The Effects of Biochar on Germination and Growth of Wheat in Different Saline-alkali Soil

Saline alkali soil can cause physiological drought on crops,so only some salinity tolerant crops can grow in saline alkali soil.Biochar can increase the utilize efficiency of nutrient and the water retention of the soil,and affect the growth of the plant.In this research,four different proportion of biochar was added in five different levels of saline-alkali soil for pot culture experiment.The pH of the soil increases as the proportion of biochar increase in same saline-alkali level soil,while the EC decrease as the proportion of biochar increase.The germination rate of wheat seeds varies as the different of soil's saline-alkali level.Notable among these results is the germination of wheat seeds in the serious saline-alkali soil without biochar added is 0,while in 45%biochar added in serious saline-alkali soil,the germination rate get to as high as 48.9%.Also,biochar improve the growth of wheat seedling,while for mild saline alkali soil and normal soil.Biochar had no obvious effect on the growth of wheat seedling.

Present situation and tendency of saline-alkali soil in west Jilin Province

Taking west Jilin Province as an example, this paper put forward the assessment index of salinization, and based on it, the authors present the distribution characteristics of saline-alkali soil in the 1980s and the 1990s in west Jilin and analyze its physical and chemical properties in detail. The developing tendency of salinization was also inferred by comparing the saline-alkali soil of the 1980s with that of the 1990s. Finally, the natural and human factors leading to salinization are analyzed.

Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.

Microbial diversity in the saline-alkali soil of a coastal Tamarix chinensis woodland at Bohai Bay, China

Soil salinization or alkalization is a form of soil desertification. Coastal saline-alkali soil represents a type of desert and a key system in the network of ecosystems at the continent-ocean interface. Tamarix chinensis is a drought-tolerant plant that is widely distributed in the coastal saline-alkali soil of Bohai Bay, China. In this study, we used 454 pyrosequencing techniques to investigate the characteristics and distribution of the microbial diversity in coastal saline-alkali soil of the T. chinensis woodland at Bohai Bay. A total of 20,315 sequences were obtained, representing 19 known bacterial phyla and a large proportion of unclassified bacteria at the phylum level. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria were the predominant phyla. The coverage of T. chinensis affected the microbial composition. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of y-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased whereas Actinobacteria increased with the increasing coverage of T. chinensis. At the genus level, the proportions of Steroidobacter, Lechevalieria, Gp3 and Gp4 decreased with the increase of the vegetation coverage whereas the proportion of Nocardioides increased. A cluster analysis showed that the existing T. chinensis changed the niches for the microorganisms in the coastal saline-alkali soil, which caused changes in the microbial community. The analysis also distinguished the microbial community structure of the marginal area from those of the dense area and sparse area. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the distance to the seashore line could also affect certain groups of soil bacteria in this coastal saline-alkali soil, such as the family Cryomorphaceae and class Flavobacteria, whose population decreased as the distance increased. In addition, the seawater and temperature could be the driving factors that affected the changes.

A STUDY ON GROWTH OF PLANTATION ON SODA-SALINE-ALKALI SOIL

If some suitable treatments are used plantations can be grown and established on the soil of soda-saline-alkali with the soil condition of PH 8.5- 9.6, salinity 0.1-0.3% and normality ratio of saline base Na+ / ( Ca+++ Mg++)≥4. From the results of plot inventory and tree stem analysis, the increment of Poplus simonigra is highest. For 9 years, the volume can reach 100 m3/ha, the biomass (above ground) can reach 28.7 ton/ha. Poplus simonigra grows very well on the all kinds of soda-saline-alkali soils except for the alkali spot with the worst soil condition. So Poplus simonigra is a good tree species for planting on the soil of soda-saline-alkali.

Transport Characteristics of Soil Salinity in Saline- alkali Land under Water Storage and Drainage Conditions

To test the variation and transport of soil salinity in saline- alkali land under water storage and drainage treatments,an experimental model was established in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,2009. The variation of soil salinity during 0- 160 cm soil depth under the two treatments was determined and analyzed. Results showed that the average soil water content under water storage treatment was 4. 47% higher than that under drainage treatment,which means that the water storage treatment could help to improve soil moisture to satisfy the crop's growth needs. The profile distribution of soil soluble solids( TDS),anion( Cl-,HCO3-,SO2-4) and cation( Ca2 +,Na+,K+) content and the variation of soil p H were also measured and analyzed. PCA( Principal Component Analysis) was used to explore the relationship between the soil salinity and its ions,which showed that the water storage treatment could significantly decrease the surface salinity of soil and accelerate the desalination of topsoils,and finally,the soil quality was improved significantly,demonstrating that the water storage treatment has a remarkable effect on soil salinity management.

Planting six tree species on soda-saline-alkali soil

Populus simonigra， Salix matsudana， Ulmus pumila， Populus nigra， Acer negundo， Fraxinus mandshurica。Tamarix chinensis， Hippophae rhammoldes， Syriga onlata 在 soda-saline-alkali 上被种。土壤有 pH 8.5 鈥 ?.6，咸度 0.1% 鈥 ?.3% ， sodiumionized 比率 16% 鈥 ?1% 并且盐的基础 Na+/(Ca+++Mg++) 的规度比率 > 4。除了在碱运动上， Populus simonigra 与最糟的土壤条件在各种 soda-saline-alkali 土壤上成长很好并且显示出一根高木头增长和生物资源。在 9 以后一，体积能到达 100 m3/hm2，并且未葬生物资源罐头重新拱 28.7 t/hm2。

Effects of Soil Improver on Wheat in Saline-Alkali Lands in the Yellow River Delta

Field experiment carried out to test the effects of soil improver on wheat yield and soil physical-chemical properties. The results indicated that soil improver could optimize soil aggregates structure, decrease soil bulk density, soil pH and soil salt content, increase soil organic matter and 1 000-grain weight, thereby enhancing wheat yield. With the increase of soil improver application amount, soil physical-chemical properties became better and wheat yield increased. However, there was no significant difference in the treatments with the application amounts of 3%, 4% and 5%. In addition, the treatment of reducing nitrogen showed no superiority in soil physical-chemical properties and wheat yield, indicating that sufficient nitrogen was essential for the growth of wheat.

Biological improvement of saline alkali soil reference system:A review

This work presents a reference system overview to improve the efficiency of biological improvement of saline-alkali soil developed during the last thirty years, ranging from connotation, general methods and species, soil desalination, soil structure, soil organic content, microbial flora, enzyme activity, yield and economic benefits. The reference system presented is divided into three main groups: suitable varieties, suitable cultivation measures, and a comprehensive evaluation system.There has been a lot of research on biological improvement of saline alkali soil, but these studies are very fragmented and lack a comprehensive standard system. Also, there is a lack of practical significance, particularly with regard to optimal species, densities and times of sowing for particular regions. On the other hand, the corresponding cultivation measure is very important. Therefore, a reference system plays an important role to the effect of biological improvement of saline alkali soil.

Seed movement of bare alkali-saline patches and their potential role in the ecological restoration in Songnen grassland, China

The dynamics of soil seed banks and seed movement was investigated in three bare alkali-saline patches in Songnen grassland, Northeast China, for exploring their potential role in the vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches. The results showed that the seed banks and the seed movement in these patches were very similar to each other, and to some extent the seed movement was related to patch-side vegetation there. Seed movement across the soil surface of these bare alkali-saline patches was abundant and dominated by the seeds of pioneer species, such as Chloris virgata and Suaeda corniculata, which accounted for over 96% of these trapped seeds. In the contrast, soil seed banks of bare patches were extremely small, in different seasons, especially in May and June, even no any seed have been found, mainly due to lowest retaining capacity of surface soil to those abundant seed movement. Both soil seed banks and seed movement showed seasonal variation, and usually reached the maximum in October. Soil seed banks of bare alkali-saline patches, which were extremely small and difficult to recruit naturally, may inhibit speed of vegetation restoration. It is suggested that seed movement would be the potential seed source and play a potentially important role in the process of vegetation restoration of bare alkali-saline patches by enhancing the soft retaining capacity to seed movement.

有机-无机肥配施对新疆核桃园土壤和叶片养分的影响

[目的]研究有机-无机肥配施对核桃园土壤和叶片养分的影响,筛选影响叶片养分的主要土壤化学因子,为新疆核桃园土壤养分资源高效管理提供科学依据。[方法]以新疆喀什地区叶城县核桃主栽区的10年生‘温185’核桃为研究对象,采用单因素完全随机区组设计,以当地主要的化肥施用类型(磷酸氢二铵和硫酸钾,YD)为对照,探究有机-无机肥配施(矿源黄腐酸钾和中量元素水溶肥,YZ)对核桃园土壤化学特性和叶片矿质元素的影响。[结果]与YD施肥措施相比,YZ处理显著降低了土壤pH、盐离子含量,提高了叶片矿质元素含量,但具有季节性差异。其中,5月,YZ处理显著提高了土壤NO_(3)^(-)-N(460.22%)、AK(46.46%)和叶片N(12.16%)、K(17.46%)、Zn(21.88%)元素含量;7月,YZ处理显著降低了土壤pH(2.21%)、EC(27.25%)、Cl^(-)-S(23.37%)、NH_(4)^(+)-N(61.09%)、AP(30.03%)、Na^(+)(13.24%)和叶片Cl^(-)-L(15.94%)元素含量(p<0.05),相反,显著提高了叶片N(4.16%)、P(13.25%)、Ca(20.73%)、Mg(44.04%)、Na(66.67%)、Fe(24.62%)、Mn(52.47%)、B(31.85%)元素含量(p<0.05);9月,YZ处理显著降低了土壤EC(20.45%)、NH_(4)^(+)-N(37.31%)、AP(21.74%)、Na^(+)(11.36%)含量(p<0.05),相反,显著提高了OM(22.17%)、NO_(3)^(-)-N(59.09%)、AK(56.47%)含量(p<0.05)。线性回归分析结果表明,土壤pH、Na+和Cl^(-)-S是新疆核桃园中影响核桃叶片矿质元素含量的重要土壤化学因子,增施有机肥并且降低土壤pH,有利于叶片N、P、K、Na、Fe、Zn元素的积累。[结论]YD处理提高了土壤EC、Na^(+)、Cl^(-)-S、NH_(4)^(+)-N等盐离子含量,长期施用可能会加剧新疆核桃园的土壤盐渍化水平;YZ处理可显著降低土壤pH、Na^(+)、EC、NH_(4)^(+)-N等盐离子含量,提高了叶片N、P、K、Fe等矿质元素含量,建议在新疆核桃主栽区核桃园,7月之前可通过有机-无机肥配施降低土壤盐渍化水平来减轻盐碱危害,同时平衡叶片矿质元素含量,而应尽量避免长期单一施用化肥。

盐碱土壤水溶性Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)离子提取与离子色谱仪同时测定技术研究

为建立盐碱土中水溶性Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)的提取与离子色谱仪同时测定的方法,选取采自新疆和宁夏2个盐碱地土样进行正交试验,优化土壤水溶性阴离子浸提过程,水土比例对水溶性离子的测定结果影响显著。选择浸提条件为水土比例5∶1,振荡时间为3 min,浸提液离心后过0.45μm滤膜,待测液Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)采用离子色谱同时测定。结果表明,离子色谱法测定3种离子线性范围均为0.2~20 mg/L;方法检出限Cl^(-)为0.18 mg/kg,NO_(3)^(-)为0.12 mg/kg,SO_(4)^(2-)为0.38 mg/kg。3种离子6次测定结果相对标准偏差均<5%;加标回收率90.6%~104%;11种不同地点的盐碱土土壤水溶性盐浸提液中Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)的测定结果分别与电位滴定法、连续流动分析仪法、硫酸钡质量法测定数值之间具有较好的相关性。本方法的检出限、准确度、精密度能满足盐碱土土壤水溶性Cl^(-)、NO_(3)^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)离子含量的同时测定,省时省力。

Characteristics of mineral elements in shoots of three annual halophytes in a saline desert, Northern Xinjiang

Halophytes are valuable salt-, alkali- and drought-resistant germplasm resources. However, the char- acteristics of mineral elements in halophytes have not been investigated as intensively as those in crops. This study attempted to investigate the characteristics of mineral elements for annual halophytes during their growth period to reveal their possible physiological mechanisms of salt resistance. By using three native annual halophytes （Salsola subcrassa, Suaeda acuminate and Petrosimonia sibirica） distributed in the desert in Northern Xinjiang of China, the dynamic changes in the mineral element contents of annual halophytes were analyzed through field sampling and laboratory analyses. The results demonstrated that the annual halophytes were able to absorb water and mineral nutrients selectively. In the interaction between the annual halophytes and saline soil, the adaptability of the annual halophytes was manifested as the accumulation of S, Na and CI during the growth period and maintenance of water and salt balance in the plant, thus ensuring their selective absorption of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and other mineral nutrients according to their growth demand. By utilizing this property, halophyte planting and mowing （before the wilting and death periods） could bioremediate heavy saline-alkali soil.

T/CSTE 0056-2022《脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤技术规程》团体标准解读

本文介绍了制定T/CSTE 0056-2022《脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤技术规程》的背景和意义,以及标准研制的总体思路和原则、标准施用技术要求、适用土壤和作物、施用时间和施用方法、检测方法等。该团体标准的研制与实施,填补了我国在脱硫石膏改良盐碱土壤标准方面的空白,对于推进脱硫石膏等大宗工业固体废弃物资源化利用具有重要意义。

种稻配施改良剂对苏打盐碱土-水-作物系统氟迁移的影响

为探讨化学改良剂对苏打盐碱土稻田生态系统中氟迁移的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究硫酸铝、脱硫石膏和有机复合改良剂作用下的土壤各形态氟含量变化,以及土壤氟向水体和地上部植株的迁移情况。结果表明,化学改良剂影响苏打盐碱土—水—作物系统中氟的迁移及生物有效性。种稻后各改良剂处理的土壤水溶态氟变化范围为8.33~20.90 mg/kg,与对照相比,均呈下降趋势,其中硫酸铝处理下降得最多,降低60.15%;可交换态氟和有机束缚态氟呈增加趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理增加得最多,分别为79.54%和86.37%;种稻前后铁锰氧化物结合态氟变化较复杂,其中硫酸铝处理无显著变化,对照处理和有机复合改良剂处理分别增加19.05%和42.03%,而脱硫石膏处理下降22.79%;残余态氟和总氟含量呈下降趋势,其中有机复合改良剂处理的残余态氟降低得最多,为35.50%,硫酸铝处理的总氟降低得最少,为10.47%,其余处理降幅为12.50%~12.55%。在水稻种植过程中,土壤中氟向水中累积释放总量为对照>有机复合改良剂>脱硫石膏>硫酸铝,与对照相比,其他3个处理分别降低3.25%,5.13%和5.19%。土壤中氟向水稻茎叶和稻谷的迁移总量依次为有机复合改良剂>脱硫石膏>硫酸铝,单位土壤的迁移量分别为0.44,0.40,0.25 mg/kg,迁移率分别为0.16%,0.15%和0.09%。相关分析表明,土壤中氟向水中释放总量和向水稻茎叶迁移总量均与土壤pH、可溶盐和各形态氟含量呈显著的正相关关系,而水稻稻谷的含氟量不受土壤性质影响。由于硫酸铝处理的水稻茎叶对氟的吸收量显著低于其他处理,并且土壤水溶态氟含量及土壤向水中释放的氟总量也较少,所以硫酸铝改良剂具有较好地降低苏打盐碱稻田土氟迁移和生物有效性的能力。

生物炭在微咸水-淡水轮灌下对土壤含水量与含盐量的影响

【目的】为利用好盐碱土,使其有利于植物的生长发育。【方法】本研究在微咸水-淡水交替灌溉下,进行了室内土柱试验,观察施加不同生物炭的不同质量比的盐碱土(1%、2%、3%、5%)的含水率与含盐量,并通过脱盐率的计算推测最有利于土壤脱盐效果的生物炭以及相应的质量比。【结果】加入生物炭后,土壤的入渗能力提升、含水量增加、脱盐效果提高;在掺入相同质量比的条件下,稻壳生物炭的脱盐效果优于小麦秸秆生物炭;小麦秸秆生物炭使用2%的质量比效果更佳,但对于质量比5%的生物炭而言,效果不如纯土本身的脱盐效果。【结论】建议使用质量比为1%~3%的稻壳生物炭或者质量比为2%左右的小麦生物炭对盐碱土进行改良。

玉米种植改变了引黄灌区盐渍化土壤细菌多样性与功能

为了明确植物修复对盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,本文对宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤玉米种植地根际和非根际土壤以及荒地土壤细菌多样性、群落结构及功能、细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系等进行研究。结果表明:玉米种植能够增加盐渍化土壤细菌物种数(OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit)和多样性,各土壤细菌总物种数和特有物种数(OTU)从高到低依次为:非根际土壤>根际土壤>荒地土壤;土壤细菌多样性(即ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数)由大到小均依次为:根际土壤>非根际土壤>荒地土壤, 3种土壤细菌多样性之间差异不显著。玉米种植改变了盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构和功能多样性,玉米种植显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)两种优势菌门的相对丰度;丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae)、丝状菌属(Hyphomircobiales)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobiaceae)为3种土壤组间差异贡献最大的物种;玉米种植增加了盐渍化土壤中细菌参与新陈代谢功能与遗传信息处理功能物种的相对丰度,且有效磷、全磷、速效氮、全盐和pH是影响二级功能相对丰度的重要因子。玉米种植后其根际和非根际土壤细菌群落在生态位上与荒地之间存在明显分异。种植玉米修复盐渍化土壤能够改变土壤细菌群落结构、功能和多样性,对改善盐渍化土壤微环境,促进盐渍化土壤微生物功能发挥和盐渍化土壤种植结构优化具有重要意义。

滨海城市园林绿化种植关键点研究--以福州滨海新城核心区绿化种植为例

园林绿化种植是滨海新区、新城建设中的重要环节,对城市的生态安全格局构建、宜居环境建设和城市风貌塑造等,均起到关键性的作用。但由于沿海地区的土壤盐碱度较高且较为贫瘠,加之我国东南沿海受台风、冬季风影响明显,使得多数的城市园林植物无法良好生长。研究以福州市滨海新城核心区为例,针对滨海园林绿化种植面临的难题,以理论研究与实践经验为基础,以全生命周期的设计为理念,研究提出树种选择、防风、节水灌溉、抗盐碱和管理养护5个措施要点,以期为我国其他滨海城市的园林绿化种植提供借鉴。

盐碱地肥沃耕层构建水肥盐综合调控机理与技术研究进展

盐碱地是我国重要的后备耕地资源,我国历来高度重视盐碱地的改良和利用工作,但目前盐碱区淡水资源短缺严重制约了盐碱地的改良利用。如何在水资源约束下,优化调控土壤水肥盐动态是当前盐碱地可持续利用中亟待解决的关键科学问题。近年来,大量研究利用有机培肥、耕作、节水灌溉、田间覆盖、咸水利用等农艺措施,在盐碱地建立“控盐、保肥、保水”的肥沃耕作层,显著改变了水肥盐在土壤-植物-大气连续体中的运移过程,实现了盐碱地质量和产能快速提升,上述内容也日益成为盐碱地改良利用中的重要研究方向。本文系统总结了盐碱地改良和肥沃耕层构建等方面的研究进展,并针对盐碱地肥沃耕层构建下土壤水肥盐综合调控及其与植物生长的协同关系等进行了展望,以期为盐碱地可持续改良利用提供参考。

暗管排水条件下有机无机肥配施对向日葵产量品质与盐碱土改良效果的影响

为揭示生物措施和工程措施协同改良盐碱土的效果,明确滨海农区向日葵生产适宜暗管埋设间距和有机-无机肥配施比例,研究设计10 m(S1)、15 m(S2)和20 m(S3)3种不同暗管间距和100%有机肥(100%OF)、75%有机肥+25%无机肥(75%OF)、50%有机肥+50%无机肥(50%OF)、25%有机肥+75%无机肥(25%OF)、100%无机肥(0%OF)和不施肥(CK)6种施肥处理,观测向日葵产量、品质、氮素利用和土壤速效养分、有机质、全盐含量的响应规律。结果表明:相同暗管间距下,25%OF施肥处理增产效应最为明显,而相同施肥处理下,S2间距向日葵产量处于较高水平,不同处理以S2条件下25%OF施肥处理向日葵产量最高,达到3.82 t/hm^(2);有机肥施用比例提升有利于增加向日葵籽粒粗脂肪、油酸和亚油酸含量;施肥处理明显增加了向日葵植株氮素吸收量,S1、S2和S3间距下较CK处理分别增加了18.1%~47.2%、8.6%~40.5%和8.8%~34.5%;向日葵氮素利用效率随有机肥比例的升高呈先增加后降低趋势,其中S2-25%OF和S1-25%OF处理处于较高水平,分别达到44.2%和43.9%;土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量与有机肥施用比例呈正相关,S1-S3间距下有机肥处理速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较CK平均高22.0%、2.4%和26.4%。暗管间距越小、有机肥施用比例越高,耕层土壤盐分消减率越高,S1间距下100%OF处理盐分消减率达42.6%。综合产量、品质、氮肥利用效率等因素,推荐以15 m暗管间距下25%有机肥施用比例作为盐碱地向日葵生产的最优方案。