Stimulator of interferon genes,namely STING,an adaptor protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum,has been recognized as a shining target for cancer and infection research.However,STING agonists cyclic dinucleotides...Stimulator of interferon genes,namely STING,an adaptor protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum,has been recognized as a shining target for cancer and infection research.However,STING agonists cyclic dinucleotides(CDNs)have shown almost zero efficacy in phase I clinical trials as a monotherapy,likely due to poor cellular permeability and rapid diffusion despite intratumoral injection.These deficiencies further affect other applications of CDNs,such as pandemic SARS-CoV-2 prevention and therapy.Here,we rationally design a supramolecular cytosolic delivery system based on controllable recognition of calixarene,namely CASTING(CAlixarene-STING),to improve CDN druggability,including degradation stability,cellular permeability,and tissue retention.CASTING efficiently enhances the immunostimulatory potency of CDGSF[a chemically modified cyclic di-GMP(CDG)]to generate an immunogenic microenvironment for melanoma regression,anti-PD-1 response rate increase,and durable memory formation against tumor recurrence.More importantly,CASTING displays a superior adjuvant activity on SARSCoV-2 recombinant spike/receptor binding domain vaccines,inducing robust and coordinated T-cell and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo.Collectively,the CASTING design represents an innovative advancement to facilitate the clinical translational capability of STING agonists.展开更多
The intricate interplay between the human immune system and cancer development underscores the central role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.Within this landscape,the innate immune system,a critical sentinel prote...The intricate interplay between the human immune system and cancer development underscores the central role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.Within this landscape,the innate immune system,a critical sentinel protecting against tumor incursion,is a key player.The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(c GAS)and stimulator of interferon genes(STING)pathway has been found to be a linchpin of innate immunity:activation of this signaling pathway orchestrates the production of type I interferon(IFN-α/β),thus fostering the maturation,differentiation,and mobilization of immune effectors in the tumor microenvironment.Furthermore,STING activation facilitates the release and presentation of tumor antigens,and therefore is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy.Current strategies to activate the STING pathway,including use of pharmacological agonists,have made substantial advancements,particularly when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.These approaches have shown promise in preclinical and clinical settings,by enhancing patient survival rates.This review describes the evolving understanding of the c GAS-STING pathway's involvement in tumor biology and therapy.Moreover,this review explores classical and non-classical STING agonists,providing insights into their mechanisms of action and potential for optimizing immunotherapy strategies.Despite challenges and complexities,the c GAS-STING pathway,a promising avenue for enhancing cancer treatment efficacy,has the potential to revolutionize patient outcomes.展开更多
Immunotherapy is emerging as a powerful tool for combating many human diseases.However,the application of this life-saving treatment in serious brain diseases,including glioma,is greatly restricted.The major obstacle ...Immunotherapy is emerging as a powerful tool for combating many human diseases.However,the application of this life-saving treatment in serious brain diseases,including glioma,is greatly restricted.The major obstacle is the lack of effective technologies for transporting therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier(BBB)and achieving targeted delivery to specific cells once across the BBB.Ferritin,an iron storage protein,traverses the BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis by binding to transferrin receptor 1(TfR1)overexpressed on BBB endothelial cells.Here,we developed bioengineered ferritin nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers that enable the targeted delivery of a small-molecule immunomodulator to achieve enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic glioma-bearing mouse model.We fused different glioma-targeting moieties on self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles via genetic engineering,and RGE fusion protein nanoparticles(RGE-HFn NPs)were identified as the best candidate.Furthermore,RGE-HFn NPs encapsulating a stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonist(SR717@RGE-HFn NPs)maintained stable self-assembled structure and targeting properties even after traversing the BBB.In the glioma-bearing mouse model,SR717@RGE-HFn NPs elicited a potent local innate immune response in the tumor microenvironment,resulting in significant tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival.Overall,this biomimetic brain delivery platform offers new opportunities to overcome the BBB and provides a promising approach for brain drug delivery and immunotherapy in patients with glioma.展开更多
Cyclic dinucleotides(CDNs)as stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonists capable of inducing strong antitumor innate immune response are highly promising for tumor immunotherapy.The efficacy of these CDNs is,however...Cyclic dinucleotides(CDNs)as stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonists capable of inducing strong antitumor innate immune response are highly promising for tumor immunotherapy.The efficacy of these CDNs is,however,reduced greatly by their fast clearance,poor cell uptake and inefficient cytosolic transportation.Here,we report that reduction-responsive biodegradable chimaeric polymersomes(CPs)markedly enhance tumor retention and cytosolic delivery of a synthetic CDN,ADU-S100,and bolster STING pathway activation in the tumor microenvironment and tumor draining lymph nodes,giving significantly better tumor repression and survival of B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice compared with free CDN control.The superiority of CPs-mediated CDN delivery is further verified in combination therapy with low-dose fractionated radiation,which brings about clearly stronger and longer-term immunotherapeutic effects and protection against tumor re-challenge.The development of nano-STING agonists that are able to overcome the delivery barriers of CDNs represents an effective strategy to potentiate cancer immunotherapy.展开更多
干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)是cGAS-STING信号通路中的关键蛋白,在外源或内源DNA介导的免疫应答中发挥着重要作用。该篇综述对STING的生物学功能,cGAS-STING通路发挥作用的过程,以及STING激动剂的分类和...干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)是cGAS-STING信号通路中的关键蛋白,在外源或内源DNA介导的免疫应答中发挥着重要作用。该篇综述对STING的生物学功能,cGAS-STING通路发挥作用的过程,以及STING激动剂的分类和给药方式进行了介绍,并总结了目前已报道的药物递送系统。采用适当的药物载体递送STING激动剂可以克服其入胞困难、易被酶解、半衰期短和靶向性差的不足,提高机体的固有免疫和适应性免疫刺激,从而增强药物的治疗效果。总之,该文主要针对STING激动剂释药系统的研究进展进行综述,以期为其递送系统的开发提供依据,推动STING激动剂的临床转化和应用。展开更多
As a key sensor of double-stranded DNA(dsDNA),cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS)detects cytosolic dsDNA and initiates the synthesis of 2′3′cyclic GMP-AMP(cGAMP)that activates the stimulator of interferon genes(STING).Thi...As a key sensor of double-stranded DNA(dsDNA),cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS)detects cytosolic dsDNA and initiates the synthesis of 2′3′cyclic GMP-AMP(cGAMP)that activates the stimulator of interferon genes(STING).This finally promotes the production of type I interferons(IFN-I)that is crucial for bridging innate and adaptive immunity.Recent evidence show that several antitumor therapies,including radiotherapy(RT),chemotherapy,targeted therapies and immunotherapies,activate the cGAS-STING pathway to provoke the antitumor immunity.In the last decade,the development of STING agonists has been a major focus in both basic research and the pharmaceutical industry.However,up to now,none of STING agonists have been approved for clinical use.Considering the broad expression of STING in whole body and the direct lethal effect of STING agonists on immune cells in the draining lymph node(dLN),research on the optimal way to activate STING in tumor microenvironment(TME)appears to be a promising direction.Moreover,besides enhancing IFN-I signaling,the cGAS-STING pathway also plays roles in senescence,autophagy,apoptosis,mitotic arrest,and DNA repair,contributing to tumor development and metastasis.In this review,we summarize the recent advances on cGAS-STING pathway’s response to antitumor therapies and the strategies involving this pathway for tumor treatment.展开更多
The stimulator of interferon genes(STING)shows promising clinical activity in infectious diseases and tumors.However,the lack of targeting capability and intracellular stability of STING agonists severely limits the t...The stimulator of interferon genes(STING)shows promising clinical activity in infectious diseases and tumors.However,the lack of targeting capability and intracellular stability of STING agonists severely limits the therapeutic efficacy.Recently,drug delivery systems(DDSs)overcome these delivery barriers of STING agonists via passive or active cell targeting,prolonged blood circulation and drug release,and lysosome escape,etc.In this review,we will describe in detail how existing DDSs are designed to overcome delivery barriers and activate the STING pathway,and the current biomedical applications of STING-activating DDSs in the treatments of infectious diseases and tumors.Finally,the prospects and challenges of DDSs in STING activation are discussed.展开更多
干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)是一种内质网膜蛋白,在外源或内源DNA介导的免疫应答中发挥重要作用。STING依赖的信号通路激活能促进I型干扰素分泌与抗病毒和抗肿瘤免疫相关的蛋白的表达,从而阻断病毒复制...干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)是一种内质网膜蛋白,在外源或内源DNA介导的免疫应答中发挥重要作用。STING依赖的信号通路激活能促进I型干扰素分泌与抗病毒和抗肿瘤免疫相关的蛋白的表达,从而阻断病毒复制、促进对癌细胞的免疫反应。本文介绍了STING激动剂的研究进展,综述了环二核苷酸类、氨基苯并咪唑类、呫吨酮类和吖啶酮类、苯并噻吩类及苯并二茂类等结构类型的STING激动剂,以期为STING激动剂的进一步研究提供参考依据。展开更多
干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)作为参与固有免疫反应的关键信号转导分子,被来自病原体和宿主的胞质DNA触发,在诱导Ⅰ型干扰素和促炎性细胞因子分泌、防御病毒及胞内细菌感染、调节体内自发性抗肿瘤免疫反...干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)作为参与固有免疫反应的关键信号转导分子,被来自病原体和宿主的胞质DNA触发,在诱导Ⅰ型干扰素和促炎性细胞因子分泌、防御病毒及胞内细菌感染、调节体内自发性抗肿瘤免疫反应产生过程中发挥重要功能。STING激动剂能够有效治疗病原体感染和癌症。近10年来,对STING及其激动剂的研究发展迅速。本文从STING的结构和激活、cGAS-STING通路的机制等方面概述了STING的最新研究进展,尤其对STING激动剂进行了概述,重点分析了STING与其激动剂复合物的晶体结构以及STING激动剂的构效关系,并总结了研发STING激动剂所面临的严峻挑战,试图为设计和发现小分子STING激动剂提供思路。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(nos.2019YFA0904200 and 2018YFA0507600)the Tsinghua University Spring Breeze Fund(no.2020Z99CFY042)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(nos.92053108 and 31961143004)NCC Fund(no.NCC2020FH04).
文摘Stimulator of interferon genes,namely STING,an adaptor protein located in the endoplasmic reticulum,has been recognized as a shining target for cancer and infection research.However,STING agonists cyclic dinucleotides(CDNs)have shown almost zero efficacy in phase I clinical trials as a monotherapy,likely due to poor cellular permeability and rapid diffusion despite intratumoral injection.These deficiencies further affect other applications of CDNs,such as pandemic SARS-CoV-2 prevention and therapy.Here,we rationally design a supramolecular cytosolic delivery system based on controllable recognition of calixarene,namely CASTING(CAlixarene-STING),to improve CDN druggability,including degradation stability,cellular permeability,and tissue retention.CASTING efficiently enhances the immunostimulatory potency of CDGSF[a chemically modified cyclic di-GMP(CDG)]to generate an immunogenic microenvironment for melanoma regression,anti-PD-1 response rate increase,and durable memory formation against tumor recurrence.More importantly,CASTING displays a superior adjuvant activity on SARSCoV-2 recombinant spike/receptor binding domain vaccines,inducing robust and coordinated T-cell and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo.Collectively,the CASTING design represents an innovative advancement to facilitate the clinical translational capability of STING agonists.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant Nos.2022YFC3401500 and 2020YFA0803201 to P.W.,and 2021YFA1302200 to L.F.)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31830053,31920103007,and 82341028 to P.W.+1 种基金82122056,82073153,and 31871398 to L.F.and 31900568 to P.W.)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant No.22ZR1450700 to Z.J.W.)。
文摘The intricate interplay between the human immune system and cancer development underscores the central role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.Within this landscape,the innate immune system,a critical sentinel protecting against tumor incursion,is a key player.The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(c GAS)and stimulator of interferon genes(STING)pathway has been found to be a linchpin of innate immunity:activation of this signaling pathway orchestrates the production of type I interferon(IFN-α/β),thus fostering the maturation,differentiation,and mobilization of immune effectors in the tumor microenvironment.Furthermore,STING activation facilitates the release and presentation of tumor antigens,and therefore is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy.Current strategies to activate the STING pathway,including use of pharmacological agonists,have made substantial advancements,particularly when combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors.These approaches have shown promise in preclinical and clinical settings,by enhancing patient survival rates.This review describes the evolving understanding of the c GAS-STING pathway's involvement in tumor biology and therapy.Moreover,this review explores classical and non-classical STING agonists,providing insights into their mechanisms of action and potential for optimizing immunotherapy strategies.Despite challenges and complexities,the c GAS-STING pathway,a promising avenue for enhancing cancer treatment efficacy,has the potential to revolutionize patient outcomes.
基金funded by the Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University(project number ZH2018ZDA36(19X190020006))Shanghai Jiao Tong University Scientific and Technological Innovation Funds(2019TPA10)+1 种基金the Foundation of National Facility for Translational Medicine(Shanghai)(TMSK-2020-008).X.X.acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation(2001606)the Gustavus and Louise Pfeiffer Research Foundation Award.We greatly thank Xiyun Yan(Institute of Biophysics,CAS)for her generous gift of the pET-HFn plasmid.We also thank Kelong Fan(Institute of Biophysics,CAS)for his professional suggestions on protein purification.
文摘Immunotherapy is emerging as a powerful tool for combating many human diseases.However,the application of this life-saving treatment in serious brain diseases,including glioma,is greatly restricted.The major obstacle is the lack of effective technologies for transporting therapeutic agents across the blood-brain barrier(BBB)and achieving targeted delivery to specific cells once across the BBB.Ferritin,an iron storage protein,traverses the BBB via receptor-mediated transcytosis by binding to transferrin receptor 1(TfR1)overexpressed on BBB endothelial cells.Here,we developed bioengineered ferritin nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers that enable the targeted delivery of a small-molecule immunomodulator to achieve enhanced immunotherapeutic efficacy in an orthotopic glioma-bearing mouse model.We fused different glioma-targeting moieties on self-assembled ferritin nanoparticles via genetic engineering,and RGE fusion protein nanoparticles(RGE-HFn NPs)were identified as the best candidate.Furthermore,RGE-HFn NPs encapsulating a stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonist(SR717@RGE-HFn NPs)maintained stable self-assembled structure and targeting properties even after traversing the BBB.In the glioma-bearing mouse model,SR717@RGE-HFn NPs elicited a potent local innate immune response in the tumor microenvironment,resulting in significant tumor growth inhibition and prolonged survival.Overall,this biomimetic brain delivery platform offers new opportunities to overcome the BBB and provides a promising approach for brain drug delivery and immunotherapy in patients with glioma.
基金supported by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 52033006,51861145310,51773146 and 51633005)and the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3800900).
文摘Cyclic dinucleotides(CDNs)as stimulator of interferon genes(STING)agonists capable of inducing strong antitumor innate immune response are highly promising for tumor immunotherapy.The efficacy of these CDNs is,however,reduced greatly by their fast clearance,poor cell uptake and inefficient cytosolic transportation.Here,we report that reduction-responsive biodegradable chimaeric polymersomes(CPs)markedly enhance tumor retention and cytosolic delivery of a synthetic CDN,ADU-S100,and bolster STING pathway activation in the tumor microenvironment and tumor draining lymph nodes,giving significantly better tumor repression and survival of B16F10 melanoma-bearing mice compared with free CDN control.The superiority of CPs-mediated CDN delivery is further verified in combination therapy with low-dose fractionated radiation,which brings about clearly stronger and longer-term immunotherapeutic effects and protection against tumor re-challenge.The development of nano-STING agonists that are able to overcome the delivery barriers of CDNs represents an effective strategy to potentiate cancer immunotherapy.
文摘干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)是cGAS-STING信号通路中的关键蛋白,在外源或内源DNA介导的免疫应答中发挥着重要作用。该篇综述对STING的生物学功能,cGAS-STING通路发挥作用的过程,以及STING激动剂的分类和给药方式进行了介绍,并总结了目前已报道的药物递送系统。采用适当的药物载体递送STING激动剂可以克服其入胞困难、易被酶解、半衰期短和靶向性差的不足,提高机体的固有免疫和适应性免疫刺激,从而增强药物的治疗效果。总之,该文主要针对STING激动剂释药系统的研究进展进行综述,以期为其递送系统的开发提供依据,推动STING激动剂的临床转化和应用。
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China 2023YFC3404600National Natural Science Foundation of China grant(82371848)。
文摘As a key sensor of double-stranded DNA(dsDNA),cyclic GMP-AMP synthase(cGAS)detects cytosolic dsDNA and initiates the synthesis of 2′3′cyclic GMP-AMP(cGAMP)that activates the stimulator of interferon genes(STING).This finally promotes the production of type I interferons(IFN-I)that is crucial for bridging innate and adaptive immunity.Recent evidence show that several antitumor therapies,including radiotherapy(RT),chemotherapy,targeted therapies and immunotherapies,activate the cGAS-STING pathway to provoke the antitumor immunity.In the last decade,the development of STING agonists has been a major focus in both basic research and the pharmaceutical industry.However,up to now,none of STING agonists have been approved for clinical use.Considering the broad expression of STING in whole body and the direct lethal effect of STING agonists on immune cells in the draining lymph node(dLN),research on the optimal way to activate STING in tumor microenvironment(TME)appears to be a promising direction.Moreover,besides enhancing IFN-I signaling,the cGAS-STING pathway also plays roles in senescence,autophagy,apoptosis,mitotic arrest,and DNA repair,contributing to tumor development and metastasis.In this review,we summarize the recent advances on cGAS-STING pathway’s response to antitumor therapies and the strategies involving this pathway for tumor treatment.
基金This work is financially supported by National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFA0704000)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.82071985)+3 种基金Basic Research Program of Shenzhen(Nos.JCYJ20180507182413022,JCYJ20170412111100742)Guangdong Province Natural Science Foundation of Major Basic Research and Cultivation Project(No.2018B030308003)Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.KQTD20190929172538530)the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation for Young Teachers in the Higher Education Institutions of China(No.161032).
文摘The stimulator of interferon genes(STING)shows promising clinical activity in infectious diseases and tumors.However,the lack of targeting capability and intracellular stability of STING agonists severely limits the therapeutic efficacy.Recently,drug delivery systems(DDSs)overcome these delivery barriers of STING agonists via passive or active cell targeting,prolonged blood circulation and drug release,and lysosome escape,etc.In this review,we will describe in detail how existing DDSs are designed to overcome delivery barriers and activate the STING pathway,and the current biomedical applications of STING-activating DDSs in the treatments of infectious diseases and tumors.Finally,the prospects and challenges of DDSs in STING activation are discussed.
文摘干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)是一种内质网膜蛋白,在外源或内源DNA介导的免疫应答中发挥重要作用。STING依赖的信号通路激活能促进I型干扰素分泌与抗病毒和抗肿瘤免疫相关的蛋白的表达,从而阻断病毒复制、促进对癌细胞的免疫反应。本文介绍了STING激动剂的研究进展,综述了环二核苷酸类、氨基苯并咪唑类、呫吨酮类和吖啶酮类、苯并噻吩类及苯并二茂类等结构类型的STING激动剂,以期为STING激动剂的进一步研究提供参考依据。
文摘干扰素基因刺激因子(stimulator of interferon genes,STING)作为参与固有免疫反应的关键信号转导分子,被来自病原体和宿主的胞质DNA触发,在诱导Ⅰ型干扰素和促炎性细胞因子分泌、防御病毒及胞内细菌感染、调节体内自发性抗肿瘤免疫反应产生过程中发挥重要功能。STING激动剂能够有效治疗病原体感染和癌症。近10年来,对STING及其激动剂的研究发展迅速。本文从STING的结构和激活、cGAS-STING通路的机制等方面概述了STING的最新研究进展,尤其对STING激动剂进行了概述,重点分析了STING与其激动剂复合物的晶体结构以及STING激动剂的构效关系,并总结了研发STING激动剂所面临的严峻挑战,试图为设计和发现小分子STING激动剂提供思路。
