Data from the 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey, and two other surveys are used to determine the effects of cannabis use on self-reported physical and mental health. Daily or almost daily marijuana use i...Data from the 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey, and two other surveys are used to determine the effects of cannabis use on self-reported physical and mental health. Daily or almost daily marijuana use is shown to be detrimental to both measures of health for some age groups but not all. The age group specific effects depend on gender. Males and females respond differently to cannabis use. The health costs of regularly using cannabis are significant but they are much smaller than those associated with tobacco use. These costs are attributed to both the presence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the fact that smoking cannabis is itself a health hazard because of the toxic properties of the smoke ingested. Cannabis use is costlier to regular smokers and age of first use below the age of 15 or 20 and being a former user leads to reduced physical and mental capacities which are permanent. These results strongly suggest that the legalization of marijuana be accompanied by educational programs, counseling services, and a delivery system, which minimizes juvenile and young adult usage.展开更多
In July of 1987, the Sampling Survey of Children's Situation was conducted in 9 provincesautonomous regions of China. A stratified two--stage cluster sampling plan was designed for thesurvey. The paper presents th...In July of 1987, the Sampling Survey of Children's Situation was conducted in 9 provincesautonomous regions of China. A stratified two--stage cluster sampling plan was designed for thesurvey. The paper presents the methods of stratification, selecting n=2 PSU's (cities/counties) withunequal probabilities without replacement in each stratum and selecting residents/village committeein each sampled city/county. All formulae of estimating population characteristics (especiallypopulation totals and the ratios of two totals), and estimating variances of those estimators aregiven. Finally, we analyse the precision of the survey preliminarily from the result of dataprocessing.展开更多
文摘Data from the 2013 Canadian Tobacco, Alcohol and Drugs Survey, and two other surveys are used to determine the effects of cannabis use on self-reported physical and mental health. Daily or almost daily marijuana use is shown to be detrimental to both measures of health for some age groups but not all. The age group specific effects depend on gender. Males and females respond differently to cannabis use. The health costs of regularly using cannabis are significant but they are much smaller than those associated with tobacco use. These costs are attributed to both the presence of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and the fact that smoking cannabis is itself a health hazard because of the toxic properties of the smoke ingested. Cannabis use is costlier to regular smokers and age of first use below the age of 15 or 20 and being a former user leads to reduced physical and mental capacities which are permanent. These results strongly suggest that the legalization of marijuana be accompanied by educational programs, counseling services, and a delivery system, which minimizes juvenile and young adult usage.
基金Supported partially by the National Funds of Natural Sciences, 7860013
文摘In July of 1987, the Sampling Survey of Children's Situation was conducted in 9 provincesautonomous regions of China. A stratified two--stage cluster sampling plan was designed for thesurvey. The paper presents the methods of stratification, selecting n=2 PSU's (cities/counties) withunequal probabilities without replacement in each stratum and selecting residents/village committeein each sampled city/county. All formulae of estimating population characteristics (especiallypopulation totals and the ratios of two totals), and estimating variances of those estimators aregiven. Finally, we analyse the precision of the survey preliminarily from the result of dataprocessing.
