Atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication, provides neuroprotective effects, although the precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. Our previous studies confirmed activated autophagy following spinal cord injury, w...Atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication, provides neuroprotective effects, although the precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. Our previous studies confirmed activated autophagy following spinal cord injury, which was conducive to recovery of neurological functions. We hypothesized that atorvastatin could also activate autophagy after spinal cord injury, and subsequently improve recovery of neurological functions. A rat model of spinal cord injury was established based on the Allen method. Atorvastatin(5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 and 2 days after spinal cord injury. At 7 days post-injury, western blot assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dU TP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) staining results showed increased Beclin-1 and light chain 3B gene and protein expressions in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group. Additionally, caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression was decreased, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced. Compared with the spinal cord injury + saline group, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores significantly increased in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group at 14–42 days post-injury. These findings suggest that atorvastatin activated autophagy after spinal cord injury, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted recovery of neurological function.展开更多
Angiotensin Ⅱ type 2 receptor(AT2R) activation has been shown to protect against stroke,but its precise mechanism remains poorly understood.We investigated whether the protective effect of AT2 R against ischemia/re...Angiotensin Ⅱ type 2 receptor(AT2R) activation has been shown to protect against stroke,but its precise mechanism remains poorly understood.We investigated whether the protective effect of AT2 R against ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by the suppression of immune and inflammatory responses.Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline,the AT2 R agonist CGP42112(1 mg/kg per day) or antagonist PD123319(1 mg/kg per day).In the CGP42112 group,AT2 R expression increased,the infarct area decreased,interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α expression decreased,and interleukin-10 expression increased compared with the saline group.Antagonisin AT2 R using PD123319 produced the opposite effects.These results indicate that AT2 R activation suppresses immune and inflammatory responses,and protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.展开更多
One of the promising and emerging enhanced oil recovery techniques in both sandstones and carbonates is engineered water injection(EWI).However,few studies discussed the field-scale applications of this technique in h...One of the promising and emerging enhanced oil recovery techniques in both sandstones and carbonates is engineered water injection(EWI).However,few studies discussed the field-scale applications of this technique in heterogeneous carbonate formations.This paper is an extension of our previous work of the EWI technology at core-scale.This research numerically investigates heterogeneity effect on EWI technique in carbonates at field-scale using five-spot models.Three synthetic five-spot sector models were considered including homogeneous,heterogeneous with permeability channeling,and heterogeneous with gravity underride.The results showed that EWI improves both volumetric and displacement sweep efficiencies compared to conventional formation water injection(FWI)for all models investigated.Also,tracer method is recommended for better estimation of volumetric sweep efficiency as opposed to fractional flow method.Moreover,secondary EWI outperforms other techniques including secondary FW and tertiary EWI.In addition,the observed delay in tertiary EWI can be reduced by increasing well injection pressure and sulfate concentration in the engineered water.An optimum sulfate concentration of 25,000 ppm is recommended for achieving the highest oil recovery by EWI.This study gives more insight into understanding the performance of the EWI technique at field-scale.Recommendations for boosting the performance of this technique have been discussed,which assure more certainty and lower risk.展开更多
Investigating the enhanced oil recovery leads to optimal production,protection and reduction of lateral impacts.Low salinity water injection(LSWI)is one of the significantly improved oil recovery(IOR)techniques for ch...Investigating the enhanced oil recovery leads to optimal production,protection and reduction of lateral impacts.Low salinity water injection(LSWI)is one of the significantly improved oil recovery(IOR)techniques for changing the amount of wettability in the carbonate fractured reservoirs.The utilization of this methodology in terms of high efficiency in displacing light crude oils to the medium-gravity crude oils,water sources availability and its sustainability for pushing the oil which leads to appropriate economic occasions,are being compared with other IOR/EOR techniques.In this study,the best injection modelling pattern is based on the highest rate of recovery factor.Comparison of“high and low salinity water injection method”with“pure water injection method”is performed in an oil reservoir.Overall,analyzing the sensitivity on the high and low salinity according to the moderately low recovery factor of high and low salinity among the injection scenarios illustrates the low sensitivity of this parameter on a fractured carbonate reservoir.By reviewing different scenarios,it could be demonstrated that if the water injection could be applied to the reservoir from the preliminary times of production,the recovery factor rate would be increased.Thereby,higher appropriate efficiency and better supplement have resulted.Pure water injection has a high recovery factor than salty water injection.By the way,these two methods have little differences in calculating recovery methods.Besides,this parameter is significantly depended on wellhead equipment properties,safety factor and economic issues(water production).展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81471854
文摘Atorvastatin, a lipid-lowering medication, provides neuroprotective effects, although the precise mechanisms of action remain unclear. Our previous studies confirmed activated autophagy following spinal cord injury, which was conducive to recovery of neurological functions. We hypothesized that atorvastatin could also activate autophagy after spinal cord injury, and subsequently improve recovery of neurological functions. A rat model of spinal cord injury was established based on the Allen method. Atorvastatin(5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 and 2 days after spinal cord injury. At 7 days post-injury, western blot assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dU TP nick-end labeling(TUNEL) staining results showed increased Beclin-1 and light chain 3B gene and protein expressions in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group. Additionally, caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression was decreased, and the number of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced. Compared with the spinal cord injury + saline group, Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores significantly increased in the spinal cord injury + atorvastatin group at 14–42 days post-injury. These findings suggest that atorvastatin activated autophagy after spinal cord injury, inhibited apoptosis, and promoted recovery of neurological function.
文摘Angiotensin Ⅱ type 2 receptor(AT2R) activation has been shown to protect against stroke,but its precise mechanism remains poorly understood.We investigated whether the protective effect of AT2 R against ischemia/reperfusion injury is mediated by the suppression of immune and inflammatory responses.Rat models of middle cerebral artery occlusion were intraperitoneally injected with physiological saline,the AT2 R agonist CGP42112(1 mg/kg per day) or antagonist PD123319(1 mg/kg per day).In the CGP42112 group,AT2 R expression increased,the infarct area decreased,interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α expression decreased,and interleukin-10 expression increased compared with the saline group.Antagonisin AT2 R using PD123319 produced the opposite effects.These results indicate that AT2 R activation suppresses immune and inflammatory responses,and protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.
基金partially supported by Khalifa University under Award No.[FSU-2018-26].
文摘One of the promising and emerging enhanced oil recovery techniques in both sandstones and carbonates is engineered water injection(EWI).However,few studies discussed the field-scale applications of this technique in heterogeneous carbonate formations.This paper is an extension of our previous work of the EWI technology at core-scale.This research numerically investigates heterogeneity effect on EWI technique in carbonates at field-scale using five-spot models.Three synthetic five-spot sector models were considered including homogeneous,heterogeneous with permeability channeling,and heterogeneous with gravity underride.The results showed that EWI improves both volumetric and displacement sweep efficiencies compared to conventional formation water injection(FWI)for all models investigated.Also,tracer method is recommended for better estimation of volumetric sweep efficiency as opposed to fractional flow method.Moreover,secondary EWI outperforms other techniques including secondary FW and tertiary EWI.In addition,the observed delay in tertiary EWI can be reduced by increasing well injection pressure and sulfate concentration in the engineered water.An optimum sulfate concentration of 25,000 ppm is recommended for achieving the highest oil recovery by EWI.This study gives more insight into understanding the performance of the EWI technique at field-scale.Recommendations for boosting the performance of this technique have been discussed,which assure more certainty and lower risk.
文摘Investigating the enhanced oil recovery leads to optimal production,protection and reduction of lateral impacts.Low salinity water injection(LSWI)is one of the significantly improved oil recovery(IOR)techniques for changing the amount of wettability in the carbonate fractured reservoirs.The utilization of this methodology in terms of high efficiency in displacing light crude oils to the medium-gravity crude oils,water sources availability and its sustainability for pushing the oil which leads to appropriate economic occasions,are being compared with other IOR/EOR techniques.In this study,the best injection modelling pattern is based on the highest rate of recovery factor.Comparison of“high and low salinity water injection method”with“pure water injection method”is performed in an oil reservoir.Overall,analyzing the sensitivity on the high and low salinity according to the moderately low recovery factor of high and low salinity among the injection scenarios illustrates the low sensitivity of this parameter on a fractured carbonate reservoir.By reviewing different scenarios,it could be demonstrated that if the water injection could be applied to the reservoir from the preliminary times of production,the recovery factor rate would be increased.Thereby,higher appropriate efficiency and better supplement have resulted.Pure water injection has a high recovery factor than salty water injection.By the way,these two methods have little differences in calculating recovery methods.Besides,this parameter is significantly depended on wellhead equipment properties,safety factor and economic issues(water production).