Single sample electromagnetic spectrum recognition utilizing fractional Fourier transform

Electromagnetic Spectrum(EMS)recognition is vital in spectrum control,interference location,electronic countermeasures,etc.However,samples of high-value targets are incredibly scarce,even single,and are easily overwhelmed by noise and numerous low-value targets,resulting in poor recognition accuracy using traditional methods.Furthermore,the great similarity between samples from the same manufacturer,model,and batch,makes Specific Emitter Identification(SEI)with the EMS especially challenging.Based on the powerful extension and extraction ability of the Fractional Fourier Transform(FrFT)for detailed features,this paper proposes a novel algorithm for the EMS recognition under a single-sample condition.The proposed method constructs a feature matrix FrFT-M from the results of the FrFT under specific orders for each sample.Then,the most relevant item,obtained by analyzing the correlations among FrFT-Ms between the unidentified sample and known samples,determines the optimal recognition.Three simple tests are conducted,including two simulations considering fifteen basic waveforms and six typical radar signals,and one experiment using STM32 microcontroller boards.The detection results of simulated and experimental data show that the accuracies of all three cases are higher than 86%,even for samples of the same model.Our method is promising and may have significant value in other fields.

Research Progress of the Sampling Theorem Associated with the Fractional Fourier Transform

Sampling is a bridge between continuous-time and discrete-time signals,which is import-ant to digital signal processing.The fractional Fourier transform(FrFT)that serves as a generaliz-ation of the FT can characterize signals in multiple fractional Fourier domains,and therefore can provide new perspectives for signal sampling and reconstruction.In this paper,we review recent de-velopments of the sampling theorem associated with the FrFT,including signal reconstruction and fractional spectral analysis of uniform sampling,nonuniform samplings due to various factors,and sub-Nyquist sampling,where bandlimited signals in the fractional Fourier domain are mainly taken into consideration.Moreover,we provide several future research topics of the sampling theorem as-sociated with the FrFT.

Variations of trace elements and rare earth elements(REEs)treated by two different methods for snow-pit samples on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and their implications

Although previous investigations of the trace elements in snow and ice from the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau obtained interesting information about pollution from human activities on the plateau, most were based on traditional acidification methods.To emphasize the influence of the different sample-preparation methods on the records of trace elements and rare earth elements, snow samples were collected from glaciers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in China and prepared using two methods: traditional acidification and total digestion. Concentrations of 18 trace elements(Al, Ti, Fe, Rb, Sr, Ba, V, Cr, Mn, Li,Cu, Co, Mo, Cs, Sb, Pb, Tl, and U), along with 14 rare earth elements(REEs: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er,Tm, Yb, and Lu), Y, and Th in the snow samples, were measured using inductively coupled plasma-sector field mass spectrometry(ICP-SFMS). The results showed that the mass fraction of the trace elements(defined as ratio of concentration in the acid-leachable fraction to that in the digested sample) such as Mo, Ti, Al, Rb, and V, varied from 0.06 to 0.5. The mass fraction of other trace elements varied from about 0.6 to more than 0.9; those of the REEs, Y, and Th varied from 0.34 to0.75. Lower mass fractions will lead to an overestimated contribution of other sources, especially human activities, and the underestimated fluxes of these trace elements(especially REEs, Y, and Th, as well as dust) if the REEs are used as the proxy for the crust dust. The two sample-preparation methods exhibited different REE normalized distribution patterns,REE ratios, and provenance-tracing results. The REE normalized distribution patterns and proxies in the digested samples are more reliable and integrated than those found in traditional acidification method for dust-provenance tracing.

Compressive sampling and reconstruction in shift-invariant spaces associated with the fractional Gabor transform

In this paper,we propose a compressive sampling and reconstruction system based on the shift-invariant space associated with the fractional Gabor transform.With this system,we aim to achieve the subNyquist sampling and accurate reconstruction for chirp-like signals containing time-varying characteristics.Under the proposed scheme,we introduce the fractional Gabor transform to make a stable expansion for signals in the joint time-fractional-frequency domain.Then the compressive sampling and reconstruction system is constructed under the compressive sensing and shift-invariant space theory.We establish the reconstruction model and propose a block multiple response extension of sparse Bayesian learning algorithm to improve the reconstruction effect.The reconstruction error for the proposed system is analyzed.We show that,with considerations of noises and mismatches,the total error is bounded.The effectiveness of the proposed system is verified by numerical experiments.It is shown that our proposed system outperforms the other systems state-of-the-art.

Distribution and Accumulation of Major and Trace Elements in Gypsum Samples from Lignite Combustion Power Plant

Flue gas containing volatile elements, fine fly ash particulates not retained by particle control devices, and limestone are the most important sources of trace and major elements (TMEs) in wet flue gas desulphurization (WFGD) gypsum. In this study, samples of gypsum slurry were separated into fine and coarse fractions. Multi-elemental analysis of 45 elements in the different size fractions of gypsum, slurry waters and lignite were performed by k0-INAA (k0-instrumental neutron activation analyses). The study found that the volatile elements (Hg, Se and halogens) in the flue gas accumulate in the fine fractions of gypsum. Moreover, the concentrations of most TMEs are considerably higher in the fine fractions compared to the coarse fractions. The exceptions are Ca and Sr that primarily originate from the limestone. Variations of TMEs in the finer fractions are dependent on the presence of CaSO4·2H2O that is the main constituent of the coarse fraction. Consequently, the content of TMEs in the fine fraction is highly dependent on the efficiency of separating the fine fraction from the coarse fraction. Separation of the finer fraction, representing about 10% of the total gypsum, offers the possibility to remove effectively TMEs from WFGD slurry.

基于脉内频率编码联合调频斜率捷变波形的ISRJ对抗方法

间歇采样转发干扰(ISRJ)是一种脉内相参干扰,能在目标斜距前后形成多个逼真假目标来严重影响雷达检测,是当前电子反对抗的热点之一。针对这一问题,该文提出了一种基于脉内频率编码联合调频斜率捷变波形的抗ISRJ方法。首先,雷达发射脉内频率编码联合调频斜率捷变信号,通过子脉冲中心频率、调频斜率捷变提高子脉冲间相互掩护能力。之后依据发射信号子脉冲斜率变化时序将回波信号划分为多个切片。然后利用模糊C均值(FCM)算法对回波切片进行干扰识别。最后在分数阶域和时域对回波信号进行级联滤波。仿真结果表明,FCM方法在信噪比(SNR)大于-2.5 dB和干信比(JSR)大于5 dB时,能100%识别干扰机同步采样场景下回波中的受干扰回波切片。在较高JSR和低SNR下,所提方法能有效减少目标能量损失并抑制剩余干扰产生的距离旁瓣。在JSR为50 dB时,干扰抑制后的目标检测概率可达90%以上。

基于STFrFT的间歇采样转发干扰抑制

干扰机对雷达脉冲快速切片、转发形成间歇采样转发干扰,若从雷达主瓣进入,将对雷达目标检测形成严重威胁。从波形设计和时频分析的角度出发,提出一种基于短时分数阶傅里叶变换(short-time fractional Fourier transform,STFrFT)的主瓣间歇采样转发干扰抑制方法。首先设计脉内捷变频信号,提升干扰与目标信号的差异;接着采用STFrFT进行时频分析,相比传统短时傅里叶变换大大提升了时频分辨率,相比分数阶傅里叶变换类方法没有对信号参数的限制;最后结合图像学方法对干扰进行剔除,对从主瓣进入的高干信比干扰也可形成有效抑制。仿真结果表明,所提方法可在多种环境下有效对抗间歇采样转发干扰。

GC/MS Analysis of Fractional Extraction of Fusain from Tongting Bituminous Coal in CS_2

Fusain from Tongting (Huaibei, Anhui Province) bituminous (FTTB) coal was fractionally extracted using Soxhlet extractor with CS2. Then the extracts were analyzed with GC/MS. Comparison of experimental data between FTTB coal and clarain from Tongting bituminous (CTTB) coal was carried out. The results show that the kinds of small molecule components detected by GC/MS of FTTB are less than those of CTTB. Long-chain alkanes exist mostly in the extracts of fusain. Macromolecular networks are predominant in the FTTB coal mainly composed of inertinite in the coal petrography. The size of micropores in the FTTB coal is relatively small, and the development of micropores is relatively low. Thus the content of aromatic compounds with affinity for micropores is relative low in FTTB, while the content of long-chain alkanes with affinity for macromolecule networks is relatively high. Sub-components in exinite determine the distribution of long-chain alkanes extracted in the last stage. Odd-numbered carbon distribution appears when resin is most in exinite, while high carbon alkane distribution appears when exinite is dominant in cutinite. Small aromatic molecules are firstly packed in micropores, and exist in a free state after micropores are saturated.

Design and simulation of digital channelized receivers in fractional Fourier domain

An approach is proposed to realize a digital channelized receiver in the fractional Fourier domain （FRFD） for signal intercept applications. The presented architecture can be considered as a generalization of that in the traditional Fourier domain. Since the linear frequency modulation （LFM） signal has a good energy concentration in the FRFD, by choosing an appropriate fractional Fourier transform （FRFT） order, the presented architecture can concentrate the broadband LFM signal into only one sub-channel and that will prevent it from crossing several sub-channels. Thus the performance of the signal detection and parameter estimation after the sub-channel output will be improved significantly. The computational complexity is reduced enormously due to the implementation of the polyphase filter bank decomposition, thus the proposed architecture can be realized as efficiently as in the Fourier domain. The related simulation results are presented to verify the validity of the theories and methods involved in this paper.

基于MCMC方法的子通道程序模型参数不确定性量化分析研究

假定模型参数的不确定性服从正态分布,根据贝叶斯原理,其最可能的分布是结合先验信息和观测信息得到的最大后验概率,马尔科夫链蒙特卡罗(Markov Chain Monte Carlo,MCMC)抽样适用于此类反问题求解。鉴于随机论方法的巨大计算量,本研究利用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络及相对熵最小化来自适应加密训练数据,从而建立替代复杂正向程序的代理模型,并利用开发的不确定性分析程序对影响空泡份额的模型参数不确定性进行量化分析,选用的子通道程序为COBRA-IV。结果表明:在求得模型参数不确定性后,通过不确定性正向传递得到结果的95%置信区间对实验值的包络性较好,利用不确定性均值对模型进行标定得到的结果较基准值更接近实验值。因此,本研究建立的不确定性量化分析方法能较好适用于子通道程序的不确定性分析。

自动化采制样系统在西铭矿选煤厂的应用研究

结合厂区现状对煤质检测过程进行优化即采用自动化采制样系统代替人工采制样,可提高煤质检测的准确度和安全性。简介煤炭自动化采制样系统的设计依据与技术流程,详述自动化采制样系统的构建框架,根据采样地点差异设计不同的采样系统,并总结入洗原煤胶带中部自动采制样系统、商品煤装车胶带自动采制样系统的技术创新点。实施自动化采样方案后分别对人工、机器处理的样品进行灰分对比试验,用自动采制样系统代替人工采样后可保证采样时间、子样数目、子样质量等,通过对西铭选煤厂自动化采制样设备和人工处理的样品进行灰分对比试验得出机械化采样更具准确性与代表性,即采用自动采制样系统代替人工采样后可满足国标要求。经过缩分比对比试验并结合经济预算考虑,确定自动化设备缩分比为1∶10时可同时兼顾设备使用成本及子样要求,自动化采制样全过程可达到清洁、高效、无污染的预期实施效果。

Alpha稳定分布噪声下基于特征值之差频谱感知算法

针对基于特征值的谱感知算法在脉冲噪声的环境下感知性能不佳的问题,分析矩阵全部的特征值,引入矩阵特征值的几何均值,提出了基于分数低阶协方差矩阵的最大特征值与特征值几何均值之差(difference between maximum eigenvalue and geometric mean of eigenvalue,DMGM)的频谱感知算法。选择了Alpha稳定分布噪声模拟脉冲噪声环境,理论分析与仿真实验结果表明,在不增加算法复杂度的前提下,DMGM算法与其他算法相比,更适用于脉冲噪声环境,在低信噪比条件下具有更好的感知性能。

基于等效采样的高速啁啾信号恢复

在压缩感知原理的基础上,利用分数阶傅里叶变换和等效时间采样构造观测矩阵,对观测过程进行稀疏表达,建立符合压缩感知原理的高频观测方程,并对其进行求解,最终实现对原始信号的重建。利用比奈奎斯特取样速率更短的特定时间取样,可以实现对线性调频信号的高精度重构;而当取样采用不等间隔取样,在时频范围内,取样的时频范围不再是固定的,但会因原信号中的非零点出现能量泄漏而造成大量无关扰动。等效时间采样使得频谱不再是规律性搬移,而是一小部分胡乱地搬移,频率泄漏均匀地分布在整个频域,因而数值都比较小,使恢复过程误差更小。仿真实验结果表明,所提方法在采样点个数为17时,重构成功率高达99.62%。

童亭亮煤CS_2溶剂分次萃取物的GC/MS分析

以CS2为溶剂对童亭亮煤进行了按时间段分次取样的索氏溶剂萃取,采用GC/M S对各次萃取物进行了定性分析.结果表明:长链正构烷烃具有十分明显的低碳(约在C12-C22之间,其主峰碳位多变,但多以C16或C17为主峰)、中碳(多以C26或C27为主峰)和高碳(多以C31或C32为主峰)三大系列分布特征;中低碳正构烷烃在溶出特定阶段(约600 h左右)发生奇碳优势分布;长链烯烃的溶出具有后期性和爆发性特点,且与奇碳优势分布的长链烷烃相伴共生,两者可能有着一致的来源物质并在溶出时集中释放;GC/M S可检测小分子主要以三种形态存在于煤结构中,即处于煤表面或大孔隙中的游离态、嵌于微孔之内的微孔嵌入态和囿于大分子网络或交联网络结构之中的网络嵌入态.

环境与生物体系中铝形态分析技术的新进展

铝的形态分析是研究环境和生物体系中铝的毒性、生物有效性和传输机理的关键。从IUPAC 2 0 0 0 ,72 ,1 45 3和Analyst2 0 0 1 ,1 2 6(2 )对元素形态概念的最新定义 ,在过去 2 0年来 ,形态分析都是依据操作手段来进行“组形态”(groupspecies)分析。然而 ,随着近 5年来分析技术的发展 ,对铝的形态分析逐步达到了“单形态” (individualspecies)分析的水平。从以下两个方面对该领域的最新进展进行了评述 ,即 :(1 )组形态分析(fractionation) :离子交换、电化学分析和流动注射 ;(2 )单形态分析 (speciation) :联用技术。

关于煤层气甲烷碳同位素值对比的探讨

煤层气甲烷碳同位素值有别于常规天然气,具有总体偏轻的特征,其δ13C1分布比较分散,与煤岩成熟度存在一定联系,低煤阶偏轻程度较大。煤层气解吸过程发生同位素分馏,导致δ13C1存在不确定性,给对比分析带来干扰。通过研究不同采集方式(密闭解吸、密闭粉碎解吸和井口采集)下δ13C1的变化特征,结合不同的煤层气成因类型和煤岩成熟度,建立不同尺度解吸之间δ13C1的联系。研究表明:δ13C1随解吸程度增加而升高,孔隙游离气影响早期解吸气特征,低煤阶影响表现更明显。采集方式和解吸时间对δ13C1对比结果影响很大,晚期解吸气或较长时间的井口采集气能够代表原地煤层气的特征。对比δ13C1对认识煤层气的运移和富集成藏规律具有重要意义。

水样中溶解性无机碳同位素测试前处理方法对比研究

水中溶解性无机碳(DIC)的碳同位素前处理方法由传统的BaCl2沉淀法,逐步发展到野外采样后直接通过连续流系统(GasBench-IRMS)测试。当前对于BaCl2沉淀法和连续流测试结果的差异,以及最佳DIC的前处理方法均需要开展深入研究。本文应用BaCl2沉淀法、医用无菌高密度聚乙烯瓶装样、GasBenchⅡ顶空样品瓶野外直接生成CO2气体三种前处理方法,对比研究前处理方法对采自桂林盘龙洞洞穴滴水和地下河水样中DIC碳同位素测试的影响。结果表明,由于BaCl2沉淀法使水样中游离CO2逸出,导致测定的DIC碳同位素值相对于另两种方法均偏正:地下河水样的碳同位素值最大偏正0.26‰;洞穴滴水的碳同位素值最大偏正0.33‰。因为野外水样采集环境的温度、大气压强与实验室内部环境变化较小,没有引起CO2、HCO-3的溶解度改变,用医用无菌高密度聚乙烯瓶和GasBenchⅡ顶空样品瓶采集水样的碳同位素测试结果相同;相对而言,利用GasBenchⅡ顶空样品瓶直接产生CO2气体,能够避免外界环境条件变化导致CO2、HCO-3的溶解度发生变化引起碳同位素分馏,是精确测定水中DIC碳同位素最佳的前处理方法。

高硒环境样品中硒的形态分析方法

在恩施富硒碳质岩和土壤样品中硒矿物学研究的基础上,提出了硒连续化学提取的改进方案。化学操作上定义为7个连续步骤:水溶态(MQ水提取)、可交换态(0.1 mol/L的K2HPO4+KH2PO4,pH=7.0)、有机结合态(0.1 mol/L NaOH)、元素态(1 mol/L Na2SO3溶液)、酸溶性提取态(15%CH3CO2H溶液)、硫化物/硒化物态(1 mol/L CrCl2+HCl溶液)和残渣态硒(HNO3+HF+H2O2混合消化液)。使用HG-AFS法检测了各结合态中的硒形态和总硒,上述流程提取硒加和与总硒间显著一致,平均回收率为99.2%,符合平行样品间变异系数低于10%的精度要求。该方法简单易行,能够准确地揭示富硒地质样品中硒的形态信息。

现代信号分析与处理中分数阶微积分的五种数值实现算法

研究目的是在计算机上数值实现信号的分数阶微积分。首先,分析比较分数阶微积分常用的3种时域定义,以及其在傅立叶变换域和子波变换域中的两种频域定义;然后,推导比较信号分数阶微分的幂级数数值算法、傅里叶级数数值算法、基于Grümwald-Letnikov定义的数值算法之间的优劣;进而,推导具有较高精度和计算速度的基于子波变换的分数阶微积分快速数值算法;最后,以计算精度为代价进一步提高计算速度,推导基于子波变换和连续内插的快速工程算法。理论推导和实验结果均证明基于子波变换的数值算法具有较高精度和运算速度,其改进的快速工程算法运算速度最高,但精度下降。这两种算法都具有较强的实用价值。

加权分数傅里叶变换在采样重构中的应用

针对频域非带限信号的重构问题,提出了一种基于加权分数傅里叶变换的采样与重构算法,并利用信号加权分数傅里叶变换在加权分数域的特性,得到了信号可完全重构的条件。理论分析和仿真结果表明,在满足给定误差的条件下,该算法能够以低于香农重构所需的采样率实现对信号的恢复,且简单易行,可利用FFT快速算法实现。