Objective： Monocytes/macrophages, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are important in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Interleukin （IL） -13 has been shown to exert potent anti-inflammatory properties. ...Objective： Monocytes/macrophages, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are important in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Interleukin （IL） -13 has been shown to exert potent anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to investigate the effect of IL-13 on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and profibrogenic cytokines and the involved molecular mechanism in cultured human mesangial cells （HMCs）. Methods： The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and profibrogenic cytokines were determined by ribonuclease protection assay （RPA）. Activity of nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） and activa- tor protein-1 （AP-1） was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA）. NF-κB subunit p65 nuclear transportation and c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） activity were assayed by immunoblot. Results： Recombinant IL-13 inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-u）, IL-1α, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）, IL-8, and transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） mRNA expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Lipopoly- sacchorides （LPS） dramatically increased NF-κB DNA binding activity of HMCs, which was inhibited by IL-13 in a dose-dependent manner. LPS-activated NF-κB contained p50 and p65 dimers, but not c-Rel subunit. IL-13 blocked LPS-induced NF-κB subunit p65. LPS stimulated JNK/AP-1 activation, which was inhibited by IL-13 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion： IL-13 inhibits proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and profibrogenic cytokines synthesis by blocking NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 activation. These observations point to the importance of IL-13 in the modulation of inflammatory processes in the renal glomerulus.展开更多
Objective Gliomas are the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system.Despite multiple therapies including surgery,chemotherapy,and radiotherapy,the prognosis of patients remains poor.Immunotherapy is a...Objective Gliomas are the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system.Despite multiple therapies including surgery,chemotherapy,and radiotherapy,the prognosis of patients remains poor.Immunotherapy is an alternative method of treating glioma,and the use of dendritic cell vaccines is one of the promising treatment options.However,there is no specific tumor cell antigen that can trigger dendritic cells(DCs).IL-13Ra2 is a specific antigen expressed in glioma cells;in the current study,we have attempted to explore whether IL-13Ra2 could be the antigen that triggers DCs and to envisage its application as potential therapy for glioma.Methods The expression of IL-13Ra2 was detected in U251 glioma cell lines and primary glioma tissues using different methods.DCs from human blood were isolated and pulsed with recombinant IL-13Ra2,following which the cytotoxicity of these DCs on glioma cells was detected and analyzed.Results About 55.9% human glioma tissue cells expressed IL-13Ra2,while normal brain tissue cells did not show any expression.DC vaccines loaded with IL-13Ra2,glioma cell antigen,and brain tumor stem cell(BTSC) antigen could significantly stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes and induce cell death in the glioma tissue.Compared to other groups,DC vaccines loaded with BTSC antigen showed the strongest ability to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs),while the glioma cell antigen group showed no significant difference.Conclusion IL-13Ra2,which is expressed in gliomas and by glioma stem cells,as well as IL-13Ra2 could prove to be potential antigens for DC vaccine-based immunotherapy.展开更多
Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle ce...Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(SMCs). Methods CREG knocked-down SMCs were employed to evaluate the biological activity of wtCREG and mCREG.Expressions of SMC differentiation markers SM myosin heavy chain(SM-MHC),SM-actin,heavy caldesmon and myocardin were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Cellular growth of SMCs was assessed by bromide dewuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis on fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).A solid-phase binding assay was used to study the binding of CREG to extracellular domains of M6P/IGF2R.The cellular co-localization of the two recombinant CREGs with M6P/IGF2R was detected on SMC surface by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis.Results The molecular weight of wtCREG was around 30 kD while that of the mCREG was～25 kD.Treatment of wtCREG with PNGase F reduced its molecular weight from～30 kD to～25 kD,whereas PNGase F treatment had no effect on the molecular weight of mCREG.Both wtCREG and mCREG proteins enhanced SMC differentiation,inhibited BrdU incorporation,and arrested cell cycle progression when added to the culture medium.In CREG knocked-down SMCs,the amount of CREG detected by immunoblotting in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates was significantly reduced when compared to normal cells.Both recombinant CREGs co-immunoprecipitated with M6P/IGF2R, although slightly reduced amount of the mutant CREG was detected in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates.Immunostaining revealed that His-tagged CREGs co-localized with IGF2R on the cell surface in a glycosylation-independent manner.In vitro binding assay showed that CREGs bound to M6P/ IGF2R extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 in a glycosylation -dependent and -independent manner,respectively.Further blocking experiments using soluble M6P/IGF2R fragments and M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody indicated that the biological activities of recombinant CREGs in SMC growth and the up-regulation of SMC differentiation markers were all abolished by treatment with the M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody. However,although the growth inhibitory effect of wtCREG was nearly abolished by D7-10 or D11-13,the effect of mCREG was only reversed by Dll-13,indicating that the binding to domains 11-13 is required for CREG to modulate the proliferation of SMCs.Conclusions These data suggest that solubleCREG proteins can exert their biological function via binding to the extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 of cell surface M6P/IGF2R in both a glycosylation-dependent and -independent manner.展开更多
Dopamine （DA） exposure at a dose of 100 pmol/L for 24 hours causes oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells with induction of neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid （RA,10 pmol/L,72 hours） followed by phorbol ester 12...Dopamine （DA） exposure at a dose of 100 pmol/L for 24 hours causes oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells with induction of neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid （RA,10 pmol/L,72 hours） followed by phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate （TPA,80 nmol/L,72 hours）. However,it remains unclear whether the alteration of phenotype observed in response to oxidative stress is associated with protein regulation in this cellular model for Parkinson＇s disease. The present study detected protein regulation affected by oxidative stress at a proteomic level：selection of differentially altered proteins using two dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis and identification of these proteins using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated significant alterations in expression of six proteins in SH-SY5Y cells following the differentiation and fourteen proteins in the differentiated cells following the exposure,exemplified by an increase of tubulin alpha1 in the former but a decrease of tubulin alpha-ubiquitous chain in the latter. These results suggest that two potentially specific but relevant patterns of proteomic change may be produced in SH-SY5Y cells with the induction of differentiation by RA followed by TPA,and in the differentiated cells after DA exposure.展开更多
This study was designed to investigate the expression of aminopeptidase N （APN）/CD13 on intraembryonic AGM stromal cells, and the change of its enzymatic activity after irradiation injury. The expression of APN/CD13...This study was designed to investigate the expression of aminopeptidase N （APN）/CD13 on intraembryonic AGM stromal cells, and the change of its enzymatic activity after irradiation injury. The expression of APN/CD13 on AGM stromal cells was assayed by RT-PCR and immunihistochemistry. After the stromal cells in AGM region were irradiated with 8.0 Gy of ^60Co T-rays, APN/CD13 enzymatic activity was measured by spectrophotometer at different time points. The result showed that AGM stromal cells strongly expressed APN/CD13. The enzymatic activity of APN/CD13 decreased temporarily after irradiation injury, then increased to higher level 4 h after irradiation, and it returned to the pre-irradiation level 24 to 48 h after the irradiation. The enzymatic activity of APN/CD13 was temporarily enhanced after irradiation injury, which might be one of the compensatory mechanisms that promote the hematopoietic recovery after irradiation.展开更多
Background: Malassezia pachydermatis is the main causative agent of canine otitis and also of a myriad of dermatological problems in companion animals;its interaction mechanisms with host cells are still unclear. Obje...Background: Malassezia pachydermatis is the main causative agent of canine otitis and also of a myriad of dermatological problems in companion animals;its interaction mechanisms with host cells are still unclear. Objectives: To establish an in vitro infection model of M. pachydermatis-exposed RK13 cells in order to evaluate cell morphological changes as well as changes in the structure of actin filaments. Methods: Cultures of RK13 cells were infected with M. pachydermatis, alterations caused by the yeast were evaluated by optical and fluorescence microscopy. Results: M. pachydermatis adheres itself to the cell and produces the formation of multiple agglomerates that cause changes in cell morphology, formation of cell aggregates in overlays, presence of syncytia and destruction of cell culture structure. The damaged cells presented changes in the actin filaments consisting of thickening of the cell cortex and loss of stress fibers. On the other hand, the formation of perinuclear actin rings in the yeasts was observed. Conclusions: An in vitro infection model was established with M. pachydermatis and alterations in cell morphology were observed consisting of changes in the structure of the actin filaments, overgrowth of the cells and the presence of syncytia.展开更多
Background and Aims: On November 24, 2009, Huu S. TIEU and Golden Sunrise Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Golden Sunrise) applied for the Technology and Innovation to be reviewed and evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administ...Background and Aims: On November 24, 2009, Huu S. TIEU and Golden Sunrise Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Golden Sunrise) applied for the Technology and Innovation to be reviewed and evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the review and evaluation, it was requested by Golden Sunrise designated the new indications for this application under Serious or Life-threatening conditions or diseases. Discussions followed with the FDA, Huu S. TIEU, and Golden Sunrise for FDA approval on new products and new indications on existing new Medical Technology and Innovation. It was agreed in Year-2015 that the FDA would take the request for new indications to the United States Congress to establish into FDA regulation and law. At that time the following was the FDA Guidance—“Emergency Use of a Test Article” is exempt from prior Institutional Review Board or Advisory Committee evaluation and approval, provided that such emergency use is reported to the Institutional Review Board within five working days after use. Expedited Institutional Review Board or Advisory Committee approval is not permitted in emergency use. There has been no funding to the authors for the writing or publication of this article. Methods: It was requested by Huu S. TIEU and Golden Sunrise in documents given to the FDA to have Serious or Life-threatening conditions or diseases indication be recognized by law. On August 08, 2015, the FDA responding to this request took the documentation produced by Golden Sunrise to the United States Congress on behalf of Golden Sunrise and Huu S. TIEU. This article encompasses the FDA regulatory method as well as the discussion and results of the establishment of the FDA and the 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cures Act. Results: On December 13, 2016, H.R.34—114<sup>th</sup> United States Congress (2015-2016) 21<sup>st</sup> Century CURES Act was signed into law by President Barack H. Obama which included the Serious or Life-threatening indication to be written into the CURES Act. In summary, the 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cures Act is a landmark piece of legislation that enjoyed broad bipartisan support in United States Congress. The main goals of the Act are impactful and should transform future cancer, neurologic, and precision medicine or drug research as well as aid individuals with mental health is intended to facilitate the prompt approval of new agents and devices, clinicians should be aware of the types of data behind an approval and take this into consideration when developing illnesses and opioid dependence. However, some of the wording within the CURES Act regarding the drug and device approval process may bring pause to health care providers including pharmacists. Although this wording and implementing care plans and counseling patients. The 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cures Act was incorporated into laws and regulations by the FDA under § 3072 of the Act grants the Commissioner of Food and Drugs the authority to appoint and set the annual rate of pay for outstanding and qualified candidates to scientific, technical, or professional positions that support the development, review, and regulation of medical products.展开更多
β-mercaptoethanol can induce adipose-derived stromal cells to rapidly and efficiently differentiate into neurons in vitro.However,because of the short survival time of the differentiated cells,clinical applications f...β-mercaptoethanol can induce adipose-derived stromal cells to rapidly and efficiently differentiate into neurons in vitro.However,because of the short survival time of the differentiated cells,clinical applications for this technique are limited.As such,we examined apoptosis of neurons differentiated from adipose-derived stromal cells induced with β-mercaptoethanol in vitro using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and transmission electron microscopy.The results revealed that the number of surviving cells decreased and apoptosis rate increased as induction time extended.Taken together,these results suggest that apoptosis occurring in the process of adipose-derived stromal cells differentiating into neurons is the main cause of cell death.However,the mechanism underlying cellular apoptosis should be researched further to develop methods of controlling apoptosis for clinical applications.展开更多
AIM： To investigate the regulation of activin receptor-interacting protein 2 （ARIP2） expression and its possible relationships with collagen type Ⅳ （collagen Ⅳ） in mouse hepatoma cell line Hepal-6 cells. METHOD...AIM： To investigate the regulation of activin receptor-interacting protein 2 （ARIP2） expression and its possible relationships with collagen type Ⅳ （collagen Ⅳ） in mouse hepatoma cell line Hepal-6 cells. METHODS： The ARIP2 mRNA expression kinetics in Hepal-6 cells was detected by RT-PCR, and its regulation factors were analyzed by treatment with signal transduction activators such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate （PMA）, forskolin and A23187. After pcDNA3- ARIP2 was transfected into Hepal-6 cells, the effects of ARIP2 overexpression on activin type Ⅱ receptor （ActRⅡ） and collagen Ⅳ expression were evaluated. RESULTS： The expression levels of ARIP2 mRNA in Hapel-6 cells were elevated in time-dependent manner 12 h after treatment with activin A and endotoxin LPS, but not changed evidently in the early stage of stimulation （2 or 4 h）. The ARIP2 mRNA expression was increased after stimulated with signal transduction activators such as PMA and forskolin in Hepal-6 cells, whereas decreased after treatment with A23187 （25.3% ± 5.7% vs 48.1% ± 3.6%, P 〈 0.01）. ARIP2 overexpression could remarkably suppress the expression of ActRⅡA mRNA in dose-dependent manner, but has no effect on ActRⅡB in Hepal-6 cells induced by activin A. Furthermore, we have found that overexpression of ARIP2 could inhibit collagen Ⅳ mRNA and protein expressions induced by activin A in Hapel-6 cells. CONCLUSION： These findings suggest that ARIP2 expression can be influenced by various factors. ARIP2 may participate in the negative feedback regulation of signal transduction in the late stage by affecting the expression of ActRIIA and play an important role in regulation of development of liver fibrosis induced by activin.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30872803 to Aihua Zhang,No.30772365 to Songming Huang)the Jiangsu Key Medical Talent Foundation(No.RC2007015 to Aihua Zhangthe Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,State Education Ministry of China
文摘Objective： Monocytes/macrophages, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines are important in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Interleukin （IL） -13 has been shown to exert potent anti-inflammatory properties. This study was designed to investigate the effect of IL-13 on the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and profibrogenic cytokines and the involved molecular mechanism in cultured human mesangial cells （HMCs）. Methods： The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines and profibrogenic cytokines were determined by ribonuclease protection assay （RPA）. Activity of nuclear factor-kappa B （NF-κB） and activa- tor protein-1 （AP-1） was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay （EMSA）. NF-κB subunit p65 nuclear transportation and c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK） activity were assayed by immunoblot. Results： Recombinant IL-13 inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-u）, IL-1α, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 （MCP-1）, IL-8, and transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） mRNA expressions in a dose-dependent manner. Lipopoly- sacchorides （LPS） dramatically increased NF-κB DNA binding activity of HMCs, which was inhibited by IL-13 in a dose-dependent manner. LPS-activated NF-κB contained p50 and p65 dimers, but not c-Rel subunit. IL-13 blocked LPS-induced NF-κB subunit p65. LPS stimulated JNK/AP-1 activation, which was inhibited by IL-13 in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion： IL-13 inhibits proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and profibrogenic cytokines synthesis by blocking NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 activation. These observations point to the importance of IL-13 in the modulation of inflammatory processes in the renal glomerulus.
文摘Objective Gliomas are the most common malignant tumors in the central nervous system.Despite multiple therapies including surgery,chemotherapy,and radiotherapy,the prognosis of patients remains poor.Immunotherapy is an alternative method of treating glioma,and the use of dendritic cell vaccines is one of the promising treatment options.However,there is no specific tumor cell antigen that can trigger dendritic cells(DCs).IL-13Ra2 is a specific antigen expressed in glioma cells;in the current study,we have attempted to explore whether IL-13Ra2 could be the antigen that triggers DCs and to envisage its application as potential therapy for glioma.Methods The expression of IL-13Ra2 was detected in U251 glioma cell lines and primary glioma tissues using different methods.DCs from human blood were isolated and pulsed with recombinant IL-13Ra2,following which the cytotoxicity of these DCs on glioma cells was detected and analyzed.Results About 55.9% human glioma tissue cells expressed IL-13Ra2,while normal brain tissue cells did not show any expression.DC vaccines loaded with IL-13Ra2,glioma cell antigen,and brain tumor stem cell(BTSC) antigen could significantly stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes and induce cell death in the glioma tissue.Compared to other groups,DC vaccines loaded with BTSC antigen showed the strongest ability to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes(CTLs),while the glioma cell antigen group showed no significant difference.Conclusion IL-13Ra2,which is expressed in gliomas and by glioma stem cells,as well as IL-13Ra2 could prove to be potential antigens for DC vaccine-based immunotherapy.
文摘Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(SMCs). Methods CREG knocked-down SMCs were employed to evaluate the biological activity of wtCREG and mCREG.Expressions of SMC differentiation markers SM myosin heavy chain(SM-MHC),SM-actin,heavy caldesmon and myocardin were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Cellular growth of SMCs was assessed by bromide dewuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis on fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).A solid-phase binding assay was used to study the binding of CREG to extracellular domains of M6P/IGF2R.The cellular co-localization of the two recombinant CREGs with M6P/IGF2R was detected on SMC surface by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis.Results The molecular weight of wtCREG was around 30 kD while that of the mCREG was～25 kD.Treatment of wtCREG with PNGase F reduced its molecular weight from～30 kD to～25 kD,whereas PNGase F treatment had no effect on the molecular weight of mCREG.Both wtCREG and mCREG proteins enhanced SMC differentiation,inhibited BrdU incorporation,and arrested cell cycle progression when added to the culture medium.In CREG knocked-down SMCs,the amount of CREG detected by immunoblotting in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates was significantly reduced when compared to normal cells.Both recombinant CREGs co-immunoprecipitated with M6P/IGF2R, although slightly reduced amount of the mutant CREG was detected in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates.Immunostaining revealed that His-tagged CREGs co-localized with IGF2R on the cell surface in a glycosylation-independent manner.In vitro binding assay showed that CREGs bound to M6P/ IGF2R extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 in a glycosylation -dependent and -independent manner,respectively.Further blocking experiments using soluble M6P/IGF2R fragments and M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody indicated that the biological activities of recombinant CREGs in SMC growth and the up-regulation of SMC differentiation markers were all abolished by treatment with the M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody. However,although the growth inhibitory effect of wtCREG was nearly abolished by D7-10 or D11-13,the effect of mCREG was only reversed by Dll-13,indicating that the binding to domains 11-13 is required for CREG to modulate the proliferation of SMCs.Conclusions These data suggest that solubleCREG proteins can exert their biological function via binding to the extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 of cell surface M6P/IGF2R in both a glycosylation-dependent and -independent manner.
基金the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province, No. 200505200the Distinguished Professor Foundation of Jilin University, No. 450011011204
文摘Dopamine （DA） exposure at a dose of 100 pmol/L for 24 hours causes oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells with induction of neuronal differentiation by retinoic acid （RA,10 pmol/L,72 hours） followed by phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate （TPA,80 nmol/L,72 hours）. However,it remains unclear whether the alteration of phenotype observed in response to oxidative stress is associated with protein regulation in this cellular model for Parkinson＇s disease. The present study detected protein regulation affected by oxidative stress at a proteomic level：selection of differentially altered proteins using two dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis and identification of these proteins using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results demonstrated significant alterations in expression of six proteins in SH-SY5Y cells following the differentiation and fourteen proteins in the differentiated cells following the exposure,exemplified by an increase of tubulin alpha1 in the former but a decrease of tubulin alpha-ubiquitous chain in the latter. These results suggest that two potentially specific but relevant patterns of proteomic change may be produced in SH-SY5Y cells with the induction of differentiation by RA followed by TPA,and in the differentiated cells after DA exposure.
基金This project was supported by a grant from the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No. 30570773 )
文摘This study was designed to investigate the expression of aminopeptidase N （APN）/CD13 on intraembryonic AGM stromal cells, and the change of its enzymatic activity after irradiation injury. The expression of APN/CD13 on AGM stromal cells was assayed by RT-PCR and immunihistochemistry. After the stromal cells in AGM region were irradiated with 8.0 Gy of ^60Co T-rays, APN/CD13 enzymatic activity was measured by spectrophotometer at different time points. The result showed that AGM stromal cells strongly expressed APN/CD13. The enzymatic activity of APN/CD13 decreased temporarily after irradiation injury, then increased to higher level 4 h after irradiation, and it returned to the pre-irradiation level 24 to 48 h after the irradiation. The enzymatic activity of APN/CD13 was temporarily enhanced after irradiation injury, which might be one of the compensatory mechanisms that promote the hematopoietic recovery after irradiation.
文摘Background: Malassezia pachydermatis is the main causative agent of canine otitis and also of a myriad of dermatological problems in companion animals;its interaction mechanisms with host cells are still unclear. Objectives: To establish an in vitro infection model of M. pachydermatis-exposed RK13 cells in order to evaluate cell morphological changes as well as changes in the structure of actin filaments. Methods: Cultures of RK13 cells were infected with M. pachydermatis, alterations caused by the yeast were evaluated by optical and fluorescence microscopy. Results: M. pachydermatis adheres itself to the cell and produces the formation of multiple agglomerates that cause changes in cell morphology, formation of cell aggregates in overlays, presence of syncytia and destruction of cell culture structure. The damaged cells presented changes in the actin filaments consisting of thickening of the cell cortex and loss of stress fibers. On the other hand, the formation of perinuclear actin rings in the yeasts was observed. Conclusions: An in vitro infection model was established with M. pachydermatis and alterations in cell morphology were observed consisting of changes in the structure of the actin filaments, overgrowth of the cells and the presence of syncytia.
文摘Background and Aims: On November 24, 2009, Huu S. TIEU and Golden Sunrise Pharmaceutical, Inc. (Golden Sunrise) applied for the Technology and Innovation to be reviewed and evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In the review and evaluation, it was requested by Golden Sunrise designated the new indications for this application under Serious or Life-threatening conditions or diseases. Discussions followed with the FDA, Huu S. TIEU, and Golden Sunrise for FDA approval on new products and new indications on existing new Medical Technology and Innovation. It was agreed in Year-2015 that the FDA would take the request for new indications to the United States Congress to establish into FDA regulation and law. At that time the following was the FDA Guidance—“Emergency Use of a Test Article” is exempt from prior Institutional Review Board or Advisory Committee evaluation and approval, provided that such emergency use is reported to the Institutional Review Board within five working days after use. Expedited Institutional Review Board or Advisory Committee approval is not permitted in emergency use. There has been no funding to the authors for the writing or publication of this article. Methods: It was requested by Huu S. TIEU and Golden Sunrise in documents given to the FDA to have Serious or Life-threatening conditions or diseases indication be recognized by law. On August 08, 2015, the FDA responding to this request took the documentation produced by Golden Sunrise to the United States Congress on behalf of Golden Sunrise and Huu S. TIEU. This article encompasses the FDA regulatory method as well as the discussion and results of the establishment of the FDA and the 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cures Act. Results: On December 13, 2016, H.R.34—114<sup>th</sup> United States Congress (2015-2016) 21<sup>st</sup> Century CURES Act was signed into law by President Barack H. Obama which included the Serious or Life-threatening indication to be written into the CURES Act. In summary, the 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cures Act is a landmark piece of legislation that enjoyed broad bipartisan support in United States Congress. The main goals of the Act are impactful and should transform future cancer, neurologic, and precision medicine or drug research as well as aid individuals with mental health is intended to facilitate the prompt approval of new agents and devices, clinicians should be aware of the types of data behind an approval and take this into consideration when developing illnesses and opioid dependence. However, some of the wording within the CURES Act regarding the drug and device approval process may bring pause to health care providers including pharmacists. Although this wording and implementing care plans and counseling patients. The 21<sup>st</sup> Century Cures Act was incorporated into laws and regulations by the FDA under § 3072 of the Act grants the Commissioner of Food and Drugs the authority to appoint and set the annual rate of pay for outstanding and qualified candidates to scientific, technical, or professional positions that support the development, review, and regulation of medical products.
文摘β-mercaptoethanol can induce adipose-derived stromal cells to rapidly and efficiently differentiate into neurons in vitro.However,because of the short survival time of the differentiated cells,clinical applications for this technique are limited.As such,we examined apoptosis of neurons differentiated from adipose-derived stromal cells induced with β-mercaptoethanol in vitro using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and transmission electron microscopy.The results revealed that the number of surviving cells decreased and apoptosis rate increased as induction time extended.Taken together,these results suggest that apoptosis occurring in the process of adipose-derived stromal cells differentiating into neurons is the main cause of cell death.However,the mechanism underlying cellular apoptosis should be researched further to develop methods of controlling apoptosis for clinical applications.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30170478 and 30571688Science Projects of Jilin Province of China, No. 20060928-01
文摘AIM： To investigate the regulation of activin receptor-interacting protein 2 （ARIP2） expression and its possible relationships with collagen type Ⅳ （collagen Ⅳ） in mouse hepatoma cell line Hepal-6 cells. METHODS： The ARIP2 mRNA expression kinetics in Hepal-6 cells was detected by RT-PCR, and its regulation factors were analyzed by treatment with signal transduction activators such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate （PMA）, forskolin and A23187. After pcDNA3- ARIP2 was transfected into Hepal-6 cells, the effects of ARIP2 overexpression on activin type Ⅱ receptor （ActRⅡ） and collagen Ⅳ expression were evaluated. RESULTS： The expression levels of ARIP2 mRNA in Hapel-6 cells were elevated in time-dependent manner 12 h after treatment with activin A and endotoxin LPS, but not changed evidently in the early stage of stimulation （2 or 4 h）. The ARIP2 mRNA expression was increased after stimulated with signal transduction activators such as PMA and forskolin in Hepal-6 cells, whereas decreased after treatment with A23187 （25.3% ± 5.7% vs 48.1% ± 3.6%, P 〈 0.01）. ARIP2 overexpression could remarkably suppress the expression of ActRⅡA mRNA in dose-dependent manner, but has no effect on ActRⅡB in Hepal-6 cells induced by activin A. Furthermore, we have found that overexpression of ARIP2 could inhibit collagen Ⅳ mRNA and protein expressions induced by activin A in Hapel-6 cells. CONCLUSION： These findings suggest that ARIP2 expression can be influenced by various factors. ARIP2 may participate in the negative feedback regulation of signal transduction in the late stage by affecting the expression of ActRIIA and play an important role in regulation of development of liver fibrosis induced by activin.
