Investigation of saltwater intrusion and salinity stratification in winter of 2007/2008 in the Zhujiang River Estuary in China

Saltwater intrusion is a serious environmental problem in the Zhujiang River Estuary (ZRE),which threatens the water supply of fifteen million people. The hydrological observations as well as meteorological and tidal forcing in the winter of 2007/2008 were analyzed to examine the saltwater intrusion in the ZRE.The observational results suggest that the maximum vertical difference of salinity can reach 10 in the Humen Channel during neap tide,but is very small in the Hengmen Channel. The vertically averaged salinity from time series stations during spring tide is higher than that during neap tide.A three-dimensional finite difference model was developed based on the environmental fluid dynamic code (EFDC) to study the mechanism of saltwater intrusion and salinity stratification in the ZRE.By analyzing the salt transport and the temporal variation of saltwater intrusion,the authors found that the net salt transport due to the estuarine circulation during neap tide was more than that during spring tide.This caused salt to advance more into the estuary during neap tide.However,saltwater intrusion was stronger during spring tide than that during neap tide because the spring-neap variation in salt transport was small relative to the total length of the saltwater intrusion.The physical mechanism causing this saltwater intrusion was investigated by a series of sensitivity experiments,in order to examine saltwater intrusion in response to river discharge and winds.The freshwater source was a dominant influencing factor to the saltwater intrusion and controlled salinity structure,vertical stratification and length of the saltwater intrusion.The prevailing northeast monsoon during winter could increase the saltwater intrusion in the ZRE.Though the southwest wind was uufavorable to saltwater intrusion during spring tide,it could increase stratification and saltwater intrusion during neap tide.

IMPACTS OF FUTURE SEA LEVEL RISE ON SALT WATER INTRUSION IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER ESTUARY

Sea level rise could increase the salinity of an estuary by altering the balance between fresh water and salt water.The implications of sea level rise for increasing salinity have been examined in the Changjiang(Yangtze)River estuary.By correlative analysis of chlorinity,discharge and tidal level and calculation of two-dimensional chlorinity,distribution of the Changjiang River estuary,the changes of the intensity and lasting hours of salt water intrusion at Wusong Station and the changes of chlorinity distribution in the South Branch of the Changjiang River estuary have been estimated when future sea level rises 50-100 cm.The intensity of salt water intrusion in the future will be far more serious than current trend.

Environmental evolution in the salt-water intrusion area south of Laizhou Bay since late Pleistocene

The south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay is one of the typical salt-water intrusion areas in China, the occurrence and development of which was closely related with the palaeoenvironment evolution. Systematic analyses of pollen, foraminifera and grain size composition based on ^14C and luminescence dating from two sediment cores were performed for the purpose of understanding the salt-water intrusion in the coastal plain of Laizhou Bay from the perspective of environmental evolution since late Pleistocene. It could be classified into seven evolution stages since 120 kaBP： 120-85 kaBP was a transition period from cold to warm; 85-76 kaBP was a period with warm and wet climate having swamp lakes developed in the lower reaches of the Weihe River, south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 76-50 kaBP was characterized by grassland vegetation and coarse sediments in terrestrial environment, which was the early stage of Dali Ice-Age; 50-24 kaBP was a period with alternate sea deposition in the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay; 24-10 kaBP was the late stage of Dali Ice-Age with coldest period of Quaternary, the south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was dry grassland and loess deposition environment; 10-4 kaBP was another warm and wet climate period, sea level was high and regressed at 4 kaBP; and has been the modern sedimentary environment since 4 kaBP. Among the three warm stages, including 85-76 kaBP, 50-24 kaBP and 10-4 kaBP, corresponded to late Yangkou, Guangrao and Kenli seawater transgression respectively. The duration of the latter one in south coastal plain of Laizhou Bay was longer than that in west coast of Bohai Sea and east coast of Laizhou Bay. The three periods of seawater transgression formed the foundation of salt-water intrusion in this area.

Characteristics analysis and model prediction of sea-salt water intrusion in lower reaches of the Weihe River,Shandong Province,China

Marine sedimentary strata are widely distributed in the coastal zone of the study area, and are rich in brine resources. The exploitation of underground water resources often first caused the intrusion of salt water in the marine strata. Based on the analysis of sea-salt water intrusion feature, the sea-salt water intrusion is divided into four stages: The occurrence and development stage(1976–1985), the rapid development stage(1986–1990), the slow development stage(1990–2000) and the stable development stage(2000–2015). Based on the comparative analysis of the relationship between seawater intrusion and influencing factors, this paper presents that the groundwater exploitation and the brine resources mining are the main control factors of sea-salt water intrusion. On this basis, we have established a numerical model of the sea-salt water intrusion. Using this model, we predicted the development trend of the sea-salt water intrusion. The results show that if the current development of groundwater and brine is maintained, the sea-salt water intrusion will gradually withdraw; once development of brine stops, sea-salt water will invade again. This provides the scientific basis for the rational exploitation of groundwater and the prevention of sea-salt water intrusion.

Effects of Short Time Variation in the River Discharge on the Salt Wedge Intrusion in the Yura Estuary, a Micro Tidal Estuary, Japan

A numerical model was developed to investigate salinity distribution in the Yura Estuary, a micro tidal estuary in Japan. The model results show that the salinity distribution as represented by salt wedge intrusion agreed well with field observations. In addition to the seasonal variation, the salt wedge responds over short time scales according to the flood events. The retreat of the salt wedge is dependent on the scale of the river discharge;the salt wedge moved back and disappeared from the estuary when over250 m3·s-1 of fresh water was discharged from the estuary and it takes ~11 days for salt wedge to recover from the fresh water discharge event. The Yura Estuary has on average three floods during summer, this coincides with when phytoplankton is most productive in the river and indicates that the short temporal variations in the river discharge has important effects not only on the hydrodynamics, but also on the ecosystem in the estuary.

TWO DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL CALCULATION FOR SALT WATER INTRUSION AT ESTUARIES

Based on 2-dimensional vertically governing equations of salt water intrusion at estuaries, a method is obtained, which can predict quantitatively current velocity and salinity distribution along depth when the intrusion occurs. The volume-controlling method proposed by Patanker and Spalding is used to form the computational pattern and the Power- Law Scheme is used as the diversion pattern of the diffusion term. The comparison between the computational results and the measured ones gives a satisfactory agreement.

A Laboratory Column Study on Particles Release in Remediation of Seawater Intrusion Region

In coastal areas, excessive exploitation of groundwater causes seawater intrusion. In artificial recharge of aquifer remediation process, the replacement of saltwater and freshwater with each other causes colloid release, and permeability also decreases. In this paper, the aquifer samples containing minimal clay mineral(mainly illite) in Dagu River aquifer were used. Adopting horizontal column experiments, we studied the influences of seepage velocity and ionic strength on particle release, as well as the relationship between them. In the column experiments, the Critical Salt Concentration(CSC) of the Dagu River aquifer was determined as 0.05 mol L^(-1) approximately. This result was basically consistent with the DLVO theoretical calculation. For the constant seepage velocity, the salinity descending rate and partical release were slower, and the peak of particle concentration was lower. However, the total amount of released particles was almost constant at different salinity descending rate. For constant salinity descending rates, the peak of particle concentration decreased as seepage velocity increased, but the total amount of released particles rose up. The experiments also indicated the existence of a critical seepage velocity, which dropped with the decrease of salt concentration. When the concentration of Na Cl solution decreased from 0.17 mol L^(-1) to 0.06 mol L^(-1), the critical seepage velocity decreased from 3 cm min^(-1)to 2.5 cm min^(-1), which is consistent to the results predicted by DLVO theory.

Physical Properties of Persian Gulf Outflow Thermohaline Intrusion in the Oman Sea

Various CTD data obtained in the Oman Sea are analyzed to explain structural features of intrusive layering. Special attention is compensated to thermohaline intrusions observed in layers (depth ranges of 150 m to 450 m, 150 m to 350 m, 100 m to 350 m and 150 m and 400 m in the winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively). The temperature and salinity profiles in thermohaline intrusion have sawtooth structure in all stations, while they have step structure in density field. Based on interpretations, detailed estimates of thickness are about 10 to 20 meters. The T-S diagrams show the positions of the outflow intrusion with different thicknesses and depths for all seasons in the Oman Sea. Vertical profiles of temperature and salinity show two boundaries in the upper and lower layers. They are prone to double diffusive convection. Salt fingering and diffusive convection can be seen in both the upper and lower boundaries, and salt fingering is stronger at the lower boundary. Diffusive convection also is visible from the surface to the mid-depth of the plume outflow, and the diffusive intrusion is more severe at the upper boundary than the surface and deep. The intensity of double diffusion in the bottom border is greater than the upper boundary. At the deeper parts, the stratification is completely stable. Variations of the positions of greatest salinities in different diagrams are due to changing water masses for different locations and depths and paths of intrusive flow.

Visualizing the spatial water quality of Bentota, Sri Lanka in the presence of seawater intrusion

Seawater flows towards the inlands along with the rivers and canals, through the process of infiltration and leaks in the ground water characterized by high concentrations of soluble salts. High salinity concentrations can make groundwater unsuitable for public consumption and surface water unsuitable for irrigation and agricultural activities. This study envisages the fluctuations of ground and surface water quality of Bentota area in the presence of seawater intrusion. The temporal and spatial variations of eleven water parameters were monitored by collecting the water samples during one year period. Spatial distributions were assessed by applying the Inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation method in Arc GIS 10.5 software. Water quality is assessed on the integration of all parameters in terms of an index based on the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The significant linear relationship between the considered parameters of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) were identified applying correlation analysis using SPSS software. All parameters of surface water were above the permissible limits of WHO standards. Surface water quality index values with respect to 60% of canals show very poor quality (>1 250) of surface water indicating their unsuitability for irrigation activities. Those surface water bodies indicated very highly saline conditions during dry months. The spatial distribution of ground water quality index with respect to the highest parameter values of each sampling location indicates that 52.2% of total land extent of Bentota Divisional Secretariat Division (DSD) has good quality of ground water which is suitable for drinking. Its 47.2% of total land extent has poor quality of ground water for drinking purpose and less than 0.5% of the area consists of excellent or very poor quality of ground water in each. This study helps to manage coastal aquifers by understanding the extreme water quality conditions and coastal salinity.

干湿循环与盐溶液作用下红黏土-膨润土混合土体变与渗透特性

针对红黏土-膨润土混合土材料在干湿循环作用及复杂化学环境下的性能演化问题,开展了盐溶液入渗作用下红黏土-膨润土混合土的干湿循环试验研究,分析了干湿循环次数、膨润土掺入比、盐溶液浓度对压实混合土材料体变特征与渗透特性的影响,并结合压汞试验揭示了试样收缩变形与渗透系数变化的微观机制。结果表明:随着干湿循环次数的增加,压实红黏土-膨润土混合土试样累计收缩变形逐渐增大,收缩趋势随入渗盐溶液浓度的增加而增大;干湿循环过程中试样渗透系数呈先增大后减少的趋势,且随着盐溶液浓度增加而逐渐降低;增大混合土中膨润土掺量可以提高试样化学相容性,减少胀缩变形并减小渗透系数。压汞试验表明,盐溶液入渗及干湿循环作用导致土体孔隙“双峰”分布特征减弱,土体中的大孔数量及孔径减小,小孔略有增多;随着入渗的盐溶液浓度增加,小孔变化不明显,而土体总孔隙率及大孔数量减小,进而导致土体收缩变形增大、渗透系数减小。

三维理想河口盐水入侵对径潮驱动变化的响应

为探究在人类活动与气候条件改变的影响下,径潮动力以及水深的改变对河口区域盐水入侵的影响,建立了三维理想河口盐水入侵数值模型,分析了纵向环流及盐度的垂向与横向沿程分布,研究了垂向与横向剪切作用以及潮泵效应引起的纵向盐输运对盐水入侵的影响以及盐分输运过程对径潮动力与水深变化的响应。结果表明:盐水上溯程度对流量与潮振幅的变化有明显响应,流量增大与潮振幅增大对盐水入侵均有抑制作用;在较浅的河口,潮驱动增大在河口上下游引起相反的潮平均盐度变化趋势,这与横向、纵向剪切与潮泵效应分别引起的纵向盐输运对径潮水深条件的响应相关。

吉兰泰沙漠盆地高氟地下水分布规律与形成机理

【目的】分析吉兰泰沙漠盆地高氟地下水分布规律,探究绿洲径流区地下水超采对氟解离、迁移和富集的影响机理。【方法】基于SPSS24.0和ArcGIS软件对水化学特征进行数据统计和空间分析;采用Piper三线图、离子比值、Gibbs图解与饱和度指数等方法,结合1980—2020年查哈尔滩绿洲地下水位监测数据和开采数据,探究其高氟地下水水化学特征及成因。【结果】(1)从山地补给区→绿洲径流区→沙漠盐湖排泄区,地下水化学具有分带规律,矿化度、钾离子、钠离子、F-质量浓度逐渐增大,F-质量浓度为0.2~3.4 mg/L;(2)盐湖区地下水F-呈环形岛状分布;沙漠盆地地下水化学的形成主要受含氟岩石的风化作用和蒸发浓缩等自然因素影响;(3)绿洲径流区地下水超采驱动吉兰泰盐湖劣质地下水入侵沙漠绿洲,灌溉回归水的淋滤作用改变了土壤氟解离和迁移模式,导致地下水咸化、高氟化。【结论】综上可知,盐湖排泄区和绿洲径流区地下水氟富集反映了沙漠盆地水文生态环境退化,应采取管灌、滴灌等节水灌溉方式和压缩耕作面积等措施,使查哈尔滩绿洲年地下水开采量减少至700×10^(4)m^(3),以抑制吉兰泰沙漠盆地绿洲灌区的地下水高氟化趋势。

西北江径流量变化对感潮河口咸潮上溯的影响

近年来,珠江三角洲地区咸潮灾害频发,区域供水安全受到威胁,快速、准确地预测咸潮上溯距离对潮汐影响河段取水口优化布置具有重要意义。基于盐度对流扩散方程,推求河口咸潮上溯距离与径流的理论关系并通过构建珠江口水动力-盐度模型,分析咸潮上溯对径流变化的响应特征,提出磨刀门咸潮上溯距离与径流响应模型,继而比较不同咸潮上溯半经验模型在相同水文条件下的应用差异性,评估不同预测模型在磨刀门的适用性。结果表明:在不同的流量动力组合下,珠江口咸界均呈现S形分布特征。咸潮上溯距离L与上游径流量Q在理论上呈现幂指函数关系,利用半经验模型预测磨刀门的咸潮上溯距离是可行的。Savenije模型和L-Q响应模型较好地考虑了实际地形和动力特征的影响,并且模型的计算精度和效率高,可实现磨刀门咸潮上溯距离的快速预测。

超大城市供水系统韧性评估与应用实践——以上海受咸潮入侵影响为例

供水系统韧性作为韧性城市建设的关键一环,近年来正面临着前所未有的挑战。文中探讨了供水系统韧性的评估方法,分析了当前供水系统韧性研究实践的现状及其存在的问题。通过事前、事中和事后不同阶段的定性和定量相结合的方式,识别解析了超大城市供水系统的韧性影响因素,创新构建了上海供水系统韧性评估体系。此外,以2022年上海受咸潮入侵影响为例,进行了详尽的供水系统韧性综合评价。结果表明,上海供水系统在咸潮期间的整体韧性介于“可控”与“健康”。文章对于供水系统的韧性评估与应用实践可为其他城市提供更完备的借鉴和策略参考。

磨刀门咸潮上溯对河口拦门沙地形变化的响应研究

采用磨刀门河口拦门沙地形变化前后的2005年和2020年实测地形资料,基于FVCOM三维数值模型,对比分析了咸潮上溯对河口拦门沙地形变化的响应,并探讨了拦门沙萎缩对盐分输运的影响机制。结果表明:拦门沙萎缩导致磨刀门水道各取水口表、底层盐度差增大,水体层化程度增强,下游至上游层化增强程度逐渐减小,广昌泵站势能异常最大值增大25.2 J/m^(3),马角水闸、平岗泵站、竹洲头泵站分别增大8.3、2.9、0.2 J/m^(3);拦门沙萎缩后未改变磨刀门水道咸潮上溯规律,半月潮周期盐度峰值依然出现在小潮后的中潮期;拦门沙对咸潮上溯有较大阻碍作用,底层15 psu等盐度线最大上溯距离向陆推进5.1 km,对于取水更为重要的表层0.5 psu等盐度线最大上溯距离向陆推进2.9 km;稳定剪切盐通量显著增大是拦门沙萎缩后咸潮上溯加剧的主要原因,并叠加潮汐震荡盐通量增大的影响。

入海船闸防盐措施规模数值模拟分析评价研究

本研究基于长江口海域及大治河河口地形、潮汐、径流、风场等水文地质气象条件,以及船闸运行规则、潮汐动力学参数等,搭建了河口二维潮汐盐度计算模型,对大治河大芦线东延伸航道整治工程新建船闸运行过程中可能带来的盐水入侵风险进行了评估,根据风险评估结果,计算模拟分析了不同情景方案条件下的防咸措施效果。研究结果表明:大芦线东延伸段船闸运行时,盐水团会在潮汐动力以及船闸运行时随水流汇入内河,在船闸内河侧累积并进行上溯,也会出现海域涨潮时段的高盐水倒灌、累积性的咸水(高盐水)急剧上溯的情况,针对本项目防咸各类设计方案情景,进行模型计算分析,为工程设计方案实施提供相应的理论依据和技术支撑。

Pore Structure of Cement Pastes Mixed with Inorganic Salts

The influence of salts on concrete durability,pore structure of cement pastes with inorganic salts,including CaCl2,NaCl,Na2SO4,NaNO2,Ca(NO3)2 and Ca(NO2)2,was studied through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP),and hydration degree of each paste was also tested.The results show that porosity of the paste with inorganic salt cured for 3 d or 28 d was related with its hydration degree.For the pore size distribution,the pores smaller than 50 nm in paste with salts cured for 3 d increased;the amount of pores larger than 100 nm increased because of the addition of Ca (NO3)2 at 3 d,but these coarse pores turned into fine pores and reduced significantly at 28 d;coarse pores lager than 1000 nm in cement pastes containing NaCl and Na2SO4 increased.

A method for estimating the fresh water-salt water interface with hydraulic heads in a coastal aquifer and its application

Examining the descriptions of piezometric heads at two points in both the salt water and fresh water zones reveals that when the groundwater flow system is in steady state and satisfies the Dupuit assumption, the location of the fresh water-salt water interface in a homogeneous, isotropic, and unconfined coastal aquifer can be estimated based on a piezometric head of fresh water at a point in the fresh water zone （from the water table to the interface） vertically lined up with a piezometric head of salt water at a point in the salt water zone （from the interface down）. Research shows that the new method is a general relation and that both the Hubbert relation describing the location of the interface and the Ghy- ben--Herzberg relation are special cases of this method. The method requires two piezometric wells to be close to each other and each tapping into a different zone. Measurements of piezometric heads at a well cluster consisting of piezometric wells tapping separately into fresh water and salt water zones near Beihai, China at 5-day intervals for 15 months are used to illustrate the estimation of interface location. The depth of the interface for well H5 ranges from 32 to 72 m below the sea level.