Schlieren成像和声场可视化

Schlieren技术是利用声场引起透明媒质光折射率的变化而实现声场可视化的光学成像技术。它具有对声场无干扰、快速、瞬态成像的特点。本文利用二维光学Fourier变换分析了Schlieren技术的成像原理,在采用连续激光和高速ICCD的Schlieren成像系统中,实验研究了平面波声场和线聚焦声场中换能器光学校准方法和声压的定量检测技术。发展声场瞬态和动态成像技术,观测了声波的聚焦过程和固-液界面的声场分布和变化。这些结果表明Schlieren技术是一种有效的声场可视化和定量检测的光学成像技术。

Reconstruction of the Unsteady Supersonic Flow around a Spike Using the Colored Background Oriented Schlieren Technique

In this paper, the improved Background Oriented Schlieren technique called CBOS (Colored Background Oriented Schlieren) is described and used to reconstruct the density fields of three-dimensional flows. The Background Oriented Schlieren technique (BOS) allows the measurement of the light deflection caused by density gradients in a compressible flow. For this purpose the distortion of the image of a background pattern observed through the flow is used. In order to increase the performance of the conventional Background Oriented Schlieren technique, the monochromatic background is replaced by a colored dot pattern. The different colors are treated separately using suitable correlation algorithms. Therefore, the precision and the spatial resolution can be highly increased. Furthermore a special arrangement of the different colored dot patterns in the background allows astigmatism in the region with high density gradients to be overcome. For the first time an algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is then used to reconstruct the density field of unsteady flows around a spike-tipped model from CBOS measurements. The obtained images reveal the interaction between the free-stream flow and the high-pressure region in front of the model, which leads to large-scale instabilities in the flow.

Density and temperature reconstruction of a flame-induced distorted flow field based on background-oriented schlieren(BOS) technique

An experimental system based on the background-oriented schlieren（BOS） technique is built to reconstruct the density and temperature distribution of a flame-induced distorted flow field which has a density gradient. The cross-correlation algorithm with sub-pixel accuracy is introduced and used to calculate the background-element displacement of a disturbed image and a fourth-order difference scheme is also developed to solve the Poisson equation. An experiment for a disturbed flow field caused by a burning candle is performed to validate the built BOS system and the results indicate that density and temperature distribution of the disturbed flow field can be reconstructed accurately. A notable conclusion is that in order to make the reconstructed results have a satisfactory accuracy, the inquiry step length should be less than the size of the interrogation window.

THE CALCULATION OF THE DENSITY FIELD FROM AXISYMMETRIC SCHLIEREN INTERFEROGRAMS BY THE IMAGE PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

The schlieren interferograms used to be analyzed in a qualitative way. In this paper, by means of the powerful computational ability and the large memory of computer; the image processing method is investigated for the digitalization of an axisymmetric schlieren interferogram and the determination of the density field. This method includes the 2-D low-pass filtering, the thinning of interferometric fringes, the extraction of physical information and the numerical integration of the density field. The image processing results show that the accuracy of the quantitative analysis of the schlieren interferogram can be improved and a lot of time can be saved in dealing with optical experimental results. Therefore, the algorithm used here is useful and efficient.

Quantitative Flow Visualization by Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry and Pitot Pressure Measurements for Leek Peeler Nozzle Jets

To optimize the leek peeling performance, a new nozzle has been developed in which the nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.68, an inner diameter of 2.0 mm at the throat, and an inner diameter of 2.3 mm at the exit. Experiments have been conducted over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 3.0 to 6.0. Flow field issued from the new nozzle is quantitatively visualized by the rainbow schlieren deflectometry and compared with that from a conventional nozzle. Density fields in the free jets are reconstructed by the Abel inversion method for the schlieren images with the horizontal rainbow filter. The density values at the exit of the conventional nozzle obtained by the rainbow schlieren are compared with the analytical results by the flow model proposed in the past. In addition, Pitot probe surveys along the jet centerline were made to obtain the impact pressure distributions. The Mach number and velocity distributions along the jet centerline are obtained from a combination of the density and Pitot pressure data to clarify the fundamental flow structure of leek peeler nozzle jets.

Application of Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry for Jets from Round Laval Nozzles Followed by Cylindrical Ducts

The jet from a round Laval nozzle followed by a cylindrical duct with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 50 mm is investigated experimentally. The Laval nozzle has a design Mach number of 1.5. Quantitative flow visualization of the jet issued from the duct exit is performed over a range of nozzle pressure ratios from 2.0 to 4.5 using the rainbow schlieren deflectometry combined with the computed tomography to investigate the jet three-dimensional structure. The flow features of the near-field shock systems in the jets are displayed with the density contour plot at the cross-section including the jet centerline. Effects of the nozzle pressure ratio on the density profile along the jet centerline are clarified quantitatively. In addition, a comparison between the present experiment and the previous one with a conventional Laval nozzle for jet centerline density profiles is carried out to examine the effect of the cylindrical duct. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structures of overexpanded and underexpanded jets are demonstrated with the isopycnic surfaces to visualize the internal flow features.

Multi-Schlieren CT Measurements of Supersonic Microjets from Circular and Square Micro Nozzles

Instantaneous three-dimensional (3D) density distributions of a shock-cell structure of perfectly and imperfectly expanded supersonic microjets escaping into an ambient space are measured. For the 3D observation of supersonic microjets, non-scanning 3D computerized tomography (CT) technique using a 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system with flashlight source is employed for simultaneous schlieren photography. The 3D density distributions data of the microjets are obtained by 3D-CT reconstruction of the projection’s images using maximum likelihood-expectation maximization. Axisymmetric convergent-divergent (Laval) circular and square micro nozzles with operating nozzle pressure ratio 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.67, and 3.5 have been studied. This study examines perfectly expanded, overexpanded, and underexpanded supersonic microjets issued from micro nozzles with fully expanded jet Mach numbers Mj ranging from 1.47 - 1.71, where the design Mach number is Md = 1.5. A complex phenomenon for free square microjets called axis switching is clearly observed with two types “upright” and “diagonal” of “cross-shaped”. The initial axis-switching is 45° within the first shock-cell range. In addition, from the symmetry and diagonal views of square microjets for the first shock-cells, two different patterns of shock waves are viewed. The shock-cell spacing and supersonic core length for all nozzle pressure ratios are investigated and reported.

Two-channel model based adaptive schlieren detection algorithm for BOS system

A schlieren detection algorithm is proposed for the ground-to-air background oriented schlieren(BOS) system to achieve high-speed airplane shock waves visualization. The proposed method consists of three steps. Firstly, image registration is incorporated for reducing errors caused by the camera motion.Then, the background subtraction dual-model single Gaussian model(BS-DSGM) is proposed to build a precise background model. The BS-DSGM could prevent the background model from being contaminated by the shock waves. Finally, the twodimensional orthogonal discrete wavelet transformation is used to extract schlieren information and averaging schlieren data. Experimental results show our proposed algorithm is able to detect the aircraft in-flight and to extract the schlieren information. The precision of schlieren detection algorithm is 0.96. Three image quality evaluation indices are chosen for quantitative analysis of the shock waves visualization. The white Gaussian noise is added in the frames to validate the robustness of the proposed algorithm.Moreover, we adopt two times and four times down sampling to simulate different imaging distances for revealing how the imaging distance affects the schlieren information in the BOS system.

Schlieren Visualization of Acoustic Propagation Characteristics in a One-Dimensional Phononic Crystal

The acoustic propagation characteristics of a finite one-dimensional water-glass phononic crystal(PC)are studied using the Schlieren visualization method,which is fast and non-invasive.The band structures of this PC are measured experimentally with continuous acoustic waves incident on it using the Schlieren method,and the results are highly consistent with the theoretical calculations.The dynamic acoustic field in the PC at different frequencies is imaged and the resonance phenomena in the components of the PC are observed.The results show that the Schlieren method is an effective means of studying the interactions between acoustic waves and PCs.

Schlieren Visualization of M arangoni Effect in Gas-Liquid Systems

This paper is focused on the Marangoni effect in the gas-liquid mass transfer systems. A series of experiments were conducted to observe Marangoni effect by a laser Schlieren system. Experimental investigations of the occurrence of Marangoni convection were presented. The typical polygonal patterns and even the reaching of chaotic interfacial flow were observed. The visual evidences were discussed and the characteristic time and scale of Marangoni convection were obtained approximately as 0. 5 s and 1 mm according to the Schlieren images. From the perspective of hydrodynamic instability, the mechanism of the Marangoni convection was investigated. Though many external factors have influence on the interfacial instability, the local surface-tension gradient is the primary reason for the Marangoni convection. The small-scale interfacial flow increases the surface renewal rate. Consequently. due to the occurrence of the Marangoni effect, the mass transfer rate can be significantly enhanced.

Quantitative Schlieren Image-Noise Reduction Using Inverse Process and Multi-Path Integration

This report deals with introducing two new techniques based on a novel concept of complex brightness gradient in quantitative schlieren images, “inverse process” and “multi-path integration” for image-noise reduction. Noise in schlieren images affects the projections (density thickness) images of computerized tomography (CT). One spot noise in the schlieren image appears in a line shape in the density thickness image. Noise effect like an infectious disease spreads from a noisy pixel to the next pixel in the direction of single-path integration. On the one hand, the noise in the schlieren image reduces the quality of the image and quantitative analysis and is undesirable;on the other it is unavoidable. Therefore, the importance of proper noise reduction techniques seems essential and tangible. In the present report, a novel technique “multi-path integration” is proposed for noise reduction in projections images of CT. Multi-path integration is required the schlieren brightness gradient in two orthogonal directions. The 20-directional quantitative schlieren optical system presents only images of schlieren brightness in the horizontal gradient and another 20-directional optical system seems necessary to obtain vertical schlieren brightness gradient, simultaneously. Using the “inverse process”, a new technique enables us to obtain vertical schlieren brightness gradient from horizontal experimental data without the necessity of a new optical system and can be used for obtaining any optional directions of schlieren brightness gradient.

Temperature Field Reconstruction in High-Temperature Gas by Using the Colored Background Oriented Schlieren Method

A 3D temperature field reconstruction method using the colored background oriented schlieren(CBOS)method is proposed to address image blurring due to the different refractive index of the multi-wavelength light and significant errors produced when the traditional background oriented schlieren(BOS)method is applied to high-temperature gas.First,the traditional method is employed to reconstruct the non-uniform 3D temperature field.Second,the CBOS method is applied to correct the distortion.Then,by analyzing the correlation coefficient among different color points of the colored background pattern,the non-uniform temperature field is reconstructed much more accurately.Finally,the experimental results are verified by applying the Runge-Kutta ray-tracing method and the thermocouple contact measurement method.The maximum average temperature error of the CBOS-reconstructed temperature field is 12.92°C,compared with the thermocouples.Therefore,an accurate three-dimensional reconstruction of the temperature field can be achieved by the proposed method effectively.

A NEW SCHLIEREN TEXTURE IN NEMATIC STATE OF A THERMOTRORIC AROMATIC COPOLYRSTER

A schlieren texture with six dark brushes emanating from a point and a closed inversion wall have been observed under polarizing optical microscope in nematic state of a thermotropic aromatic copolyester, which have not been reported so far in the field of liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs).

Characteristics of Laser Produced Plasmas Obtained by Fast ICCD Photography, Schlieren Photography and Optical Emission Spectroscopy

Pulsed laser produced plasmas(LPP)are important for industrial applications and fundamental researches,and their complex,multi-physical and cross-chemical processes need to be investigated more comprehensively.In this work,images of the luminous plasma,the spatial density distribution,and the plasma parameters are experimentally investigated by using fast ICCD photography,schlieren photography,and optical emission spectroscopy.Plasmas are produced by a 1 064 nm,15 ns Nd:YAG laser.Free expanding and splitting phenomena are observed in vacuum(at the pressure of about 1×10 3Pa)and air(at the pressure of 20 Pa)using fast photography,respectively.Meanwhile,shock waves formed in the atmospheric laser produced plasma are visualized by schlieren photography.The formation of shock waves is interpreted with the Sedov-Taylor theory,and an averaged expansion velocity about 375 m/s of the shock waves is estimated during 200～1 000 ns.Atmospheric air is found to have significant confinement effects on the plasma expansions compared to that in vacuum or low pressure ambient.Based on the optical emission spectroscopy,after 1 000 ns,at 0.6 mm above the target,the plasma temperature is about 7 800 K and the electron number density is approximately 0.64×1016cm-3.

Schlieren方法中的二维空间滤波效应

在分析一维Ｓｃｈｌｉｅｒｅｎ方法不能有效显示二维弱位相分布的基础上，为有效地显示二维位相梯度分布，构造了几类二维直角空间滤波函数，并分别计算了它们的滤波效应．结果表明几类二维空间滤波都可以较大的衬度同时显示二维弱位相梯度分布，且不同形式的二维空间滤波对像面强度分布的“直流”分量有影响．

Investigate the Wake Flow on Houseflies with Particle-Tracking-Velocimetry and Schlieren Photography

Utilizing high-speed schlieren photography and particle-tracking-velocimetry,the wake flow of tethered houseflies is investigated.The high-speed schlieren photography is implemented on tethered houseflies inside an air container with a stable vertical temperature gradient to visualize the disturbed wake flow from the insects.The resulting photography images were then processed with the physics based optical flow method to derive the light-path averaged flow velocity.Additionally,the state of the art:Shake-the-Box system is implemented on a tethered housefly to measure the volumetric flow field in the wake of the insect,revealing interesting flow behavior and structures that can also be observed and correlated to the schlieren photography images.Comparing the dimensionless velocity magnitude of the wake flow from the two experiments,a good qualitative agreement is reached,suggesting the viability of high-speed schlieren photography in investigating the wake flow of small insects.Furthermore,the high-speed schlieren photography is successfully applied on a housefly that is taking off from the ground,visualizing the disturbed wake flow on the freely flying insect that is challenging to visualize with other methods.

Oblique shock train motion based on schlieren image processing

In this paper,shock train motion in a Mach number 2.7 duct is studied experimentally,and large numbers of schlieren images are obtained by a high-speed camera.An image processing method based on Maximum Correlation Detection(MCD)is proposed to detect shock train motion from the schlieren images,based on which the key structures,e.g.,separation positions and separation shock angles on the top and bottom walls,can be analysed in detail.The oscillations of the shock train are generated by rhombus and ellipse shafts at various excitation frequencies.According to the analysis of MCD results,the distributions of the frequency components of shock train oscillation generated by the two shafts are distinctly different,in which the motion generated by the ellipse shaft is much smoother;shock train motion is mainly characterized by the oscillation of separation position while the separation shock strength is not so sensitive to downstream disturbance;there is a hysteresis loop relation between the downstream pressure and separation position.

障碍物数量对含尘瓦斯爆炸特性影响的试验和数值模拟研究

为探究含尘瓦斯爆炸条件下不同数量障碍物的激励效应,运用中尺度激波管道和激光纹影系统,对比不同数量障碍物影响下含尘瓦斯爆炸的火焰传播和压力变化,分析爆炸流场结构的变化。通过数值模拟软件Fluent模拟含尘瓦斯爆炸,对试验结论进行补充说明。结果表明,障碍物对爆炸火焰的加速作用在单一瓦斯参与下更加强烈。煤尘的加入使得流场湍流度增大,混合爆炸释放更多能量,激波强度增大,爆炸压力提升。障碍物对火焰的影响仅在其附近有效,障碍物下游最大超压明显提升。随障碍物数量的增加,激波反复振荡、叠加,使得压力升高,湍流度增加,火焰形成射流并加速燃烧。火焰传播速度和最大超压与障碍物数量呈正相关关系。

大口径爆炸激波管出口冲击波流场图像测量

为了获取大视场下爆炸冲击波的纹影图像以及冲击波与被测模型相互作用后的流场演化特征,开展了基于聚焦纹影的反射式高速纹影测试。利用激光光源和高反射膜建立了系统所需的光源输入,并通过简化刀口栅设计,实现了远距离大口径爆炸激波管出口冲击波流场图像演化特征以及与固体模型相互作用的高时空分辨特征。研究结果表明,设计的聚焦式反射纹影系统在80 m以上距离处获取了大口径大当量爆炸激波管出口处6 m×3 m视场的冲击波特征,以及与固体相互作用的高时空分辨图像和状态数据;相比传统聚焦纹影系统,该系统具有结构简单、可实现性强、测试距离远,覆盖视场大等特点;通过设计不同光源输入,探讨了激光光源在远距离拍摄中的优势;通过冲击波阵面与固体模型的相互作用特征,揭示了冲击波作用于被测固体模型后的形成、演化和绕流状态。该测量结果能够为武器装备在受到冲击波作用后的状态评估和响应特性分析提供直观的图像数据支撑。

光学测试平台在气体电弧测试中的应用研究

断路器是保障电力网络安全和可靠的重要设备,气体断路器开断电流时产生开关电弧,燃弧过程是一个时间尺度毫秒级且伴有复杂物理、化学反应的高温暂态过程。受其高温、瞬态特性的制约,在对开断过程气体电弧的研究中,可成熟应用于关键参数测量的方法相对有限。为构建更为精准可靠的电弧模型并开展相关计算,需要获得电弧等离子体在不同条件下的行为机理和关键微观参数,因此需对气体电弧微观参数的测试技术进行进一步的研究。该研究基于XIHARI气体电弧关键参数测试平台,介绍了纹影法和发射光谱法在电弧测试装置上的应用,对比了不同测试方法的原理和适用范围并搭建了相应的光学测试平台,为光学诊断方法在气体断路器开断过程燃弧机理和行为模式研究的应用提供了参考与支撑。