A Fuzzy Satisfactory Method for Decentralized Bi Level Linear Programming

Based on the theory of fuzzy decision making, a two phrase approach is proposed for the decentralized bi level linear programming problem(DBLPP). The approach considers the conflicts between the upper and lower levels decision makers (DMs), and among the lower level DMs themselves, a satisfactory solution is got with the non conflict matrix and decision power distribution. Compared with the other methods that have ever been proposed, the solution process is more fit to a kind of real decision making processes.

Application of Epistemic Utility Theory to Satisfactory Optimization

Satisficing control remains an important concept in decision making. In this paper, a new epistemic utility satisficing control theory is proposed for a new model of complex CMMO （ constrained multi-objective multi degree-of-freedom optimization） system. As well, an epistemic utility function is developed and used to adjust the feasible region of soft constraints. The theory proved in this paper indicates that the utility function not only expresses the subjectivity of the original satisfactory-degree function, but also takes the cost of searching for a solution into account. Thus, the satisfactory-degree function can be adjusted and its rationality can be validated. This theory contributes an analytical method to the inverse satisfactory optimization problem. The findings indicate that this theory has good convergence and outcomes desired for satisfactory-degree functions.

Global satisfactory control for nonlinear integrator processes with long delay

Integrator processes with long delay are difficult to control. Nonlinear characteristics of actuators make the control problem more challenging. A technique is proposed in this paper for global satisfactory control （GSC） of such processes with relay-type nonlinearity. An oscillatory control signal is injected into the nonlinear process; the amplitude and frequency of the oscillatory signal are designed to linearise the nonlinear process in the sense of harmonic analysis; and a state feedback controller is configured to implement GSC over the linearised process. An illustrative example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of

Satisfactory Optimization Design of IIR Digital Filters

A new method called satisfactory optimization method is proposed to design IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) digital filters, and the satisfactory optimization model is presented. The detailed algorithm of designing IIR digital filters using satisfactory optimization method is described. By ~using quantum genetic algorithm characterized by rapid convergence and good global search capability, the satisfying solutions are ~achieved in the experiment of designing lowpass and bandpass IIR digital filters. Experimental results show that the performances of IIR filters designed by the introduced method are better than those by traditional methods.

New partial cooperation model for ill-posed bilevel programming problem via satisfactory degree

Partial cooperation formulation is a more viable option than optimistic＇s and pessimistic＇s to solve an ill-posed bilevel programming problem.Aboussoror＇s partial cooperation model uses a constant as a cooperation index to describe the degree of follower＇s cooperation.The constant only indicates the leader＇s expectation coefficient for the follower＇s action,not the follower＇s own willingness.To solve this situation,a new model is proposed by using the follower＇s satisfactory degree as the cooperation degree.Then,because this new cooperation degree is a function which is dependent on the leader＇s choice and decided by the follower＇s satisfactory degree,this paper proves such proposed model not only leads an optimal value between the optimistic value and pessimistic＇s,but also leads a more satisfactory solution than Aboussoror＇s.Finally,a numerical experiment is given to demonstrate the feasibility of this new model.

Satisfactory PI-P Controller Design for High-order Servo System

The paper presents an output feedback controller design method for high-order servo system with the constraints of multiple indices by using satisfactory control theory. The control strategy is to convert transfer-function form of two-loop servo system into state-space form and assign the system poles in the specified region and H_∞ attenuation degree in the given range with the Riccati matrix inequality so that the closed-loop system has good dynamics and robust quality. A numeric example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Reentry Trajectory Optimization for Hypersonic Vehicles Using Fuzzy Satisfactory Goal Programming Method

Constrained reentry trajectory optimization for hypersonic vehicles is a challenging job. In particular, this problem becomes more difficult when several objectives with preemptive priorities are expected for different purposes. In this paper, a fuzzy satisfactory goal programming method is proposed to solve the multi-objective reentry trajectory optimization problem. Firstly, direct collocation approach is used to discretize the reentry trajectory optimal-control problem with nonlinear constraints into nonlinear multiobjective programming problem with preemptive priorities, where attack angles and bank angles at nodes and collocation nodes are selected as control variables. Secondly, the preemptive priorities are transformed into the relaxed order of satisfactory degrees according to the principle that the objective with higher priority has higher satisfactory degree. Then the fuzzy satisfactory goal programming model is proposed. The balance between optimization and priorities is realized by regulating parameter λ, such that the satisfactory reentry trajectory can be acquired. The simulation demonstrates that the proposed method is effective for the multi-objective reentry trajectory optimization of hypersonic vehicles.

Satisfactory Model Predictive Control for a Hybrid Single-phase Seven-level Converter

Today,many hybrid multilevel converters with flying capacitors are being proposed.Besides the practicality of these converters in reducing the switching devices count and the cost,it is challenging to balance their capacitor voltage charge.The unbalanced capacitors restrain the converters’performance and lead to failure in delivering the required current.This paper proposes a model predictive control(MPC)for a seven-level converter based on an active neutral point clamped converter cascaded with an H-bridge.A conventional MPC uses a single cost function with two terms,one for current tracking and the other for capacitor balancing,which needs an accurate weighting factor to balance them.In this work,the suggested MPC adopts a satisfactory optimization technique.It evaluates the capacitor charge membership to a nominal voltage range to define the degree of freedom in which to optimize the current tracking problem.This transforms the relationship between the two cost terms into a more collaborative relationship.The proposed MPC improves the output current quality and balances the capacitor charge with the least number of computations.Experimental and simulation results have validated the controller^effectiveness.

Erythrokeratoderma variabilis in a 3-year-old child:a satisfactory response to treatment with oral acitretin and topical 0.025% tretinoin cream

Introduction Erythrokeratoderma variabilis is a rare autosomal dominant genodermatosis that usually appears within the first year of life, but may arise later in childhood. EKV was described by Mendes da Costa in 1925(1)Clinical characteristics of EKV consist of irregularly-shaped, erythematous, scaly patches and hyperkera-totic plaques.

Clean Vehicle Action Made Satisfactory Progress

According to the "12 Demonstration Cities’ Work Experience Reviewing and Exchanging Meeting" organized by the National Clean Vehicle Coordinating and Leading Group Office, by the end of Oct. 2000, the total gas fueled vehicle population of the 12 demonstration cities (areas) numbered nearly 80 thousand units and the gas refilling stations were 220. The following table gives a detailed description.

Novel Intranasal Mask Provides Potent Protection against Viral Aerosols

Researchers from the Institute of Process Engineering(IPE)of the Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed a novel intranasal mask to protect the respiratory tract from viral aerosols.It showed satisfactory protection in multiple models,including a mouse model,a digital human nasal model,and a human respiratory tract model.

Constraints Adjustment and Objectives Coordination of Satisfying Optimal Control Applied to Heavy Oil Fractionators

In this paper, the feasibility and objectives coordination of real-time optimization (RTO) are systemically investigated under soft constraints. The reason for requiring soft constraints adjustment and objective relaxation simultaneously is that the result is not satisfactory when the feasible region is apart from the desired working point or the optimization problem is infeasible. The mixed logic method is introduced to describe the priority of the constraints and objectives, thereby the soft constraints adjustment and objectives coordination are solved together in RTO. A case study on the Shell heavy oil fractionators benchmark problem illustrating the method is finally presented.

Zn'S ROLE IN DISSOLUTION OF Al SACRIFICIAL ANODES

The role of alloying elements in the dissolution of aluminium sacrificial anodes was investigated . The effect of indium on the electrochemical performance of anode and the relationship between indium and impurities , such as silicon and iron, were studied. The distribution of indium in aluminium alloy was detected . The electrochemical behaviour of In-implanted aluminium alloy was also studied . The experimental results indicate that indium activates the surface of aluminium alloy and improves the electrochemical performance of alloy containing more amounts of impurity . Indium combines with silicon and iron.More satisfactory properties were obtained when the alloy’s proportion of content of In to that of (Si+ Fe) is about 1 : (8 ~10). The electrochemical properties of Al alloy, especially the surface activity of the anode were improved by ion implantation . Indium segregates in the alloy . The amount of Si and Fe in the In-rich segregated phase is richer than that in the matrix. It is proposed that

A simple method for the detection of hepatitis A virus in the environmental samples by polymerase chain reaction

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is very persistent in the environment and is especially difficult to detect in the seafoods. In recent years, molecular cloning of the genome of HAV has led to sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for the detection of HAV RNA. Here we describe a new and simple procedure to extract RNA from contaminated clams and the PCR method for detection of HAV in environmental samples. The specificity and efficiency of PCR amplification were studied using cDNA and RNA of HAV. Three primer couples gave satisfactory results. Some basic parameters of the PCR were modified to perform a highly specific and sensitive test.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF“YI QI YANG YIN DECOCTION”COMBINED WITH RADIOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) is acommon carcinoma in Southern China.The5-year survival rate achieved byradiotherapy alone is still relatively low.Wetreated NPC patients with Yi Qi Yang YinDecoction (YQYYD,decoction for invigo-rating qi and nourishing yin) combined withradiotherapy with satisfactory results.Acomparison was made in such aspects as re-

CLINICAL OBSERVATION ON THE IMMEDIATE HYPOTENSIVE EFFECT OF ZANZHU POINT

As recorded in classical literature thatacupuncture at Zanzhu(UB 2)points couldimmediately yield effects similar to the de-pression of blood pressure,we made suchpractice with satisfactory results.The sum-mary is as follows.

Mechanism of GABA Receptors Involved in Spasticity Inhibition Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Following Spinal Cord Injury

The effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation（r TMS） on spasticity following spinal cord injury（SCI） and the action mechanism were investigated. SCI models were established in Sprague-Dawley rats. Five groups were set up： normal control group, SCI-7 day（7D） model group, SCI-14 D model group, SCI-7D r TMS group and SCI-14 D r TMS group（n=10 each）. The rats in SCI r TMS groups were treated with 10 Hz r TMS at 8th day and 15 th day after SCI respectively. Motor recovery and spasticity alleviation were evaluated by BBB scale once a week till the end of treatment. Finally, different parts of tissues were dissected out for detection of GABA receptors using Western blotting and polymerase chain reaction（PCR） technique. The results showed that the BBB scores after treatment were significantly higher in SCI-7D r TMS group than in SCI-14 D r TMS group（P〈0.05）. The GABA receptors were down-regulated more significantly in SCI-14 D model group than in SCI-7D model group（P〈0.05）. At different time points, r TMS treatment could affect the up-regulation of GABA receptors： The up-regulation of GABA receptors was more obvious in SCI-7D r TMS group than in SCI-14 D r TMS treatment group（P〈0.05）. It was concluded that 10-Hz r TMS could alleviate spasticity following SCI and promote the motor recovery in rats, which might be attributed to the up-regulation of GABA receptors. It was also suggested that early high-frequency r TMS treatment after SCI may achieve more satisfactory curative effectiveness.

Three-dimensional numerical prediction of vertical temperature structure of the Huanghai and the Bohai Seas

In the paper, the sea is divided into two layers with density jumping, assuming that the physical parameters in each layer are independent of depth. Two-layer flow field with tide and wind currents is calculated with extended ADI method, after the calculation for flow field is stable , coupled with temperature diffusion equations and thermohaline depth prediction equation, a four-day time prediction of the surface, bottom temperature and thermohaline depth of the Huanghai and the Bohai Seas. At the same time, three dimensional temperature field of sea water is predicted through vertical temperature distribution function. The result indicates that the prediction quality of the whole model and the fitting degree between the predicted result and the measured values are satisfactory.

STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NETWORK STRUCTURE AND THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF RUBBER VULCANIZATES (H) THE REINFORCEMENT OF ELASTOMERS BY CARBON BLACK FILLERS AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION

A satisfactory account of reinforcement of rubber through the application of the theory of elasticity forits vulcanizates with carbon black fillers has been obtained. A statistical theory of reinforcement by carbonblack fillers and its characterization was developed. Three methods

Evapotranspiration of a Populus euphratica forest during the growing season in an extremely arid region of northwest China using the Shuttleworth–Wallace model

Thus far, measurements and estimations of actual evapotranspiration（ET） in extremely arid areas are still insufficient. Based on successive observations from June–September 2014, we simulated ET of a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest during the growing season in an extremely arid region of northwest China using the Shuttleworth–Wallace（S–W） model. Simulated ET values were compared to those of the eddy-covariance（EC） method on a 1 h interval. With a root mean square error（RMSE）,relative error（RE） and mean absolute error（MAE） of0.192, 3.100 and 0.165 mm h-1, respectively, model performance was not satisfactory. In particular, on days with strong winds（Sep. 11–13）, deviations between simulated and observed ET values increased to 0.275, 0.878 and0.251 mm h-1, RMSE, RE and MAE respectively. These values were significantly greater than those in other study periods and were most likely owing to sharp increases in wind speed. As a result, there were substantial advective effects, which is not consistent with the assumption of the S–W model that there are no advective effects or mesoscale circulation patterns induced by surface discontinuities.