Theoretical characterization of the temperature-dependent saturation magnetization of magnetic metallic materials

Based on the force-heat equivalence energy density principle,a theoretical model for magnetic metallic materials is developed,which characterizes the temperature-dependent magnetic anisotropy energy by considering the equivalent relationship between magnetic anisotropy energy and heat energy;then the relationship between the magnetic anisotropy constant and saturation magnetization is considered.Finally,we formulate a temperature-dependent model for saturation magnetization,revealing the inherent relationship between temperature and saturation magnetization.Our model predicts the saturation magnetization for nine different magnetic metallic materials at different temperatures,exhibiting satisfactory agreement with experimental data.Additionally,the experimental data used as reference points are at or near room temperature.Compared to other phenomenological theoretical models,this model is considerably more accessible than the data required at 0 K.The index included in our model is set to a constant value,which is equal to 10/3 for materials other than Fe,Co,and Ni.For transition metals(Fe,Co,and Ni in this paper),the index is 6 in the range of 0 K to 0.65T_(cr)(T_(cr) is the critical temperature),and 3 in the range of 0.65T_(cr) to T_(cr),unlike other models where the adjustable parameters vary according to each material.In addition,our model provides a new way to design and evaluate magnetic metallic materials with superior magnetic properties over a wide range of temperatures.

Interface engineering constructs oxide composite bulkγ-Fe_(4 )N magnetic alloys with high resistivity:Superior magnetization and manufacturability

O2 Soft magnetic material with high saturation magnetization(Ms)and high resistance(ρ)is vital to improve the power density and conversion efficient of modern electrical magnetic equipment.Yet,increasing Ms is always at the expense of high resistivity,such as soft magnetic alloys substitute for the ferrite.In this work,the superior comprehensive electromagnetic properties,namely the close association of high saturation magnetization and high resistivity,are combined in a new way in a newly Fe-N based magnetic materials.A high resistance oxide interface engineering was constructed between the conducting ferromagnetic phases in the process of spark plasma sintering(SPS)to achieve superior electromagnetic properties.The ZnO compositeγ’-Fe_(4) N bulk has a maximum resistivity of 220μcm and a Ms of up to 156.02 emu/g,while the TiO_(2)compositeγ’-Fe_(4) N bulk has a maximum resistivity of 379μcm and a Ms of 149.7 emu/g.The research findings offer valuable insights for the advancement of the next generation of soft magnetic materials,which hold significant potential for use in high-frequency,high-efficiency,and energy-saving power equipment applications.

Criterion of Magnetic Saturation and Simulation of Nonlinear Magnetization for a Linear Multi-core Pulse Transformer

The linear multi-core pulse transformer is an important primary driving source used in pulsed power apparatus for the production of dense plasma owing to its compact, relatively low-cost and easy-to-handle characteristics. The evaluation of the magnetic saturation of the transformer cores is essential to the transformer design, because the energy transfer efficiency of the transformer will degrade significantly after magnetic saturation. This work proposes analytical formulas of the criterion of magnetic saturation for the cores when the transformer drives practical loads. Furthermore, an electric circuit model based on a dependent source treatment for simulating the electric behavior of the cores related to their nonlinear magnetization is developed using the initial magnetization curve of the cores. The numerical simulation with the model is used to evaluate the validity of the criterion. Both the criterion and the model are found to be in agreement with the experimental data.

Winding Inductance and Performance Prediction of a Switched Reluctance Motor with an Exterior-rotor Considering the Magnetic Saturation

This paper deals with an analytical method to effectively calculate the inductance of an exterior-rotor switched reluctance motor(SRM),which evaluates the winding inductance of both the active section and the end section,accounting for the influence of core saturation.According to the inductance calculated by the analytical model,the flux linkage table and torque table can be established,and the steady state performance such as phase current,flux linkage,copper loss and core loss can be predicted.Effectiveness of this method is verified by the finite element method as well as by experimental results of a 12/8 SRM prototype.

Improved Model of Radial Vibration in Switched Reluctance Motor Including Magnetic Saturation

This paper proposes an improved method for the prediction of radial vibration in switched reluctance motor(SRM)considering magnetic saturation.In this paper,the basic modeling principle is briefly introduced,it is based on the derivation that the peak acceleration is dependent on the product of phase current and current gradient idi/dt.However,the derivation may cause errors due to saturation effect.Thus in this paper,the discrete sample data are firstly acquired based on DC pulse measurement method,by which electromagnetic,torque and peak acceleration characteristics can all be acquired.Then the entire peak acceleration characteristics are obtained by improved Least Square Support Vector Machine(LSSVM).Based on the obtained static peak acceleration characteristics,the time-varied radial vibration model is established based on superposition of natural oscillations of dominant vibration modes.Finally,a simulation model is built up using MATLAB/Simulink.The good agreement between simulation and experiment shows that the proposed method for modeling is feasible and accurate,even under saturation.In addition,since LSSVM does not need any prior knowledge,it is much easier for modeling compared with other existing literatures.

Lagrange-Maxwell equation and magnetic saturation parametric resonance of generator set

Lagrange-Maxwell＇s equation is extended firstly. With the theory of electromechanical analytical dynamics, the magnetic complement energy in air gap of generator is acquired. The torsional vibration differential equations with periodic coefficients of rotor shafting of generator which is in the state of.magnetic saturation are established. It is shown that the magnetic saturation may cause double frequency electromagnetic moment. By means of the averaging method, the first approximate solution and corresponding solution of the primary parametric resonance is obtained. The characteristics and laws of the primary parametric resonance excited by the electromagnetism are analyzed and some of new phenomena are revealed.

Fe_(75)Zr_3Si_(13)B_9 magnetic materials prepared by spark plasma sintering

Fe75Zr3Si13B9 magnetic amorphous powders were fabricated by mechanical alloying. Bulk amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys with 20 mm in diameter and 7 mm in height were fabricated by the spark plasma sintering technology at different sintering temperatures. The phase composition, glass transition temperature （Tg）, onset crystallization temperature （Tx）, peak temperature （Tp） and super-cooled liquid region （ΔTx） of Fe75Zr3Si13B9 amorphous powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）. The phase transition, microstructure, mechanical properties and magnetic performance of the bulk alloys were discussed with X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, Gleeble 3500 and vibration sample magnetometer （VSM）, respectively. It is found that with the increase in the sintering temperature at the pressure of 500 MPa, the density, compressive strength, micro-hardness and saturation magnetization of the sintering samples improved significantly, the amorphous phase began to crystallize gradually. Finally, the desirable amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic materials at the sintering temperature of 863.15 K and the pressure of 500 MPa have a density of 6.9325 g/cm3, a compressive strength of 1140.28 MPa and a saturation magnetization of 1.28 T.

Structure and magnetic properties of RFe_7Mn_4Ti compounds with R=Y, Tb, Dy,Ho, and Er

The effect of Mn substitution for partial Fe in RFe 11Ti on structure and magnetic properties of compounds was researched. RFe 7Mn 4Ti samples (R=Y,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er) were prepared by means of vacuum arc-melting and subsequent vacuum annealing. The structure and magnetic properties of RFe 7Mn 4Ti compounds were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and magnetic measurements. The following conclusions were obtained: all the RFe tMn 4Ti compounds crystallize in the ThMn 12-type structure. The lattice constants and the unit-cell volume changed with the increase of atomic number for R=Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er. The compensation characters appear for the DyFe 7Mn 4Ti and HoFe 7Mn 4Ti compounds, and the compensation temperatures were about 123 K and 90 K, respectively. The Curie temperature, the saturation magnetization, and saturation moment of RFe 7Mn 4Ti compounds were given.

Structure and magnetic properties of RFe7Mn4Ti compounds with R=Y, Tb, Dy,Ho, and Er

The effect of Mn substitution for partial Fe in RFe 11Ti on structure and magnetic properties of compounds was researched. RFe 7Mn 4Ti samples (R=Y,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er) were prepared by means of vacuum arc-melting and subsequent vacuum annealing. The structure and magnetic properties of RFe 7Mn 4Ti compounds were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction and magnetic measurements. The following conclusions were obtained: all the RFe tMn 4Ti compounds crystallize in the ThMn 12-type structure. The lattice constants and the unit-cell volume changed with the increase of atomic number for R=Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, and Er. The compensation characters appear for the DyFe 7Mn 4Ti and HoFe 7Mn 4Ti compounds, and the compensation temperatures were about 123 K and 90 K, respectively. The Curie temperature, the saturation magnetization, and saturation moment of RFe 7Mn 4Ti compounds were given.

Structural and Magnetic Properties of the New Type of Rare Earth-Iron-Nitrogen Intermetallic Compounds

We succeed in inserting a number of nitrogen atoms into the R_2Fe_(17)and RTiFe_(11)intermetallic compounds.The nitrides retain original Th_2Zn_(17)(or Th_2Ni_(17_)and ThMn_(12)structures,but with an increase in the unit cell volume.The interstitial nitrogen atoms are found to have an effect of increasing the Curie tempera- ture and saturation magnetization.Moreover,a distinct effect on the magnetocrystalline anisotropy is also ob- served in these nitride compounds.Especially,NdTiFe_(11)N_(0.5)and SmTiFe_(11)N_2 have excellent intrinsic magnetic properties favourable for permanent magnet applications.

Effect of chromium substitution on structural, electrical and magnetic properties of NiZn ferrites

Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2-xCrxO4(0≤x≤0.5)ferrites were successfully prepared by conventional solid state reaction method to investigate the effect of chromium substitution on the structural,electrical and magnetic properties.X-ray powder diffraction results demonstrate that all the prepared samples are well crystallized single-phase spinel structures without secondary phase.As chromium concentration increases,the lattice parameter and crystallite size gradually decrease.The magnetic measurement indicates that saturation magnetization is substantially suppressed by Cr3+doping,changing from 73.5 A·m2/kg at x=0 to 46.3 A·m2/kg at x=0.5.While the room-temperature electrical resistivity is more than four orders of magnitude enhanced by Cr3+substitution,reaching up to 1.1×108Ω·cm at x=0.5.The dielectric constant monotonously decreases with rising frequency for these ferrites,showing a normal dielectric dispersion behavior.The compositional dependence of dielectric constant is inverse with that of electrical resistivity,which originates from the reduced Fe2+/Fe3+electric dipole number by doping,indicating inherent correlation between polarization and conduction mechanism in ferrite.

Preparation, Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of NiZn Ferrite Thin Films by Spin Spray Plating

NiZn ferrite thin fihns were performed on glass substrates of 85 ℃ by spin spray plating method. X-ray diffraction patterns of the films show that the samples have a cubic spinel structure with no extra lines corresponding to any other phases between 75 ℃ and 85 ℃. As the pH value of oxidizing solution increases to 8.3, the saturation magnetization increases to 3.13 × 10^5 A/m and resistivity to 127 m Ω ·cm. Film deposited at pH 7.8 has a smooth surface and definite columnar structure. The large wavy flakes were observed at pH 8.3. The high real part of complex permeability μ′ up to 36.1 and the imaginary part μ″ up to 53.2 were observed at 0.5 GHz by short microstrip line perturbation method. The μ″ of thin film has values higher than 20 at the frequencies between 0.5 GHz and 2 GHz, the film is a promising anti-noise material for high frequency applications,

MAGNETIC PROPERTY OF BINDER IN WC-Co CEMENTED CARBIDES

Tianjin Institute of Hard Alloy,Tianjin 300222,China ABSTRACT The effects of solutes of wolfram and carbon on specific saturation magnetization(4πσ)of cobalt have been examined on the basis of the measurement of Ana for hexagonal typeα-Co and cubic typeβ-Co.The Co-W-C solid solution simulative alloys have been fabricated according to binder composition in WC-Co cemented carbides and the effect of its component and structure on its Ana has been discussed too.It is pointed out that the Co phase structural factor must be considered as measuring the Ana of WC-Co cemented carbides.

FACILE HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS AND GROWTH KINETICS OF Fe-BASED MAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES

The facile hydrothennal method was used to synthesize Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average diameter of 1 1nm. The pure body-centered cubic （bcc）-Fe nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles powder in H2 atmosphere. The structure, morphology and magnetic＇properties of the products were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, thermogravimetric analysis-differential scanning calorimetry （TGA-DSC） and vibrating sample magnetometer （VSM）. The results showed that the as-prepared Fe3O4 nanoparticles had a relatively homogeneous size. The particle diameters became bigger with the increase of reaction time. The growth kinetics of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was also briefly discussed. The products exhibited superparamagnetic properties at room temperature and the specific saturation magnetization was dependent on the particle sizes.

PREPARATION OF Fe/Ni MULTILAYER FILMS AND THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES

FeNi multilayer films were prepared by EB-PVD technique. A modified TG-DSC apparatus was used to measure their Curie temperatures, which were around 7600C, lower than that of pure Fe thin films. The easy magnetization axis was in-plane. High temperature annealing in vacuum decreased the coercivity sharply. The saturation magnetization also changed with heat treatment. After annealing at the temperature equal to the substrate temperature during deposition, the saturation magnetization decreased.

EFFECT OF Si CONTENT ON ORDERING DEGREE AND ELECTROMAGNETIC CHARACTERISTICS IN FeSiAl ALLOYS

FeSiAl alloys ribbons synthesized by melt-quench were annealed in vacuum at 873 K for 60 rain. The flaky powders were prepared by milling the annealed ribbons for 70 h. After milling, the powders were heat treated at 573 K for 90 rain. The ordering degree of the powders lattice structure was analyzed by X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The measurement of specific saturation magnetization was carried out by vibrating samples magnetometer （VSM）. Complex permittivity and complex permeability in the frequency band of 0.5-18 GHz were measured with the vector network analyzer. The ordering degree of the superlattice structure increased from 0.2＇7 to 0.49. Complex permittivity and complex permeability decreased with increasing Si content. After ordering, the specific saturation magnetization decreased from 134.2 to 85.0 A.m2.kg-1. For use in anti-EMI material, the total contents of Si and Al in FeSiAl alloys should be controlled at a low level.

Magnetic properties of Sn-substituted Ni-Zn ferrites synthesized from nano-sized powders of NiO, ZnO, Fe_2O_3, and SnO_2

A series of Ni_（0.6-x/2）Zn_（0.4-x/2）Sn_xFe_2O_4（x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, and 0.3）（NZSFO） ferrite composities have been synthesized from nano powders using a standard solid state reaction technique. The spinel cubic structure of the investigated samples has been confirmed by x-ray diffraction（XRD）. The magnetic properties such as saturation magnetization（M_s）,remanent magnetization（M_r）, coercive field（H_c）, and Bohr magneton（μ） are calculated from the hysteresis loops. The value of M_s is found to decrease with increasing Sn content in the samples. This change is successfully explained by the variation of A-B interaction strength due to Sn substitution in different sites. The compositional stability and quality of the prepared ferrite composites have also been endorsed by the fairly constant initial permeability（μ＇） over a wide range of frequency. The decreasing trend of μ＇ with increasing Sn content has been observed. Curie temperature TChas been found to increase with the increase in Sn content. A wide spread frequency utility zone indicates that the NZSFO can be considered as a good candidate for use in broadband pulse transformers and wide band read-write heads for video recording. The composition of x = 0.05 shows unusual results and the possible reason is also mentioned with the established formalism.

STRUCTURAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF Ho_2AlFe_(16x) Mn_xCOMPOUNDS

tructuraland magnetic propertiesof Ho2 AlFe16 x Mnx( x= 0 8) compoundshave been in vestigated by means of x ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. Thecompoundshave a hexagonal Th2 Ni17 typestructure. With increasing x,the unit cell volumes have a smallincreaseinitially,followed by a greaterlinearincrease. The Curietemperatureandthe saturation magnetization of these compounds show marvelous drop with increasing x. The valuesofJRTofthecompoundsfor x =2 ,3 , and 4 are given.

Magnetic Anisotropy of Mechanically Alloyed Fe_(25) Ni_(75) Nanocrystallites

The magnetic anisotropy of Fe 25 Ni 75 nanocrystallites in the range of 10～20 nm was measured by the law of approach to saturation. The samples were prepared by mechanical alloying process, and the average crystal size was determined by X ray diffraction. The effective magnetic anisotropy of these fine particles is found in an order of 10 6 erg/cm 3 that is much greater than that of normal crystal size of particles. The dependence of magnetic anisotropy on the particle size was studied. It has been demonstrated that the strain anisotropy occupies the most of the total magnetic anisotropy, and the internal strain is a critical factor for their magnetic properties.

Structural and Magnetic Studies of CTAC-assisted NiZn Ferrite Films within 0.1-3.5 GHz

Spinel NiZn ferrite thin films were prepared on glass substrates by spray plating method. Adding cetyltrimethylammoniumchloride （CTAC）, adsorptive energy of substrate surface increased, and smooth surface and uniform columnar film structures were observed. The optimum reaction temperature up to 85℃ and pH up to 7.5 were obtained. As the solution pH value increases from 6.5 to 7.5, the film saturation magnetization increases to 36.1 and the imaginary part μ″ up to 53.2 for NiZn ferrite film at 500 MHz were achieved, and higher magnetic resonance at 508 MHz was observed. As the ferrite plate thickness is 50 μm, the attenuating characteristics for reflection loss ≤-0.8 dB can be obtained in the wide frequency ranging from 0.5 to 2.7 GHz. Theμ″ of thin film has values higher than 20 at the frequencies between 0.5 and 2 GHz, and the thin film can be applied as shielding material in GHz range.