Abrasive Wear Map of Polymer Tapes in Sand Dust Environment

To make clear the wear conditions of ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) tribosystem when servicing in Chi- nese sand dust environment, abrasive wear of two kinds of polymer tapes specified for ATM, PI (Polyimide) and PEN (Polyethylene-2, 6-naphthalenedicarboxylate), was investigated in simulated sand dust environment with ATM tape-scraper tribosystem under various conditions of loads and sliding distances. The surface profiles of worn tape were measured with a surface profiler in order to calculating the wear cross-section areas and the wear volumes. The specific wear rates of polymer tapes were calculated under load conditions of 0.6, 1 and 1.5 N, and wear mechanisms were in- vestigated with optical topography photos. As main results, the specific wear rates show stage variations in the wear process and the wear resistance of polymer tape shows good relationship with the mechanical deformation factors. In consideration of the service life, four wear models are generalized according to the magnitude of specific wear rates, which include no wear, mild wear, normal wear and severe wear model and the corresponding wear mechanisms for the four wear models are discussed with typical worn topographies. Based on the wear models and corresponding wear mechanisms, the abrasive wear maps of two polymer tapes servicing in sand dust environments are concluded for its industrial applications.

Chemical characteristics of precipitation and the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain, northwestern China

Precipitation chemistry analysis is essential to evaluate the atmospheric environmental quality and identify the sources of atmospheric pollutants. In this study, we collected a total of 480 precipitation samples at 6 sampling sites in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain from May 2013 to July 2014 to analyze the chemical characteristics of precipitation and to identify the main sources of ions in precipitation. Furthermore, we also explored the indicative significance for sand dust events in the northern and southern slopes of Wushaoling Mountain based on the precipitation chemistry analysis.During the sampling period（from May 2013 to July 2014）, the p H values, EC（electrical conductivity）values and concentrations of cations（Ca^（2＋）, Mg^（2＋）, Na~＋, K~＋ and NH_4~＋） and anions（SO_4^（2–）, NO_3~–, Cl~–, NO_2~– and F~–） in precipitation were different in the northern and southern slopes at daily and seasonal time scales, with most of the values being higher in the northern slope than in the southern slope. The chemical type of precipitation in the southern and northern slopes was the same, i.e.,SO_4^（2–）-Ca^（2＋）-NO_3~–-Na~＋. The concentrations of ions in precipitation were mainly controlled by terrigenous material and anthropogenic activities（with an exception of Cl~–）. The concentration of Cl~– in precipitation was mainly controlled by the sea salt fraction. The concentrations of Na＋ and Cl~– showed an increasing trend after the occurrence of sand dust events both in the northern and southern slopes. In addition, after the occurrence of sand dust events, the concentrations of K~＋, Mg^（2＋）, SO_4^（2–）, NO_3~– and Ca^（2＋） showed an increasing trend in the southern slope and a decreasing trend in the northern slope. It is our hope that the results may be helpful to further understand the atmospheric pollution caused by sand dust events in the Wushaoling Mountain and can also provide a scientific basis for the effective prevention of atmospheric pollution.

尺度适应性起沙机制在CMA-CUACE/Dust中的应用

沙尘暴是影响我国重要的灾害性天气之一,针对中国气象局亚洲沙尘暴数值预报系统CMA-CUACE/Dust(China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Environment for Dust)的沙尘质量浓度在中亚高估、蒙古北部低估、在我国消散过快以及极端沙尘暴预报峰值偏低等问题,应用与模式格距匹配的尺度适应性起沙机制并更新风蚀资料库对模式进行改进。对2021年3月13—17日东亚最强沙尘暴个例和2023年3—5月与业务运行环境一致的连续预报试验表明,改进后的模式(CMA-CUACE/Dust V1.5)有效改善了上述不足,极端沙尘暴过程传输至我国后的沙尘质量浓度峰值与观测接近。连续预报试验TS(threat score)评分显示:CMA-CUACE/Dust V1.5预报一致性和连续性较好,1~5 d不同时效预报TS评分明显高于改进前和韩国模式ADAM(the Asian Dust Aerosol Model),漏报率明显降低,对2023年5次沙尘过程的4次预报TS评分高于0.3,部分过程超过0.5。

Source,route and effect of Asian sand dust on environment and the oceans

We summarize in this overview achievements in current research frontiers in Asian sand dust with emphasis on the method for sand dust research, the sources of sand dust aerosols, emission of sand dust, mechanism of sand dust weather, chemical transformation during transport, and influences on climatic environment and oceans. Our main results show that most of Asian sand dust comes from Mongolia, the Gobi Desert, arid and semiarid desert areas in northwest China, which is divided into initial sources and enhanced sources. Half of the global production of dust originates from Asian dust source regions. Asian dust weather is so immense that it can cover a 5-？-day journey from the sources to the Korean Peninsula, Japan Islands, and the Pacific Ocean to even impact North America. Asian dust weather plays an active role in the hiogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the mid-latitude Northern Hemisphere.

Identification of sand and dust storm source areas in Iran

Sand and dust storms （SDS） are common phenomena in arid and semi-arid areas. In recent years, SDS frequencies and intensities have increased significantly in Iran. A research on SDS sources is important for understanding the mechanisms of dust generation and assessing its socio-economic and environmental impacts. In this paper, we developed a new approach to identify SDS source areas in Iran using a combination of nine related datasets, namely drought events, temperature, precipitation, location of sandy soils, SDS frequency, hu- man-induced soil degradation （HISD）, human influence index （HII）, rain use efficiency （RUE） and net primary pro- ductivity （NPP） loss. To identify SDS source areas, we firstly normalized these datasets under uniform criteria in- cluding layer reprojection using Lambert conformal conic projection, data conversion from shapefile to raster, Min-Max Normalization with data range from 0 to 1, and data interpolation by Kriging and images resampling （resolution of 1 km）. After that, a score map for the possibility of SDS sources was generated through overlaying multiple datasets under average weight allocation criterion, in which each item obtained weight equally. In the score map, the higher the score, the more possible a specific area could be regarded as SDS source area. Exceptions mostly came from large cities, like Tehran and Isfahan. As a result, final SDS source areas were mapped out, and Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes and Sistan Basin were identified as main SDS source areas in Iran. The SDS source area in Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes still keeps expanding. In addition, Al-Howizeh/Al-Azim marshes are now suf- fering rapid land degradation due to natural and human-induced factors and might totally vanish in the near future. Sistan Basin also demonstrates the impacts of soil degradation and wind erosion. With appropriate intensity, dura- tion, wind speed and altitude of the dust storms, sand particles uplifting from this area might have developed into extreme dust storms, especially during the summer.

Sand-dust storms in China: temporal-spatial distribution and tracks of source lands

Sand-dust storm is a special natural disaster that frequently occurs in deserts and their surrounding areas. With the data published onSurface Meteorological Monthly Bulletin andSurface Chart during 1971–1996, the temporal-spatial distribution and annual variation of sand-dust storms are analyzed on the basis of the case study of atmospheric processes. Furthermore, the tracks and source areas of sand-dust storms are determined with the aid of GIS. The results show that except some parts of Qinghai Province and Inner Mongolia as well as Beijing, sand-dust storms decrease apparently in time and space in recent decades in China. Sand-dust storms occur most frequently in spring, especially in April. According to their source areas, sand-dust storms are classified into two types, i.e., the inner-source and outer-source sand-dust storms. Most of the outer-source sand-dust storms move along the north and west tracks. The north-track outer-source sand-dust storms always intrude into China across the Sino-Mongolian border from Hami, a city in the eastern part ofXinjiang, to Xilin Gol, a league in Inner Mongolia, while the west-track ones intrude into China from both southern and northern Xinjiang. The source lands of inner-source sand-dust storms concentrate in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas in southern Xinjiang, southern part of the Junggar Basin in north of Xinjiang, the Hexi Corridor in western Gansu Province, the dry deserts of Inner Mongolia and the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai.

The influence of different underlying surface on sand-duststorm in northern China

In this paper, a quantitative research on the relationship between different underlying surface and sand-dust storm has been made by using 40 years meteorological data of five different types of underlying surface in northern China, which include farmland, grassland, sandland, gobi and salt crust. These metrological data comprise sand-dust storm days and strong wind days. By analyzing, we can find that there are certain correlations between the days of sand-dust storm and strong wind for different underlying surface, which has great influence on sand-dust storm. But there are pronounced differences in different types of underlying surface. The sand-dust storm days of grassland, gobi and salt crust, with smaller interannual variation are obviously less than strong wind days. On the other hand, the sand-dust storm days of farmland and sandland increase evidently, even in many years, are much more than strong wind days. The differences are mainly induced by the influencing mechanism of different underlying surface on sand-dust storm. Grassland, gobi and salt crust with stable underlying surface are not prone to sand-dust storm under strong wind condition. Whereas, the underlying surface of farmland and sandland is unstable, that is easy to induce sand-dust storm under strong wind condition.

The atmospheric circulation patterns influencing the frequency of spring sand-dust storms in the Tarim Basin

Using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and the sand-storm frequency data fi＇om 37 weather stations in the Tarim Basin for the period 1961-2009, the relationship between the frequency of spring sandstorms in the Tafim Basin and the associated atmospheric circu- lation pattems is analyzed in this study. We found significantly negative correlations between sandstorm frequency and the 500-hPa geopotential height over the Paris Basin and midwestem Mongolia, while there were positive correlations over the Ural River region. The rising of the 500-hPa geopotential height in midwestem Mongolia and its falling over the Ural region corre- spond to a weakening of the large-scale wave patterns in the Eurasian region, which directly causes the frequency of the sand-dust storms in the Tarim Basin to decline. Also, the abrupt decline in the spring sandstorm frequency in the Tarim Basin observed in the last half-century is associated with profound changes in the atmospheric circulation in these key regions. At the interannual scale, the strengthened cyclonic atmospheric circulation patterns in the western part of Mongolia and the anticyclonic patterns over the East European plains at 500-hPa geopotential height, are responsible for frequent sandstorm occurrences in the Tarim Basin.

Detecting sand-dust storms using a wind-profiling radar

Sand-dust storm is a type of disastrous weather, typically occurring in arid and semi-arid climates. This study selected a region in the hinterlands of the Taklimakan Desert, called the Tazhong region, as the experimental area to quantitatively estimate the particle concentrations of sand-dust storms using the boundary layer wind-profiling radar. We thoroughly studied the radar echo signals and reflectivity factor features during the sand-dust storms. The results indicate that（1） under sand-dust storm conditions, boundary layer wind-profiling radar cannot capture the complete information regarding horizontal wind velocity and direction, but it can obtain the backscattering intensity of sand-dust storms; and（2） during sand-dust storms particle size distributions in the surface layer closely resemble log-normal distributions, with sand-dust particles sizes of 90–100 μm accounting for the maximum particle probability. Retrieved particle size distributions at heights of 600, 800, and 1000 m follow log-normal distributions, and the expected value of particle diameter decreases gradually with increasing height. From the perspective of orders of magnitude, the retrieved results for particle number concentrations and mass concentrations are consistent with previous aircraft-detected results, indicating that it is basically feasible to use boundary layer wind-profiling radar to quantitatively detect the particle concentrations of dust storms.

Research on Performance of U Separator in Sand and Dust Test System

Sand/dust test is one of the key projects to examine the environmental adaptability of ordnance equipment.In order to decrease the abrasion of test facility caused by the sand/dust particles,the particles contained in the airflowneed to be reclaimed effectively.Amathematical model of Useparator is established.The flowfield and the trajectories of particles inside the separator are obtained using a numerical simulation method,and the separation efficiency and pressure drop of separator with different rows of separate components are also obtained at various flowvelocities.The simulation results indicate that the efficiency of U inertia separator is affected by the flowvelocity evidently,and a reasonably designed separator can meet the requirement of the separation efficiency in particular situation.The results can be use as reference for the design and test of sand/dust separate systems.

Sand-dust Storm, Population and Environment in Northwest China

Sand-dust storms are the result of the integrated influences of climate, geography, society and human factors. A theoretical framework is built to explain the coherence of population growth, agriculture change and environmental degradation. On the basis of the analysis of the causes of the sand-dust storm in terms of human factors, a discussion will be given to show that these factors are internally consistent with the theoretical framework. After that, it will look at China's Agenda 21 and try to find relevant measures to reduce such large sand-dust storms happening in Northwest China and eventually make this area develop sustainably.

Relationship between sand-dust weather and water dynamics of desert areas in the middle reaches of Heihe River

Sand-dust weather has become an international social-environmental issue of common concern, and constitutes a serious threat to human lives and economic development. In order to explore the responses of natural desert sand and dust to the dynamics of water in desertification, we extracted long-term monitoring data related to precipitation, soil water, groundwater, and sand-dust weather. These data originated from the test stations for desertification control in desert areas of the middle reaches of the Heihe River. We used an algorithm of characteristic parameters, correlations, and multiple regression analysis to establish a regression model for the duration of sand-dust weather. The response char-acteristics of the natural desert sand and dust and changes of the water inter-annual and annual variance were also examined. Our results showed： （1） From 2006 to 2014 the frequency, duration, and volatility trends of sand-dust weather obviously increased, but the change amplitudes of precipitation, soil water, and groundwater level grew smaller. （2） In the vegetative growth seasons from March to November, the annual variance rates of the soil moisture content in each of four studied layers of soil samples were similar, and the changes in the frequency and duration of sand-dust weather were similar. （3） Our new regression equation for the duration of sand-dust weather passed the R test, F test, and t test. By this regression model we could predict the duration of sand-dust weather with an accuracy of 42.9%. This study can thus provide technological support and reference data for water resource management and re-search regarding sand-dust weather mechanisms.

Comparison between the Causes and Transmission Characteristics of Two Sand and Dust Weather Processes with Heavy Pollution in Ulanqab City

The actual situation of two sand and dust weather processes with heavy pollution in Ulanqab City in 2021 was analyzed from the aspects of air quality,visibility,PM_(2.5)and PM_(10),and the causes of the sand and dust weather with heavy pollution were discussed.The differences between the two processes in transport characteristics of sand and dust were studied,and the roles of high-and low-altitude weather systems and their impact on sand and dust transport were explored.

A Simulation Study on Channel Estimation for Cooperative Communication System in Sand-dust Storm Environment

There are many factors that influence the propagation of electromagnetic wave in the sand-dust storm environment, the scattering effect of dust particle is one of the major factors, so this paper focuses on the dust particles scattering function. The scattering of dust particles inevitably brings the multipath transmission of the signal, multipath propagation will bring the multipath fading of the signal. In this paper, we first investigate the use of AF and DF modes in a sand-dust storm environment. Secondly, we present a low-order modulation method should be used in cooperative communication system. Lastly, we evaluate the system performance for both of the moving nodes and power allocation. Experimental results validate the conclusion of theoretical derivation: the multipath fading is one of the main factors that affect the quality of signal transmission. Cooperative communication technology has good anti-fading ability, which can guarantee the signal transmission timely and correctly.

Impacts of Sand and Dust Storms on Regional Economy Based on Stochastic CGE Model : A Case Study in Inner Mongolia, China

[Objectives]The paper was to study the impacts of sand and dust storms(SDS)on regional economy.[Methods]In this paper,we combined the computable general equilibrium(CGE)model and the Monte Carlo method to examine the impact of SDS on the regional economy,with a focus on GDP,price index,employment rate,industrial structure and output,income and expenditure.We extended the standard CGE model,introduced the stochastic parameters into the production module,which had significant impact on economic output,and inserted the rate of change of the total labor supply and the expenditure share of early warning and protective measures into the income and expenditure module.[Results]SDS had significant impacts on regional GDP,employment rate,and industrial output from a macro perspective,and can reduce the income of residents and enterprises and increase expenditures from a micro perspective.The impact can be reduced by taking early warning and protective measures.[Conclusions]The protective measures taken for different grades of SDS have different effects.

Investigations of physicochemical properties of dusts generated in mechanical reclamation process of spent moulding sands with alkaline resins

Mechanical reclamation processes of spent moulding sands generate large amounts of postreclamation dusts mainly containing rubbed spent binding agents and quartz dusts. The amount of postreclamation dusts, depending in the reclamation system effi ciency and the reclaim dedusting system, can reach 5%-10% in relation to the total reclaimed spent moulding sand. The proper utilization of such material is a big problem facing foundries these days. This study presents the results of investigations of physicochemical properties of post- reclamation dusts. All tested dusts originated from various Polish cast steel plants applying the mechanical reclamation process of moulding sands with alkaline resins, obtained from different producers. Different dusts, delivered from foundries, were tested to determine their chemical composition, granular characterization, physicochemical and energetic properties. Presented results confi rmed assumptions that it is possible to utilize dusts generated during mechanical reclamation of used sands with organic resins as a source of energy.

带电沙尘大气对微波量子照明雷达性能的影响

本文旨在研究带电沙尘大气对微波量子照明雷达性能的影响.基于Mie粒子散射理论,运用模拟离散随机分布粒子对光子多重散射的蒙特卡罗方法,对不同能见度及不同粒子带电量的沙尘大气的微波衰减进行分析.根据量子照明雷达理论,采用基于分束器理论的分光链路模型模拟沙尘大气信道,并根据量子雷达方程及量子检测错误概率理论,开展不同能见度带电沙尘大气对微波量子照明雷达的检测错误概率、信噪比和最大探测范围等影响研究,并与经典TMN雷达性能进行对比分析.结果表明,在沙尘大气中,量子照明雷达的性能随着能见度的增大而提高,粒子带电会引起信号衰减增大及系统性能下降,带电量的变化引起性能的改变是非线性的.当能见度较高时适当提高信号频率可提高量子照明雷达的性能,当能见度较低时频率提高带来的增益会小于衰减增大带来的性能下降,这种情况不宜增大频率.在与经典雷达的比较发现,在较低能见度及较低发射平均光子数时量子雷达性能较优,但随着光子数增加,优势逐渐降低.

Dust storms evolution in Taklimakan Desert and its correlation with climatic parameters

Based on the sand dust storms data and climatic data in 12 meteorological stations around sand dust storm originating areas of the Taklimakan Desert, we analyzed the trends of the number of dust storm days from 1960 to 2005 as well as their correlations with temperature, precipitation, wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s. The results show that the frequency of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region decreased with the elapse of time. Except Ruoqiang and Minfeng, in the other 10 meteorological stations, the frequency of dust storm events reduces, and in 4 meteorological stations of Kuqa, Korla, Kalpin and Hotan, the frequency of dust storm events distinctly decreases. The temperature has an increasing trend, while the average wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed ≥ 5 m/s have decreasing trends. The correlation analysis between the number of days of dust storms and climatic parameters demonstrates that wind speed and the number of days with mean wind speed 〉 5 m/s have strong positive correlation with the number of days of dust storms, with the correlations coefficients being 0.743 and 0.720 （p〈0.01）, respectively, which indicates that strong wind is the direct factor resulting in sand dust storms. Whereas precipitation has significant negative correlation with the number of days of dust storms （p〈0.01）, and the prior annual precipitation has also negative correlation, which indicates that the prior precipitation restrains the occurrence of sand dust storms, but this restraining action is weaker than the same year＇s precipitation. Temperature has negative correlation with the number of dust storm days, with a correlations coefficient of -0.433 （p〈0.01）, which means that temperature change also has impacts on the occurrence of dust storm events in the Taklimakan region.

基于Lab色彩空间的沙尘降质图像增强方法

针对沙尘天气导致的数字图像质量大幅下降问题,提出一种基于Lab色彩空间的沙尘降质图像增强方法。将沙尘图像增强分解为偏色校正与细节增强两个步骤处理。偏色校正部分包括去除色偏与亮度拉伸。首先对Lab与YUV色彩空间中的沙尘图像直方图偏移特点进行了分析,然后提出一种Lab空间偏色校正算法修正直方图偏移,并对初步去除偏色的图像进行亮度拉伸,提升图像对比度。在细节增强部分,引入一种基于饱和度估计透射率的去雾方法进一步增强图像细节信息。实验结果表明,相较于各对比算法,所提算法可以去除不同程度沙尘带来的色偏,且在面对中小型图像时具有最佳的时间性能表现。在量化指标方面,基于无参考感知的图像质量评估标准和基于熵的无参考图像质量评价标准分别提升了3.2%和10.7%。本文方法可以有效去除色偏,还原清晰图像。

2021年宁夏两次持续沙尘重污染天气对比分析

为探究气象条件变化对宁夏沙尘重污染天气过程的影响特征,利用常规气象观测数据、NCEP再分析资料及环境空气质量数据,选取2021年1月11-14日和2021年3月14-19日两次沙尘重污染天气(分别简称“0113”过程和“0315”过程)为研究对象,基于天气形势、后向轨迹模拟及物理量场诊断等方法,对比两次过程影响系统及传输轨迹,探讨形成和维持机制.结果表明:①“0113”过程主要影响宁夏北部四市,“0315”过程影响整个宁夏,两次沙尘过程中重度及以上污染平均持续时间分别为35.0和105.2h,沙尘污染暴发阶段PM_(10)浓度平均值分别为1735和5265μg/m3.②“0113”过程为一次强度一般的锋面过境引起的沙尘重污染天气,稳定少动的青藏高压与其北侧蒙古热低压之间形成显著的气压梯度带,高空脊前多股强西北气流引起动量下传,使宁夏及上游地区大风将沙尘输送至宁夏造成重污染;“0315”过程为一次较强的典型锋面过境及蒙古气旋造成的持续沙尘重污染天气,蒙古冷高压受强盛蒙古气旋和青藏高原热低压夹击稳定少动,其西南、东南及东部与两个热低压形成气压梯度带,加之受地面冷锋过境影响,宁夏及周边地区多方向大风将沙尘向宁夏上空输送造成“0315”过程较“0113”过程污染更严重.③两次过程中沙尘均为境外和境内同时输送,“0113”过程为西北和偏西路径,传输距离长且高度较低;“0315”过程为西北、偏北和偏东路径,传输距离短且高度较高.④“0315”过程中蒙古国及我国新疆-甘肃一带负水平螺旋度中心值为“0113”过程的1.75倍,较强的辐合上升运动和西风气流将沙尘持续向宁夏上空输送并与本地沙尘叠加,上升和下沉运动交替使沙尘长时间悬浮于空中,而“0113”过程受多股强下沉气流造成沙尘迅速沉降至地面,污染快速减弱.研究显示:冷锋和蒙古气旋是宁夏沙尘重污染天气的主要影响系统,当有只冷锋过境时,上游沙尘传输高度低,到达宁夏上空沙尘粒子相对少,使宁夏沙尘重污染天气持续时间短且强度相对较弱;当伴有蒙古气旋活动时,沙尘传输高度高,到达宁夏上空沙尘粒子多,使宁夏沙尘重污染天气持续时间长、影响范围广且强度较强.