Effect of Substitution of Cement by Mineral Powders on the Physico-mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Sand Concretes

The approach that contributes to the development of eco-materials in construction is the use of mineral powders,which can improve mechani­cal properties and reduce cement consumption.This article aims to study the effect of substitution by mass of cement with mineral powders on the physicomechanical properties and microstructure of sand concretes.The used mineral powders are A:the limestone,B:the natural pozzolan,C:the hydraulic lime,D:(1/3 limestone+1/3 natural pozzolan+1/3 hydraulic lime),and E:(1/2 natural pozzolan+1/2 hydraulic lime).The studied percentages are 5%,10%and 15%,in both separated and combined states.The studied properties are workability,compressive strength,the elastic­ity modulus in compression,shrinkage and microstructure analysis.The objective is to target the optimal percentage of the substitution of cement with mineral powders,which ensures the best compromise between the main properties of the studied sand concretes.The obtained results show that the optimal percentage is in favor of the substitution of cement by 10%D(1/3 limestone,1/3 natural pozzolan and 1/3 hydraulic lime).Even the 15%of mineral powder D,presented similar performances compared to the sand concrete(without mineral powders).Finally,in the context of the development of eco-materials,it should be noted that the 10%D and 15%D(1/3 limestone,1/3 natural pozzolan and 1/3 hydraulic lime)contribute to decrease the use of cement and consequently to reduce of CO2 emissions.

Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Portland Cement Concrete Prepared with Coral Reef Sand

The feasibility of using coral reef sand（CRS） in Portland cement concrete is investigated by testing the mechanical property and microstructure of concrete. The composition, structure and properties of the CRS are analyzed. Mechanical properties and microstructure of concrete with CRS are studied and compared to concrete with natural river sand. The relationship between the microstructure and performance of CRS concrete is established. The CRS has a porous surface with high water intake capacity, which contributes to the mechanical properties of concrete. The interfacial transition zone between the cement paste and CRS is densified compared to normal concrete with river sand. Hydration products form in the pore space of CRS and interlock with the matrix of cement paste, which increases the strength. The total porosity of concrete prepared with CRS is higher than that with natural sand. The main difference in pore size distribution is the fraction of fine pores in the range of 100 nm.

Mechanical Properties of Sea Water Sea Sand Coral Concrete Modified with Different Cement and Fiber Types

The mechanical properties of modified sea water sea sand coral concrete(SWSSCC)under axial compression were experimentally studied.Two different parameters were considered in this test:types of cement and fiber.An experimental campaign was developed involving uniaxial compression tests and the use of digital image correlation(DIC)method to analyze the strain distribution and crack propagation of specimen.Test results indicated that the compressive strength and elastic modulus of SWSSCC were improved by adding stainless steel fibers(SSF),while polypropylene fibers(PF)enhanced the SWSSCC peak deformation.It was found that the elastic modulus and strength of SWSSCC using ordinary Portland cement(OPC)were higher compared to specimen with low alkalinity sulphoaluminate cement(LAS).Typical strain distribution changed with the variation of fiber types.The propagation and characteristics of cracks in SWSSCC containing PF were similar to those of cracks in SWSSCC.However,the propagation of cracks and the development of plastic deformation in SWSSCC were effectively hindered by adopting SSF.Finally,an analytical stress-strain expression of specimen considering the influences of fibers was established.The obtained results would provide a basis for the application of SWSSCC.

Basic Properties of Concrete Incorporating Recycled Ceramic Aggregate and Ultra-fine Sand

Recycled ceramic mixed sand（RCMS） was obtained by partially replacing ultra-fine sand with recycled ceramic coarse sand（RCCS）. The effects of RCCS replacement rate on the apparent density, workability, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of recycled ceramic concrete（RCC） were investigated. In addition, the relationship between the water-cement ratio and compressive strength of RCC was also studied. The experimental results indicate that the reusing of recycled ceramic aggregate can improve the cohesiveness and water retentiveness of fresh concrete and benefit the mechanical properties development. When the RCCS replacement rate is not less than 40%, the mechanical properties of RCC are superior to those of the reference concrete. Moreover, when recycled ceramic medium sand was completely used as fine aggregate, the maximum increase in both compressive strength and splitting tensile strength were obtained, comparing with those of reference concrete, the increment ratio was 19.85% and 32.73%, respectively. The microscopic analysis shows that the using of recycled ceramic aggregate can meliorate distinctly the structure of the interfacial transition zone（ITZ） and increase the compaction degree of cement paste. Furthermore, an expression of the compressive strength of RCC and the cement-water ratio is regressed and gains a good linear relativity. It is an effective way to recycle waste ceramic, and the consumption of recycled ceramic aggregate could reach from 26.9% to 47.6% of the total weight of aggregate in producing concrete.

Compressive behavior and microstructure of concrete mixed with natural seawater and sea sand

Noncorrosive reinforcement materials facilitate producing structural concrete with seawater and sea sand.This study investigated the properties of seawater and sea sand concrete(SSC),considering the curing age(3,7,14,21,28,60,and 150 d)and strength grade(C30,C40,and C60).The compressive behavior of SSC was obtained by compressive tests and digital image correction(DIC)technique.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)and X-ray powder diffraction(XRD)methods were applied to understand the microstructure and hydration products of cement in SSC.Results revealed a 30%decrease in compressive strength for C30 and C40 SSC from 60 to 150 d,and a less than 5%decrease for C60 from 28 to 150 d.DIC results revealed significant cracking and crushing from 80%to 100%of compressive strength.SEM images showed a more compact microstructure in higher strength SSC.XRD patterns identified Friedel’s salt phase due to the chlorides brought by seawater and sea sand.The findings in this study can provide more insights into the microstructure of SSC along with its short-and long-term compressive behavior.

Influence of desert sand on the mechanical properties of concrete subjected to impact loading

A74-mm-diameter Split Hopkinson pressure bar was used to carry out the dynamic compression experiment of concrete made of desert sand.The dynamic failure processes of concrete different in specimen size,impact velocity,desert sand replacement ratio,size and volume content of coarse aggregate were simulated.Research results showed that concrete made of desert sand had size-effect and was rate-dependent.The peak stress of concrete made of desert sand declined with the minimum size of coarse aggregate.However,the peak stress of concrete made of desert sand increased first,and then declined with the volume content and maximum size of coarse aggregate.

Effects of coarse and fine aggregates on long-term mechanical properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete

Typical effects of coarse and fine aggregates on the long-term properties of sea sand recycled aggregate concrete(SSRAC)are analyzed by a series of axial compression tests.Two different types of fine(coarse)aggregates are considered:sea sand and river sand(natural and recycled coarse aggregates).Variations in SSRAC properties at different ages are investigated.A novel test system is developed via axial compression experiments and the digital image correlation method to obtain the deformation field and crack development of concrete.Supportive results show that the compressive strength of SSRAC increase with decreasing recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentage and increasing sea sand chloride ion content.The elastic modulus of SSRAC increases with age.However,the Poisson’s ratio reduces after 2 years.Typical axial stress-strain curves of SSRAC vary with age.Generally,the effect of coarse aggregates on the axial deformation of SSRAC is clear;however,the deformation differences between coarse aggregate and cement mortar reduce by adopting sea sand.The aggregate type changes the crack characteristics and propagation of SSRAC.Finally,an analytical expression is suggested to construct the long-term stress-strain curve of SSRAC.

Frozen sand-concrete interface direct shear behavior under constant normal load and constant normal height boundary

The shear strength properties of the frozen sand–structure interface are critical for evaluating the serviceability of pile foundations in frozen ground.The shear characteristics of the frozen sand–concrete interface were studied with two boundary conditions(constant normal load(CNL)and constant normal height(CNH)),at three normal stresses(100,200,and 300 k Pa),and at three temperatures(-2,-5,and-8℃).A detailed comparative analysis was performed to explore the principal factors affecting the shear/normal-shear displacement.The results showed that the shear behavior of the frozen sand–concrete interface under CNL was similar to that under CNH.The shear stress–shear displacement exhibited strain softening.The temperature and normal stress were the major influences on normal properties.The lower the temperature and the higher the normal stress,the greater was the elastic shear modulus.The peak shear stress and critical shear stress exhibited a dependence on normal stress.An exponential growth in the peak shear stress was observed as the temperature decreased.Critical shear stress was dependent on temperature.The value and percentage of peak ice-cementation in peak shear stress was affected by temperature and normal stress.

Feasibility of Transferring Drinking Water from the Senegal River in the East (Backel) to the West Center (Fatick) in Senegal

Every year, 24 billion m3 of fresh water are thrown into the sea by the Senegal River, while most of the country’s populations do not have permanent access to drinking water. Also, agricultural land, which extends as far as the eye can see, is only used during winter periods, thus slowing down the development of agriculture. It is in this context that this article studies the feasibility of transferring drinking water from the Senegal River in the east of the country to the center-west through a transfer canal to meet the drinking water needs of the populations. In addition, we intend to flood the fossil valleys from this canal and recharge the aquifers. The watershed resulting from the juxtaposition of the two watersheds which dominate central Senegal has a slightly descending profile from Bakel to Fatick. This promotes gravity flow of water over 542 km. This analysis is carried out by the Glabal Mapper software and SRTM1 images. We report that all water needs have been estimated at approximately 70 m3/s based on the ANDS census in 2023, the distribution of arable land and groundwater recharge areas in the country. The waters flowing in the canal have depths (draft) not reaching 4.6 m. These results are obtained by applying the Manning Strickler equation, on a channel with a straight cross-section in the shape of a trapezoid and lined with sand concrete. The canal thus designed will bring water to populations and arid zones in the central and central-western regions of the country where problems persist. However, it will be necessary to overcome a difference in altitude of 96 m over 30 km to raise the water from the river to the threshold of the canal in order to ensure the flow in the latter. We have retained two calculation variants (Canal + Pumping or Single Pumping) whose pumping stations will be powered by solar fields. Due to the heavy investments, the installations upstream of the canal will be modular over time. Consequently, the central canal project will be constructed in six (6) phases of ten (10) years.

Prediction of residual tensile strength of glass fiber reinforced polymer bars in harsh alkaline concrete environment using fuzzy metaheuristic models

The long-term durability of glass fiber reinforced polymer(GFRP)bars in harsh alkaline environments is of great importance in engineering,which is reflected by the environmental reduction factor in vari-ous structural codes.The calculation of this factor requires robust models to predict the residual tensile strength of GFRP bars.Therefore,three robust metaheuristic algorithms,namely particle swarm optimiza-tion(PSO),genetic algorithm(GA),and support vector machine(SVM),were deployed in this study for achieving the best hyperparameters in the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system(ANFIS)in order to obtain more accurate prediction model.Various optimized models were developed to predict the tensile strength retention(TSR)of degraded GFRP rebars in typical alkaline environments(e.g.,seawater sea sand concrete(SWSSC)environment in this study).The study also proposed more reliable model to predict the TSR of GFRP bars exposed to alkaline environmental conditions under accelerating laboratory aging.A to-tal number of 715 experimental laboratory samples were collected in a form of extensive database to be trained.K-fold cross-validation was used to assess the reliability of the developed models by dividing the dataset into five equal folds.In order to analyze the efficiency of the metaheuristic algorithms,multiple statistical tests were performed.It was concluded that the ANFIS-SVM-based model is robust and accu-rate in predicting the TSR of conditioned GFRP bars.In the meantime,the ANFIS-PSO model also yielded reasonable results concerning the prediction of the tensile strength of GFRP bars in alkaline concrete en-vironment.The sensitivity analysis revealed GFRP bar size,volume fraction of fibers,and pH of solution were the most influential parameters of TSR.

Durability evaluation of GFRP rebars in harsh alkaline environment using optimized tree-based random forest model

GFRP bars reinforced in submerged or moist seawater and ocean concrete is subjected to highly alkaline conditions.While investigating the durability of GFRP bars in alkaline environment,the effect of surrounding temperature and conditioning duration on tensile strength retention(TSR)of GFRP bars is well investigated with laboratory aging of GFRP bars.However,the role of variable bar size and volume fraction of fiber have been poorly investigated.Additionally,various structural codes recommend the use of an additional environmental reduction factor to accurately reflect the long-term performance of GFRP bars in harsh environments.This study presents the development of Random Forest(RF)regression model to predict the TSR of laboratory conditioned bars in alkaline environment based on a reliable database comprising 772 tested specimens.RF model was optimized,trained,and validated using variety of statistical checks available in the literature.The developed RF model was used for the sensitivity and parametric analysis.Moreover,the formulated RF model was used for studying the long-term performance of GFRP rebars in the alkaline concrete environment.The sensitivity analysis exhibited that temperature and pH are among the most influential attributes in TSR,followed by volume fraction of fibers,duration of conditioning,and diameter of the bars,respectively.The bars with larger diameter and high-volume fraction of fibers are less susceptible to degradation in contrast to the small diameter bars and relatively low fiber’s volume fraction.Also,the long-term performance revealed that the existing recommendations by various codes regarding environmental reduction factors are conservative and therefore needs revision accordingly.