Aperiodic stochastic resonance in Schmitt trigger

By the use of cross-correlation measures, the response of a symmetric Schmitt trigger (ST) driven by a random binary signal and white Gaussian noise is investigated. The results show that the information transmission can be enhanced when a certain amount of noise is presented, i.e., aperiodic stochastic resonance (ASR). Then, the influence of signal amplitude and the ST threshold on ASR is examined, the applicability of the ST in reducing the noise level of random signal transmission and improving the quality of output signal via ASR effect is illustrated. This research is of great interest in the field of digital communications.

一种可配置Schmitt trigger IO设计

国防设备中使用的各种电子器件通常面临着极其复杂的电磁环境,其特点是温度变化比较大,工作电压波动大。噪声干扰会在很大程度上影响这些器件的工作。Schmitt trigger IO可以有效地解决这种复杂环境中IO的抗噪声问题。不同的应用环境中,相同的IO面临的噪声强度也不相同,有些环境中高电平的噪声大,有些环境中低电平噪声大。因此,一种可配置的、可单独调整VIH和VIL的Schmitt trigger IO可以满足单一芯片在不同应用环境中适应不同噪声干扰的要求。

Novel Schmitt Trigger with Wide Temperature Range

A novel Schmitt trigger circuit, implemented by a reset-set （RS） trigger and two simple distinct inverters, is proposed. Its trigger levels are determined by two Complementary Metal- Oxide-Semiconductor （CMOS） inverters. Contrast with traditional six transistors Schmitt trigger, its temperature and supply voltage characteristics have been analyzed. These two triggers are applied into relaxation oscillator and the result shows that the proposed one in this paper has better performance over wide temperature range, whose temperature coefficient from 0 to 85℃ is 1/5 of the traditional one.

Spatiotemporal deformation characteristics of Outang landslide and identification of triggering factors using data mining

Since the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)in 2003,numerous slopes have experienced noticeable movement or destabilization owing to reservoir level changes and seasonal rainfall.One case is the Outang landslide,a large-scale and active landslide,on the south bank of the Yangtze River.The latest monitoring data and site investigations available are analyzed to establish spatial and temporal landslide deformation characteristics.Data mining technology,including the two-step clustering and Apriori algorithm,is then used to identify the dominant triggers of landslide movement.In the data mining process,the two-step clustering method clusters the candidate triggers and displacement rate into several groups,and the Apriori algorithm generates correlation criteria for the cause-and-effect.The analysis considers multiple locations of the landslide and incorporates two types of time scales:longterm deformation on a monthly basis and short-term deformation on a daily basis.This analysis shows that the deformations of the Outang landslide are driven by both rainfall and reservoir water while its deformation varies spatiotemporally mainly due to the difference in local responses to hydrological factors.The data mining results reveal different dominant triggering factors depending on the monitoring frequency:the monthly and bi-monthly cumulative rainfall control the monthly deformation,and the 10-d cumulative rainfall and the 5-d cumulative drop of water level in the reservoir dominate the daily deformation of the landslide.It is concluded that the spatiotemporal deformation pattern and data mining rules associated with precipitation and reservoir water level have the potential to be broadly implemented for improving landslide prevention and control in the dam reservoirs and other landslideprone areas.

Dynamically triggered seismicity on a tectonic scale:A review

Earthquakes triggered by dynamic disturbances have been confirmed by numerous observations and experiments.In the past several decades,earthquake triggering has attracted increasing attention of scholars in relation to exploring the mechanism of earthquake triggering,earthquake prediction,and the desire to use the mechanism of earthquake triggering to reduce,prevent,or trigger earthquakes.Natural earthquakes and large‐scale explosions are the most common sources of dynamic disturbances that trigger earthquakes.In the past several decades,some models have been developed,including static,dynamic,quasi‐static,and other models.Some reviews have been published,but explosiontriggered seismicity was not included.In recent years,some new results on earthquake triggering have emerged.Therefore,this paper presents a new review to reflect the new results and include the content of explosion‐triggered earthquakes for the reference of scholars in this area.Instead of a complete review of the relevant literature,this paper primarily focuses on the main aspects of dynamic earthquake triggering on a tectonic scale and makes some suggestions on issues that need to be resolved in this area in the future.

Trigger转座子衍生蛋白1对肝癌细胞生长的影响

细胞周期失调是肿瘤重要的标志之一,生物信息学分析结果表明,Trigger转座子衍生蛋白1(TIGD1)在临床肝癌组织中高表达且与细胞周期相关,但相关机制未知。为了探究TIGD1调控肝癌细胞生长的具体机制,首先,利用shRNA质粒构建靶向敲低TIGD1的肝癌细胞系Hep3B,并分析TIGD1敲低对肝癌细胞生长的影响,结果表明细胞生长受阻;接着,通过细胞流式技术分析TIGD1敲低对肝癌细胞周期进程的影响,结果显示,TIGD1敲低的Hep3B细胞系的细胞周期进程主要阻滞于G2/M期;然后,通过免疫沉淀(IP)实验验证TIGD1可能发生相互结合的蛋白分子,结果表明,TIGD1可能与Aurora激酶相互作用蛋白1(AURKAIP1)存在相互结合,进一步的Co-IP实验证实了TIGD1和AURKAIP1之间的相互作用。已知AURKAIP1可调控Aurora激酶A(AURKA)的蛋白酶体降解途径,AURKA是一种有丝分裂调控蛋白,与细胞周期进程密切相关。文中进一步探究TIGD1对AURKA蛋白水平的影响,实验结果表明,在TIGD1敲低的情况下,AURKA在Hep3B细胞系中的蛋白水平明显下调,mRNA水平没有明显变化。综上所述,TIGD1可能通过调控AURKA在肝癌细胞中的转录后水平来影响细胞周期进程,从而影响肝癌的发生发展。

Byzantine Robust Federated Learning Scheme Based on Backdoor Triggers

Federated learning is widely used to solve the problem of data decentralization and can provide privacy protectionfor data owners. However, since multiple participants are required in federated learning, this allows attackers tocompromise. Byzantine attacks pose great threats to federated learning. Byzantine attackers upload maliciouslycreated local models to the server to affect the prediction performance and training speed of the global model. Todefend against Byzantine attacks, we propose a Byzantine robust federated learning scheme based on backdoortriggers. In our scheme, backdoor triggers are embedded into benign data samples, and then malicious localmodels can be identified by the server according to its validation dataset. Furthermore, we calculate the adjustmentfactors of local models according to the parameters of their final layers, which are used to defend against datapoisoning-based Byzantine attacks. To further enhance the robustness of our scheme, each localmodel is weightedand aggregated according to the number of times it is identified as malicious. Relevant experimental data showthat our scheme is effective against Byzantine attacks in both independent identically distributed (IID) and nonindependentidentically distributed (non-IID) scenarios.

Stress triggering effect on the 2022 Honghe M_(S)5.0 earthquake with historical strong earthquakes

The 2022 Honghe M_(S)5.0 seismic event is intriguing due to its occurrence in the south of the Red River Fault,an area historically lacking seismic activities greater than M_(S)5.0.To elucidate the seismogenic mechanism and scrutinize stress-triggered interactions,we calculated co-seismic and post-seismic Coulomb stress alterations induced by nine historical seismic events(M≥6.0).The analysis reveals that these substantial seismic events provoked co-seismic stress augmentations of 1.409 bar and postseismic stress increments of 0.159 bar.Noteworthy seismic events,such as the 1833 Songming,1877Shiping,1913 Eshan,and 1970 Tonghai earthquakes,catalyzed the occurrence of the Honghe earthquake.Areas of heightened future seismic risk include the southern region of the Red River Fault and the eastern segments of the Shiping-Jianshui and Qujiang faults.Additionally,we assessed the correlation between the spatial distribution of aftershocks and the Coulomb stress shift triggered by the mainshock,taking into account the influence of calculation parameter settings.

Characteristics and triggering mechanisms of early negative Indian Ocean Dipole

Negative Indian Ocean Dipole(nIOD)can exert great impacts on global climate and can also strongly influence the climate in China.Early nIOD is a major type of nIOD,which can induce more pronounced climate anomalies in summer than La Niña-related nIOD.However,the characteristics and triggering mechanisms of early nIOD are unclear.Our results based on reanalysis datasets indicate that the early nIOD and La Niña-related nIOD are the two major types of nIOD,and the former accounts for over one third of all the nIOD events in the past six decades.These two types of nIODs are similar in their intensities,but are different in their spatial patterns and seasonal cycles.The early nIOD,which develops in spring and peaks in summer,is one season earlier than the La Niña-related nIOD.The spatial pattern of the wind anomaly associated with early nIOD exhibits a winter monsoon-like pattern,with strong westerly anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean and eastly anomalies in the northern Indian Ocean.Opposite to the triggering mechanism of early positve IOD,the early nIOD is induced by delayed Indian summer monsoon onset.The results of this study are helpful for improving the prediction skill of IOD and its climate impacts.

A study of pulsed high voltage driven hollow-cathode electron beam sources through synchronous optical trigger

In this study,a pulsed,high voltage driven hollow-cathode electron beam sources through an optical trigger is designed with characteristics of simple structure,low cost,and easy triggering.To validate the new design,the characteristics of hollow-cathode discharge and electron beam characterization under pulsed high voltage drive are studied experimentally and discussed by discharge characteristics and analyses of waveform details,respectively.The validation experiments indicate that the pulsed high voltage supply significantly improves the frequency and stability of the discharge,which provides a new solution for the realization of a high-frequency,high-energy electron beam source.The peak current amplitude in the high-energy electron beam increases from 6.2 A to 79.6 A,which indicates the pulsed power mode significantly improves the electron beam performance.Besides,increasing the capacitance significantly affects the highcurrent,lower-energy electron beam more than the high-energy electron beam.

Mechanisms to explain soil liquefaction triggering,development,and persistence during an earthquake

Mechanisms have been proposed to explain the triggering,development,and persistence of soil liquefaction.The mechanism explaining the horizontal failure plane(triggering)and its depth below the phreatic surface is governed by the flux properties and effective stress at that plane.At the failure plane,the pore water pressure was higher than the effective stress,and the volume change was the highest.The pore water pressure is a function of the soil profile features(particularly the phreatic zone width)and bedrock motion(horizontal acceleration).The volume change at the failure plane is a function of the intrinsic permeability of the soil and bedrock displacement.The failure plane was predicted to occur during the oscillation with the highest amplitude,disregarding further bedrock motion,which was consistent with low seismic energy densities.Two mechanisms were proposed to explain the persistence of soil liquefaction.The first is the existence of low-permeability layers in the depth range in which the failure planes are predicted to occur.The other allows for the persistence and development of soil liquefaction;it is consistent with homogeneous soils and requires water inflow from bedrock water springs.The latter explains many of the features of soil liquefaction observed during earthquakes,namely,surficial effects,“instant”liquefaction,and the occurrence of short-and long-term changes in the level of the phreatic surfaces.This model(hypothesis),the relationship between the flux characteristics and loss of soil shear strength,provides self-consistent constraints on the depth below the phreatic surfaces where the failure planes are observed(expected to occur).It requires further experimental and observational evidence.Similar reasoning can be used to explain other saturated soil phenomena.

基于COCA语料库的动词Trigger的扩展意义单位研究

语言学习不仅涉及词法和句法,还需深入探索语境及其整体意义。本研究以COCA语料库为基础,通过分析动词“trigger”的词类联接、语义倾向及语境下的语义韵,研究其扩展意义单位。研究发现动词“trigger”具有广泛的搭配和用法,涉及多个领域,如自然灾害、健康、经济活动等。其类联接形式多样,并展现出多样的语义倾向,包括引发金钱事件、冲突、灾难、疾病等。此外,“trigger”的语义韵包括积极、中立和消极三种,它既可以用来表示积极地引发增长或变化,中立地表达引发某种活动或装置,也可以表示消极地表达引发某种活动或结果等。通过对“trigger”扩展意义的探究可帮助英语学习者深入明白并在正确的语境下使用“trigger”一词。Language learning involves not only morphology and syntax but also delves deeply into exploring context and its holistic meaning. Drawing upon the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), this study investigates the extended meaning unit of the verb “trigger” by analyzing its colligational patterns, semantic preferences, and semantic prosody within various contexts. The research reveals that the verb “trigger” boasts a wide range of collocations and usages, spanning multiple domains such as natural disasters, health, and economic activities. Its colligational patterns are diverse, manifesting a myriad of semantic inclinations, including eliciting monetary events, conflicts, disasters, diseases, and more. Furthermore, the semantic prosody of “trigger” encompasses three distinct categories: positive, neutral, and negative. It can be employed to signify the positive triggering of growth or change, neutrally express the activation of an activity or device, and negatively convey the initiation of an action or outcome. Exploring the extended meaning of “trigger” can help English-language learners understand and use the word “trigger” in the right context.

滞动针干预“激痛点”对肌筋膜疼痛综合征模型大鼠中枢镇痛的作用机制

背景:滞动针治疗肌筋膜疼痛综合征的镇痛效果显著,但镇痛机制尚不明确。目的:探索滞动针干预激痛点缓解肌筋膜疼痛综合征疼痛的作用机制。方法:按照随机数字表法将54只SD大鼠随机分为空白组(n=16)和造模组(n=38),造模组采用“打击结合离心运动”方式制备左侧股内侧肌筋膜疼痛综合征模型,造模12周后随机挑选6只验证造模成功,将剩余32只造模大鼠随机分为模型组(n=16)与滞动针组(n=16),使用滞动针对滞动针组大鼠左侧股内侧肌局部激痛点进行干预治疗,2次/周,治疗4周。造模前后及治疗后进行左足机械缩足阈值测定;治疗后第4周,苏木精-伊红染色观察大鼠左侧股内侧肌肌肉组织形态学变化,ELISA法检测血清和中脑导水管周围灰质中P物质、β-内啡肽水平,免疫组化检测中脑导水管周围灰质中小胶质细胞标志物(Iba-1)和c-fos阳性表达,Western Blot检测中脑导水管周围灰质脑源性神经营养因子蛋白表达。结果与结论:①与空白组比较,造模后模型组、滞动针组大鼠机械缩足阈值降低(P<0.05);治疗4周后,滞动针组大鼠机械缩足阈值高于模型组(P<0.05);②苏木精-伊红染色结果显示,模型组肌纤维排列紊乱、粗细不等,肌细胞增大并出现核内移现象,细胞内出现圆形挛缩结节以及紧张带;滞动针组肌纤维排列整齐,肌细胞多呈角状,细胞内偶见挛缩结节;③与空白组比较,模型组血清中P物质水平升高(P<0.05),血清中β-内啡肽及脑中P物质、β-内啡肽水平均降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,滞动针组血清中P物质水平降低(P<0.05),血清中β-内啡肽及脑中P物质、β-内啡肽水平均升高(P<0.05);④与空白组比较,模型组c-fos、Iba-1阳性表达及脑源性神经营养因子蛋白均升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,滞动针组c-fos阳性表达升高(P<0.05),Iba-1阳性表达及脑源性神经营养因子蛋白均降低(P<0.05);(5)结果表明,滞动针可能通过抑制中脑导水管周围灰质小胶质细胞的活性、下调脑源性神经营养因子蛋白表达间接促进小胶质细胞向M2表型极化释放β-内啡肽、增加c-fos神经元兴奋性,从而降低中枢致敏程度,有效缓解肌筋膜疼痛综合征疼痛的症状。

慢性肌筋膜触发点模型大鼠的尿液代谢组学分析

背景:慢性肌筋膜触发点通过非靶向代谢组学技术可识别差异性代谢物变化,有助于从内源性小分子代谢物层面理解并进一步探究慢性肌筋膜触发点的病理生理过程和发病机制。目的:以慢性肌筋膜触发点模型大鼠为研究对象,基于尿液代谢组学寻找潜在生物标志物及相关代谢通路。方法:将16只SD大鼠随机分为造模组和正常组,造模组大鼠采用钝性打击结合离心运动(跑台坡度为-16°,跑速为16 m/min,训练时间为90 min/次)方式建立慢性肌筋膜触发点动物模型,每周1次,连续干预8周,休息4周;正常组大鼠不做干预。12周造模结束后,采用代谢笼法收集大鼠造模后24 h尿液,利用液相色谱-质谱联用非靶向代谢组学技术对尿样进行代谢图谱检测,筛选出共同差异代谢物,并进行生物信息学分析。结果与结论:①与正常组相比,造模组有32个差异代谢标志物,其中上调21个、下调11个;依据变量权重值>3,共14个差异代谢物被认定为潜在生物标志物;②京都基因与基因组百科全书富集分析表明,慢性肌筋膜触发点的形成与初级胆汁酸生物合成、花生四烯酸代谢通路密切相关。

CMOS Schmitt触发器的设计与模拟

分析了普遍的六管CMOSSchmitt触发器管子宽长比设计公式,从触发器的工作原理出发指出了其不尽合理之处。根据I.M.Fianosky提出的触发器实际的阈值电平理论,考虑M2和M5两管对阈值电平的影响,提出了新的CMOSSchmitt触发器宽长比设计公式。举例说明了在一定的设计考虑和工艺条件下如何利用这一公式进行设计。

基于trigger对的蒙古语语言模型的三种实现方法比较

基于trigger对的长距离蒙古语语言模型采用统计方法进行自然语言建模。该文简要介绍了基于trigger对的长距离蒙古语语言模型的三种实现方法,并在汉语-蒙古语机器翻译系统测试了这三种方法的性能。该文旨在通过对三种模型的比较研究,为基于trigger对的长距离蒙古语语言模型的具体应用提供参考和依据。

黑斑口虾蛄(Oratosquilla Kempi Schmitt)配子发生的显微观察

观察黑斑口虾蛄Oratosquillakempi的精巢和卵巢 ,并对精、卵巢进行组织切片显微观察。结果表明 :黑斑口虾蛄的精巢由 1对很细的管状结构组成 ,精子发育可分为精原细胞、初级精母细胞、次级精母细胞、精子等期 ,精子圆球形 ,无鞭毛。卵巢分左、右两叶 ,对称且相互粘连。卵细胞为多黄卵 ,卵母细胞发育分为未发育期、卵黄形成前期、卵黄形成期和成熟期 4期 ;在卵黄形成前期形成大的生发泡。卵巢发育分为未发育期、发育早期、发育期、成熟前期、成熟期和产卵后期 6期。

移动IP技术中L2-Trigger方法研究

为了使移动 IP可满足实时应用 ,有文献提出采用二层触发器的方法提前触发三层切换 ,但是这些方法存在指示不准确、触发方法不明确等问题。为解决目前存在的这些问题 。

基于移动通信切换特性的L2-Trigger方法

有文献提出采用二层触发器提前触发三层切换的方法以适应移动IP中的实时应用,但是现有的方法存在指示不准确、触发方法不明确等问题。为此,给出了新的二层触发器方法,并给出具体的路由更新协议DRPR,从而消除了移动节点(MN)切换时的注册时延。

基于trigger对的长距离蒙古语语言模型的改进Katz平滑技术

数据平滑技术主要是用来解决统计语言模型在实际应用中数据稀疏问题,它是语言建模的核心技术,Katz平滑方法是应用最广泛的方法之一.本文对Katz平滑算法作了改进,使之应用于trigger对的平滑,并在汉语-蒙古语机器翻译系统实现了该算法,实验结果表明该技术可以提高翻译效果.