The Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Methods on Temperature and Precipitation of Sanjiangyuan Area

In order to get the spatial grid data of monthly precipitation and monthly average temperature of Sanjiangyuan area, the Co-Kriging (COK) and thin plate smoothing splines(TPS) interpolation methods were applied by using the climate data during 1971-2000 of 58 meteorological stations around Qinghai Province and the 3 arc-second digital elevation model (DEM) data. The performance was evaluated by the smallest statistical errors by general cross validation (GCV). Root-mean-squared predicted errors (RMSE) and mean absolute errors (MAE) were used to compare the performance of the two methods. The results showed that: 1) After combing covariates into the models, both methods performed better; 2) The performance of TPS was significantly better than COK: for monthly average temperature, the RMSE derived from TPS was 69.48% higher than COK, as MAE increased by 70.56%. And for monthly precipitation, the RMSE derived from TPS was 28.07% higher than COK, as MAE increased by 29.06%.

Restoration Prospects for Heitutan Degraded Grassland in the Sanjiangyuan

In many ecosystems ungulates have coexisted with grasslands over long periods of time. However, high densities of grazing animals may change the floristic and structural characteristics of vegetation, reduce biodiversity, and increase soil erosion, potentially triggering abrupt and rapid changes in ecosystem condition. Alternate stable state theory provides a framework for understanding this type of dynamic. In the Sanjiangyuan atop the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP), grassland degradation has been accompanied by irruptions of native burrowing animals, which has accentuated the loss of ground cover. Severely degraded areas of alpine meadows are referred to as 'Heitutan'. Here, using the framework of alternate stable state theory, we describe the proximate and ultimate drivers of the formation of Heitutan on the QTP, and we assess prospects for recovery, in relation to the degree of biophysical alteration, of these alpine meadows. Effective rehabilitation measures must address the underlying causes of degradation rather than their symptoms. Heitutan degradation is not uni-causal. Rather it reflects different mechanisms operating at different spatio-temporal scales across this vast region. Underlying causes include overly aggressive exploitation of the grasslands (e.g. overgrazing), amplification of grazing and erosion damage by small mammals when outbreaks occur, and/or climate change. Given marked variability in environmental conditions and stressors, restorative efforts must vary across the region. Restoration efforts are likely toyield greatest success if moderately and severely degraded areas are targeted as the first priority in management programmes, before these areas are transformed into extreme Heitutan.

Spatial distribution pattern in mammal and bird richness and their relationship with ecosystem services in Sanjiangyuan National Park, China

Species diversity exhibit a close relationship with ecosystem services, and making clear the relationship can help us understand the service value and functional mechanism of ecosystems and take measures to promote human well-being. Here, we used species survey data and multi-source habitat factors to simulate the spatial distribution of species richness and four types of ecosystem services(water production, net primary productivity, carbon storage, and habitat quality) in Sanjiangyuan National Park located in Qinghai Province, China. We also analyzed the spatial distribution pattern and explored the spatial relationship between species richness and ecosystem services through Geo Detector analyses. We found that high species richness in Sanjiangyuan National Park was shown to be mainly distributed in areas with high vegetation growth on both sides of rivers. The effect of climate on the spatial distribution of species richness in the park is the highest among all the selected environmental variables. For the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem services, the relative correlation strength of single ecosystem service varied among the three main ecosystems(grassland, meadow, and wetland) and all relations are positive.

Study on the Landcover Changes Based on GIS and RS Technologies: A Case Study of the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve in the Hinterland Tibet Plateau, China

With global warming and increased human activity, more and more ground surface areas have been affected, which leads to the creation of many problems. To understand the ecological environment changes in a typical alpine region, information on landcovers changes in the study area from 2000 to 2020 was obtained by combining remote sensing, geographic information system, and traditional statistical analysis for the Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. The results show that the changes of surface cover in Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve are relatively concentrated, mainly distributed in the sections of south, northwest, central, and northeast, with the area of the changed regions and the unchanged regions being 31,127.45 km2 and 271,941.37 km2, respectively. The transformation between the various types of ground landcover is mainly characterized by a shift from other types to grassland and from grassland to bare land. And the regions of change are mostly concentrated between 3500 - 4600 m in elevation.

Migrants Selectivity and the Effects on Environmental-Induced Migration Project in Sanjiangyuan Area in China

Sanjiangyuan Area is located in Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai Province in China. It＇s the source of Yangtze River, Huanghe River and Lancangiiang River. Since the ecological environment became worse in recent decades, Qinghai government conducted an environmental migration project to move the herdsman out of Sanjiangyuan Area to protect the environment. Using the data we collected in five environmental migration resettlement villages in 2009 and the basic information of the nonmigrants, this paper calculated the index of migration differences to examine the selectivity between migrants and nonmigrants. The policy implication will also be discussed in this paper.

Drivers of Residents’Livelihood Resilience in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China:From PLS-SEM and fs/QCA

This study investigates the effects of tourism development perception,adaptive capacity,and transformation capacity on the residents’livelihood resilience in a national park.Using the Yellow River Source Park in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China as a case study,this study simultaneously used the partial least squares structural equation model(PLS-SEM)and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fs/QCA)to explore the linear and nonlinear dynamic impacts among the variables.PLS-SEM analysis revealed that adaptive capacity and transformation capacity positively affect livelihood resilience;tourism development perception negatively affects livelihood resilience but positively affects adaptive capacity and transformation capacity.Tourism development perception and adaptive capacity can positively influence livelihood resilience through transformation capacity.The fs/QCA revealed that simple antecedent variables do not constitute a necessary condition for promoting residents'high livelihood resilience,which depends on the conditions combined with another element.The analysis identified two combination paths of high livelihood resilience and three combination paths of low livelihood resilience,where adaptive and transformation capacity are essential for triggering high livelihood resilience,and tourism development perception is a significant driver of low livelihood resilience.

Microphysical Responses to Catalysis During a Stratocumulus Aircraft Seeding Experiment over the Sanjiangyuan Region of China

This study explores the microphysical responses to a cloud seeding operation in the Sanjiangyuan region, China. The cloud seeding was performed using a zigzag flight pattern, while the detection phase was accomplished using a back-and-forth flight pattern through the top of a stratocumulus layer. Global Position System（GPS） and Particle Measuring System（PMS） data obtained during the operation are used to determine the efective cloud area before and after the operation, diferentiate the phase states of cloud particles, and analyze changes in the concentrations of liquid cloud particles and ice crystals, the evolution of the cloud particle spectrum, and the content of supercooled water. The median diameter of liquid cloud particles in the area of the cloud-seeding operation was 3.5–18.5 μm, most cloud particles observed in the 21.5–45.5-μm size regime were ice crystals, while all particles of size 50 μm and above were in the ice phase. Changes in the concentration and typical diameter of cloud particles within 36 km downwind of the cloudseeding operation did not exceed natural fluctuations in the cloud area before the operation; however, the concentration of liquid cloud particles decreased substantially in areas with high concentrations of supercooled water（concentrations of supercooled water exceeding 0.01 g m 3）. The concentration of ice crystals within the measuring range of the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe（FSSP） increased substantially, the water content of ice-phase particles increased, and the average supercooled water content in the cloud decreased from（68.3± 23.1）% before the operation to（34.2± 12.4）%. The efects of cloud seeding were more pronounced in parts of the cloud where the content of supercooled water was higher. Little to no efects were observed in parts of the cloud with low concentrations of supercooled water.

Simulation of Effects of Grassland Degradation on Regional Climate over Sanjiangyuan Region in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Regional climate model （RegCM3） was applied to explore the possible effects of land use changes （e.g., grassland degradation in this study） on local and regional climate over the Sanjiangyuan region in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Two multiyear （1991-1999） numerical simulation experiments were conducted： one was a control experiment with current land use and the other was a desertification experiment with potential grassland degradation. Preliminary analysis indicated that RegCM3 is appropriate for simulating land- climate interactions, as the patterns of the simulated surface air temperature, the summer precipitation, and the geopotential height fields are consistent with the observed values. The desertification over the Sanjiangyuan region will cause different climate effects in different regions depending on the surrounding environment and climate characteristics. The area with obvious change in surface air temperature inducing by grassland degradation over the Sanjiangyuan region is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. A winter surface air temperature drop and the other seasons＇ surface air temperature increase will be observed over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau based on two numerical simulation experiments. Surface air temperature changes in spring are the largest （0.46℃）, and in winter are the smallest （smaller than 0.03℃）, indicating an increasing mean annual surface air temperature over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Surface air temperature changes will be smaller and more complex over the surrounding region, with minor winter changes for the regions just outside the plateau and notable summer changes over the north of the Yangtze River. The reinforced summer heat source in the plateau will lead to an intensification of heat low, causing the West Pacific subtropical high to retreat eastward. This will be followed by a decrease of precipitation in summer. The plateau＇s climate tends to become warm and dry due to the grassland degradation over the Sanjiangyuan region.

Resident Willingness to Pay for Ecotourism Resources and Associated Factors in Sanjiangyuan National Park,China

Willingness to Pay(WTP),Willingness to Work(WTW)and Willingness to Accept Compensation(WTA)are the three quantitative criteria for assessing local ecological asset values for the social aspects of ecosystem services and residents’willingness to contribute to and receive compensation for tourism ecology.The objectives of this study are to estimate the residents’willingness to pay,work and accept compensation for conservation at Sanjiangyuan National Park,and to analyze the relationship between residents’attitude towards tourism ecology and the ecological assets of the National Park based on a standard questionnaire survey.The dichotomous choice Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)was employed to determine the willingness.The survey conducted in 2018 collected WTP,WTW,WTA,socio-demFographical information,social trust and resident perceptions toward tourism impacts and relevant management strategies from 244 residents in two counties.Based on generalized linear modeling,income and education level are important for residents’WTP and WTA,but other social characteristics,such as gender and age,do not have significant effects.The social trust is found to be a significant factor on residents’willingness,despite the limitation on education level.Also,government funding is associated with residents’inclination to WTP,WTW and WTA,but the support levels differ among the two counties due to geographical and social heterogeneities.The estimated WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park in 2018 were 1.2448×10^(7) yuan,1.247×10^(6) hours and 2.3232×10^(7) yuan yr^(-1) based on the survey and published demographics.This study,for the first time,estimates the WTP,WTW and WTA for the Sanjiangyuan National Park and informs ecological conservation managers and policy makers.Ultimately,to maintain the long-term benefits arising from sustainable development,compensation should be specifically tailored and site-dependent,and development measures based on local resources should be adopted by governments to actively support eco-tourism activities.

Reasonable management of perennial planting grassland contributes to positive succession of soil microbial community in Sanjiangyuan of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

Grassland reconstruction is a major approach to alleviate the‘black beach’in Sanjiangyuan of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.It is vital to understand how to manage the planting grassland after reconstruction.And which artificial grassland management pattern is more likely to restore the degraded grassland of‘black beach?’To provide the scientific basis for the restoration of‘black beach’,we investigated the changes in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of planting grassland under different management patterns,and explored the effect of the management patterns on community succession of planting grassland.In this study,vegetation characteristics and soil physicochemical properties were measured by field investigation and laboratory analyses,respectively.Soil microbial community composition was determined by high-throughput sequencing techniques.The results showed that there were significant differences in vegetation characteristics,soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial community structure of the planting grassland under different management patterns.Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were mainly controlled by vegetation plant species diversity,aboveground biomass(AGB)and soil organic carbon(SOC).Shannon-Wiener index,AGB and SOC peaked and the relative abundance of amplicon sequence variants annotated by Actinobacteria and Basidiomycota were significantly enriched under the management pattern of the planting once treatment.Additionally,the soil had the highest bacterial diversity and the lowest fungal diversity under the planting once treatment,becoming a‘bacterial’soil.These vegetation characteristics and soil environment were more conducive to overall positive community succession,indicating that the planting once treatment is the most reasonable management pattern for restoring the‘black beach’.

Scrutinise the variations of glaciers and their climatic attributions in the Sanjiangyuan National Park during 1969-2018

Since 2020,the first national park of China,the Sanjiangyuan National Park(Park)has been put into operation in China.This Park is one of the most vulnerable regions to the rapid climate change in the Tibetan Plateau.There have not been any investigations into the current status of the glacier resources in the Park so far.This study reported the first summary of the glaciers in the Park at present and their variations since the 1960s.The data used here come from the two Chinese Glacier Inventories finished during 1969-1970 and 2006-2010,respectively,and the remote-sensing images during 1985-1990,1995-2000 and 2018.The total glacier area in the Park is 772 km^(2)to our best estimate,much less than 2342 km^(2)reported in the first Chinese Glacier Inventory published in 2009.The shrinkage rate of the glaciers in the Yangtze River Park(a sub-park)had slowed from-0.37%per year during the 1970s to-0.09%per year during 2002-2012 in area,while that in the Lancang River Park had sped up from-0.34%per year during 1968-2000 to-0.67%per year during 2000-2018.There are no glaciers in the Yellow River Park(a sub-park).The change in the glaciers was related to the regional relatively rapidly warming and insufficient mass supply from precipitation.The geographic features of the glaciers in the Yangtze and Lancang Parks also lead to their different change extents,most of which happened at 5500 m a.s.l.and below.

Assessing Threats and Setting Conservation Priorities for Plant Species between Forest and Meadow Ecotone in Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve, China

In order to understand the pattern and status of plant species in the forest-meadow ecotonein Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve, this study was undertaken through expert consultation, literaturesurvey and fieldwork in various parts of the ecotone during 2002-2004. Based on 3 important systems,i.e. threatened status, genetic loss effect and use value, the list of threatened and prioritized plants wasestablished. In this paper, the threatened coefficient was defined as the criteria of category for threatenedplants, the conservation priorities coefficient summed by threatened coefficient, genetic coefficient anduse value coefficient was defined as the criteria of prioritized plants. In addition, 10 indicators toevaluate threatened grading and conservation priorities sequence were included in the 3 importantsystems. The weights of 3 systems and 10 indicators were given through expert consultation andanalytic hierarchy process. Ten indicators were given scores based on the subcriteria, respectively, andall the scores of the 3 systems were summed up for each species, then contrasted to the criteria ofthreatened grading and conservation priorities for plant species. The status of endangerment andconservation priorities of plant species were analyzed, and the results showed that the number ofendangered species was 2, vulnerable species 37, near threatened species 140, safe species 767; the firstconcern category had 4 species, the second concern category 18, the third concern category 150 and theleast concern category 774.

三江源地区鼠疫耶尔森菌CRISPR基因分型及流行特征研究

目的了解三江源地区鼠疫菌株分布情况,进行规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列(Clustered regularly in-terspaced short palindromic repeats)基因分型研究,为该地区鼠疫疫源地菌株鉴定溯源、科学防控提供理论依据。方法选取三江源地区310株鼠疫菌提取DNA,分别PCR扩增、测序3个CRISPR的位点YPa、YPb和YPc,所测得CRISPR序列与CRISPR Dictionary数据库最新数据进行比对,鉴定CRISPR spacer阵列并对三江源地区鼠疫菌进行基因分型。对310株鼠疫菌结合CRISPR基因型和分离宿主信息进行统计分析。结果310株鼠疫菌共发现26种spacer,分别为YPa15种、YPb8种、YPc3种;310株鼠疫菌被分成16个不同CRISPR基因型,G22型和G22-a1′型分布于整个三江源地区包括称多县、治多县、玉树市、曲麻莱县、囊谦县、杂多县、玛多县、玛沁县、同仁县、泽库县、共和县、同德县、贵德县;G24型分布于泽库县、玛多县、囊谦县、称多县;G26-a1′型主要分布于共和县、兴海县、贵德县、玛多县、称多县、杂多县,16个基因型归类为7个CRISPR类群:Cb4、Cb4′、Ca7、Ca7′、Ca8、Ca35′、Cc3′。结论三江源地区鼠疫菌CRISPR基因型具有多样性,不同疫源地基因型分布特征显著,且不同菌株基因型存在差异。

三江源国家公园土壤保持实物量计算——基于CSLE模型

土壤保持能力是生态产品价值中可调节产品的重要组成部分,在土壤侵蚀控制及生态环境改善方面具有关键作用。自我国开展国家公园体制以来,其对于三江源地区的土壤侵蚀模数及土壤保持能力的影响尚不明确。对比CSLE与USLE模型及其因子的差异,选取CSLE进行2000年与2020年的土壤侵蚀模数对比研究并计算黄河源区玛多县20年间土壤保持总量。结果表明:1)在研究区中,CSLE模型在区分不同土壤侵蚀模数强度时显著优于USLE模型,其对坡度坡长因子以及生物措施因子的优化计算方法可更精确地评估土壤侵蚀模数。2)从2000年至2020年,玛多县的土壤侵蚀强度得到了较大地改善,约有75%左右区域的土壤侵蚀模数具有明显下降,但仍有小部分区域的土壤侵蚀模数上升,其土壤侵蚀强度加剧。3)玛多县20年间土壤保持总量为1.683×10~6 t,在核算生态产品价值中的土壤保持量时,应以75%的土壤侵蚀模数减少的区域进行计算,而并非采用默认全区土壤均得到了有效保持的USLE公式进行计算。

三江源国家公园人兽冲突风险评价

人兽冲突风险图揭示了风险的空间格局,有助于确定减轻野生动物肇事风险的优先区域。以三江源国家公园所涉4县为研究区域,以乡镇为研究单元,基于区域灾害系统理论,从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体脆弱性和防灾减灾能力4个方面构建人兽冲突风险评价模型并对研究区的人兽冲突空间风险和总体风险进行综合评价。结果表明:人兽冲突风险影响因素包括兽类密度、肇事次数、归一化植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、人口密度、野生猎物密度、距河流距离、距居民点距离和牲畜密度。三江源国家公园人兽冲突风险具有明显的空间分异规律。风险评价结果总体上中部高于东部和南部,高风险区域主要分布在长江源园区治多县、曲麻莱县的乡镇,较高风险以上区域占比达97.07%,表明三江源国家公园人兽冲突风险总体较高。研究结果为确定人兽冲突风险影响因素和精准防控野生动物肇事提供科学依据。

三江源区退化高寒草甸植被生物量和养分的动态变化

[目的]探索三江源区高寒草甸草地植被-土壤系统生物量和土壤养分的动态变化,以利于草地适应性管理和开展草地生态修复相关工作。[方法]以中度退化高寒草甸为研究对象,于2020-2022年的7、8和9月持续观测高寒草甸植被生物量(地上生物量和根系生物量)、植被(地上部和根系)和土壤(0~15和15~30 cm)全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、速效氮、有机碳、全磷和全钾含量。植被生物量、植被养分和土壤养分在不同月份间的动态变化用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)进行比较。[结果]不同月份间植被生物量存在显著的递增趋势(2021年除外)(P<0.05,下同),整体表现为9月最大,地上生物量最大值分别为74.58和72.80 g/m^(2),根系生物量最大值分别为39.82和57.32 g/m^(2)。植被(地上部和根系)和土壤(0~15和15~30 cm)养分含量存在显著的月际动态,具体表现为8月达到最大值。植被生物量与植被地上部和根系的全氮含量显著相关,与土壤0~15和15~30 cm土层的全氮含量呈显著正相关。[结论]高寒草甸植被(地上部和根系)养分与土壤(0~15和15~30 cm土层)养分在8月达到峰值。研究结果可为高寒草甸养分管理领域学者凝练科学问题提供参考。

人工草地土壤碳氮磷含量变化及化学计量特征研究

人工草地建植是治理三江源地区草地退化最有效的方法之一。本研究以三江源地区不同牧草播种的土壤为研究对象,通过分析土壤中关键养分元素的含量及其比例关系,揭示了土壤养分的可获得性碳、氮、磷元素循环和平衡机制。研究结果显示,人工草地土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量明显高于退化草地;混播人工草地对土壤养分改善效果优于单播人工草地;进一步的相关性分析表明,土壤C∶N比值受到碳素和氮素限制,土壤C∶P比值受到碳素限制,土壤N∶P比值受到碳素和氮素的限制。综上所述,碳和氮是该地区主要限制养分元素,因此可以适当添加碳氮养分来改善人工草地的土壤质量。研究结果对于三江源地区通过合理牧草混播方式改善土壤质量提供了重要参考依据。

三江源区青甜1号与豆科饲草混播对饲草产量和品质的影响

试验探究了青甜1号与豆科饲草混播对饲草产量和品质的影响。试验将禾本科饲草青甜1号与3种豆科饲草分别混播,采用随机区组设计,设单播处理4个(A1、A2、A3、A4),混播处理6个(B1、B2、B3、B4、B5、B6),共10个处理,每个处理重复3次。结果显示:B3处理(青甜1号∶蚕豆=4.5∶1)株高、叶面积较其他处理明显更优;B5处理(青甜1号∶蚕豆=7∶1)鲜草产量最高,为41400 kg/hm^(2),较单播青甜1号(A1)显著增加了72.5%(P<0.05),B6处理(青甜1号∶饲用豌豆=7∶1)次之,鲜草产量为38500 kg/hm^(2)。禾豆混播各处理饲草的营养成分含量显著高于单播青甜1号(A1)(P<0.05),显著低于单播饲用豌豆(A2)(P<0.05)。B6处理的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、木质素和可溶性糖含量均显著高于其他混播处理(P<0.05),分别为16.10%、7.18%、8.80%和12.42%,饲用豌豆(A2)在3种豆科饲草中营养物质含量最高。隶属函数综合评价结果表明,B6处理的隶属函数值为0.817,属优,为Ⅰ级。研究表明,混播处理中的青甜1号∶饲用豌豆=7∶1时混播各项指标优于其他品种,适宜在三江源区的果洛地区推广种植。

三江源地区一年生禾豆混播饲草叶片形态及产量对施肥的响应

为了筛选出在高寒地区较优的混播方案,本文研究了在四种不同施肥处理下[小黑麦(Triticale)+饲用豌豆(Pisum sativa)、燕麦(Avena sativa)+饲用豌豆(Pisum sativa)及单播对照处理组]的生产性能和叶片形态特征之间的差异。结果表明:单施磷肥饲草鲜草和干草产量最高,为27.80 t·hm^(-2),8.60 t·hm^(-2);禾本科叶片周长比不施肥、单施氮肥、氮磷混施处理提高了15.59%,13.93%,13.35%,差异显著(P<0.05),叶片长度提高16.41%,8.68%,11.65%,差异显著(P<0.05);燕麦+饲用豌豆处理鲜草和干草产量较优,为27.02 t·hm^(-2),8.30 t·hm^(-2),比单播饲用豌豆提高87.37%,219.77%,差异均显著(P<0.05);单施磷肥下燕麦+饲用豌豆组合中叶片形态特征均表现出较优趋势。综上,三江源地区禾豆混播草地单施磷肥处理的燕麦+饲用豌豆有更好的建植优势,适宜在三江源地区建植。

三江源区适宜的小黑麦和饲用豌豆混播比例及施肥方法

【目的】三江源区地处青藏高原,是中国母亲河的发源地,也是牦牛等典型牲畜的重要草场。探索适宜的施肥方法和牧草作物混播比例,旨在提高牧草产量,减轻生态重要地区天然草场的放牧压力。【方法】于2022年在三江源地区进行了小黑麦和饲用豌豆的田间试验,试验材料为小黑麦品种‘青饲麦1号’和饲用豌豆品种‘青建1号’。设置3个施肥处理:不施肥(A_(1))、单施氮肥(尿素75 kg/hm^(2),A_(2))、氮磷配合施用(尿素75 kg/hm^(2)和过磷酸钙300 kg/hm^(2),A3);每个施肥处理下,分别设小黑麦和豌豆混合播种比例70∶30(B1)、50∶50(B_(2))和30∶70(B_3)。在豌豆盛花期刈割前,调查小黑麦和饲用豌豆株高、叶片形态指标(面积、周长、长度、宽度),及生物量和营养品质。【结果】与不施肥处理A_(1)相比,施肥处理(A_(2)和A_3)显著提高了牧草的鲜重和干重、蛋白质产量以及两种作物的株高和叶面积。A_(2)和A_3处理在上述指标上没有显著差异,但A_3处理叶宽的增幅显著高于A_(2)。A_(2)和A_3处理对两种牧草粗蛋白、可溶性糖、中性和酸性洗涤纤维含量均无显著影响,但A_(2)处理增加了粗脂肪含量。小黑麦和饲用豌豆的播种比例对两种作物的鲜重、干重、蛋白质产量和株高没有显著影响,但降低小黑麦播种比例增加了饲草粗脂肪和可溶性糖含量,显著降低了中性与酸性洗涤纤维含量。播种比例与施肥有显著的交互作用,A_3B_(1)的牧草鲜重和干重最高,分别比其他处理高36.09%~180.08%和62.27%~281.59%,叶面积和蛋白质、可溶性糖含量也最高。A_3B_(1)处理的小黑麦叶片周长比A_(1)B_(1)、A_(1)B_(2)和A1B3处理分别高15.76%、40.29%和54.51%,饲用豌豆叶面积比A1B1、A1B2和A1B3处理分别提高20.31%、14.06%和64.65%,饲草中性洗涤纤维含量分别比A1B1、A1B2和A1B3处理增加了7.15%、27.14%和17.89%。【结论】氮磷配施可显著提高牧草生产性能、叶片形态和牧草质量。小黑麦和饲用豌豆按70∶30的比例混合播种,牧草生产性能、叶片形态和质量均优于其他处理。因此,在高寒地区,建议推广小黑麦和饲用豌豆按70∶30的比例混合播种,并配施氮、磷肥。