synthesize this target using direct solid-phase peptide synthesis.Validation of the RBM strategy in the synthesis of a second Asp lactam derivative was also accomplished.The RBM strategy is therefore proposed as a general method for the synthesis of Asp lactam cyclic peptides.

Exploiting Complex-Type N-Glycan to Improve the in Vivo Stability of Bioactive Peptides

Peptides can be potentmolecules with high efficacy and selectivity in the development of biotherapeutics.However,the poor pharmacokinetic properties of peptides pose major challenges for their broader medicinal applications.Inspired by the proteinstabilizing role of natural N-glycosylation,we design and synthesize a series of parathyroid hormone(PTH)peptides(1-34),bearing either N-GlcNAc or biantennary complex-type N-glycan modification,and evaluate their serum stability and biological activities.The results indicate that an N-Asn-linked complex-type sialylundecasaccharide can increase the serum half-life and in vivo bioactivity of PTH peptides with a broad tolerance of modification sites.Further,hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectroscopy indicates that the larger-sized Nglycan can induce enhanced hydration dynamics in its surroundings,which may facilitate an improved resistance for the peptide against enzymatic proteolysis.This sialylundecasaccharide-based peptideengineering strategy has also been applied to glucagon-like peptide-1(7-37),leading to glycopeptides with enhanced hypoglycemic activity and acting time in vivo.Together,these results demonstrate the potential of using sialylated complextype N-glycan as a general engineering strategy for developing long-acting peptide therapeutics.

An expedient synthesis of peptidyl N-alkylamides by "HOPE" strategy

We have developed an expedient approach,＂HOPE＂（hybrid orthogonal protocol with ease） strategy for the synthesis of peptidyl N-alkylamides.This new strategy was characterized by following points：incorporating Boc and Fmoc protocols together on Merrifield resin,removal of SPG（side-chain protecting groups） without the damage of linker structure on the resin,and the ammonolysis of linker as the last step could achieve the introducing N-alkylamide structure into C-terminal and releasing product from resin-support simultaneously.In present work,eight peptidylamides with different alkylsubstitution at C-terminal were conveniently synthesized by HOPE strategy.

微波作用下大位阻氨基酸与H-Pro-CTC树脂的高效缩合

微波反应下,运用新型固相肽合成反应器,深入研究了五种大位阻氨基酸与H-Pro-CTC树脂(CTC树脂,2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂)的缩合反应.使用三次缩合的策略,分别在DMF/NMP/THF(V:V:V=1:1:1),NMP/DMSO/THF(V:V:V=4:1:1),DMF/DMSO/THF(V:V:V=4:1:1)混合溶剂中缩合一次,每次缩合反应的最优条件为:缩合试剂HBTU、氨基酸浓度7mmol/L、微波辐射3min、反应温度35℃、维持时间3min,与传统方法相比,氨基酸的用量大大减少,其过量倍数从5倍降低为2倍,缩合反应速率提高了16倍以上.五种大位阻氨基酸与H-Pro-CTC树脂的缩合率都提高到80%以上.

微波作用下醋酸亮丙瑞林的固相合成

在醋酸亮丙瑞林的固相合成中引入微波技术,深入研究了大位阻氨基酸Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH与H-Pro-CTC树脂(CTC树脂:2-氯三苯甲基氯树脂)的缩合反应。反应的最优条件为以V(DMF)∶V(NMP)∶V(THF)=1∶1∶1为溶剂,HBTU为缩合试剂,21 mmol/L氨基酸、微波辐射3 min、反应温度35℃、维持时间6 min,Fmoc-Arg(Pbf)-OH与H-Pro-CTC树脂的缩合率达到84.7%。最终标题化合物的产率达到81.3%。

用于肽合成的肟铯盐裂解剂的制备及性能

以获得侧链全保护的多肽为总目标,选择接入溴乙酰基把手的Wang树脂作为固相载体,采用多肽固相合成法制备了3种模型肽,将其用于对具有弱碱性和强亲核性的肟盐类裂解剂的研究;设计并制备了5种不同结构的肟铯盐,将其用于模型肽的裂解,并选择综合效果最好的2-吡啶甲醛肟铯盐进行裂解条件的优化.结果表明,肟铯盐类裂解剂可以温和、高效地裂解模型肽,得到侧链全保护的多肽.

应用液相色谱法分离纯化固相化学合成胸腺素α_1

By using ion-exchange preparative chromatography (IEPC) and reversed-phase high performance liquid preparative chromatography(RP-HPLPC), thymosin α 1 was isolated and purified from the crude product synthesized by the solid-phase peptide synthesis(SPPS) method. The purity of the final product reached 95% through ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow chromatography and Delta-Pak TM C18 purification after optimizing the chromatographic conditions. The capacity of purification process was 50mg/circle. The total yield was 36%. The technology is simple and reliable, and can be scaled up easily.

抗鹅膏肽直链的固相合成分析

抗鹅膏肽直链由10个氨基酸组成.采用Fmoc固相合成法,以王氏树脂为固相载体,HBTU-HOBT为缩合试剂,50%哌啶的二氯甲烷溶液为脱保护试剂,50%醋酐的吡啶溶液为酰化试剂;配制三氟乙酸∶乙二硫醇∶水体积比为95.0∶2.5∶2.5,用其作为脱除试剂,将肽链从树脂上切割下来以后,用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)进行分析,纯度为64.22%,质谱(MS)进行鉴定,分子量为1 165.结果表明:上述实验方法适合于抗鹅膏肽直链的合成.

扶素康的固相化学合成

研究了36肽扶素康的9-芴甲氧羰基（Fmoc）法固相化学合成，包括Fmoc固相逐步化学合成和Fmoc固相片断缩合化学合成。在片段缩合中，研究了多肽片断的分段策略、片断缩合溶剂、片断缩合剂对片断缩合法合成扶素康质量的影响，确立了优化的片段缩合工艺条件为：将扶素康按残基1～10、11～20、21～25、26～36分作4段；以王树脂为固相载体；HATU／HOAt／DIEA为缩合剂（4倍过量）；DMF／DCM（1：1）为反应溶剂；每步加入的全保护肽段为1．5倍过量；缩合及脱保护完成后以DCM为洗涤溶剂洗涤5次，进行固相片段缩合反应。该条件下合成的扶素康，粗品收率达67．31％，按标准曲线定量分析其纯度达38．75％。