Application of wavelet to strength log from scratch test

This paper proposes a methodology to construct logs of rock strength from the cutting force signal recorded in scratch tests conducted in the ductile regime.The approach,which is based on the application of discrete wavelet transforms,recognizes the existence of two length scales[c and[r.The strength length scale[c represents the length over which it is meaningful to measure strength,while the repeatability length scale[r is related to the resolution at which the force signal must be observed to become insensitive to the stochastic micro-failure events triggered by the motion of the cutter.It is postulated that the original cutting force signal,assumed to be sampled at a high enough frequency,can be decomposed into a deterministic signal intrinsic to the rock and a stochastic one resulting from discrete rock failure events.The technique of multiresolution analysis based on the maximal overlap discrete wavelet transform is applied as a low-pass filter to the original cutting force signals so as to wipe out the high-frequency components associated with the stochastic rock failure events.A criterion to determine the optimum cutoff frequency of the low-pass filter and the corresponding repeatability length scale is discussed in terms of the correlation coefficients between different filtered signals.It is shown that the low-pass filtered signals obtained at the optimum cutoff frequency have two salient features:(i)repeatability over different tests conducted at the same depth of cut on the same sample,and(ii)variability along the cutting distance.The excellent repeatability reveals that the deterministic background trend of the original force signals is relevant to the rock strength property,and the variability of the background trend captures the spatial variation of the rock strength.

A method for predicting critical load evaluating adhesion of coatings in scratch testing

In this paper based on the experiment principle of evaluating adhesion property by scratch testing, the peeling mechanism of thin films is discussed by applying contact theory and surface physics theory. A mathematical model predicting the critical load is proposed for calculating critical load as determined byscratch testing. The factors for correctly evaluating adhesion of coatings according to the experimental data arediscussed.

Micro-scale Abrasion and Medium Load Multiple Scratch Tests of PVD Coatings

Micro-scale abrasion testing is widely used to determine the abrasion resistance of thin film coatings; it is a simple technique that can easily be used as part of a quality control procedure, but it has got the disadvantage of not allowing an easy study of the wear mechanisms involved: it is difficult to estimate the load applied on each abrasive particles in the contact between the loaded ball and the specimen. The possibility of using progressive loading scratch testing, a method widely used to assess the adhesion of thin film coatings, to model the abrasive wear of coatings has been studied in the past; the use of multiple scratch tests to study the wear mechanisms corresponding to a single abrasion scratch event has also been studied in the case of bulk materials (ceramics and hard metals). Two coatings, deposited by Closed Field Unbalanced Magnetron Sputter Ion Plating (CFUBMSIP) on ASP23 powder metallurgy steel substrate are chosen to be representative of the use of protective coatings in industry: titanium nitride, which is widely used to prevent tool wear, and TCL Graphit-iC?, which is widely used as a wear resistant solid lubricant coating. The two coatings are first characterised by using a standard quality control procedure: their thickness is determined by the cap grinding method, their adhesion by progressive loading scratch. Then micro-scale abrasion tests performed with a slurry at a concentration which promotes grooving wear, and medium load multiple scratch tests performed with diamond indenters are completed; the results of these tests are analysed and compared to determine if there is any correlation between the two sets of results; the multiple scratch tests wear tracks are also observed to determine the wear mechanisms involved.

Assessment of inherent heterogeneity effect on continuous mechanical properties of shale via uniaxial compression and scratch test methods

Shale reservoirs have been a significant focus of hydrocarbon production over the past few decades,and the mechanical assessment of target shale reservoirs has been critical to successful field operations,especially in hydraulic fracturing and well completions.The Unconfined compressive strength(UCS)and Poisson's ratio(ν)are critical mechanical properties in shale reservoir assessment.The estimation and measurement of shale mechanical properties are often erroneous by not accounting for their heterogeneous and pre-existing features,which yield variability of shale mechanical properties along their lithostratigraphy.Thus,there is a need to investigate the degree of correlation and accuracy in multiscale mechanical evaluations of heterogeneous shales,and the correlation between such micromechanical and macromechanical measurements.This study investigated the impact of inherent heterogeneity on the measurement of continuous micromechanical and macromechanical properties of shale reservoirs using scratch test(ST)and uniaxial compression test(UCT)methods,and the degree of correlation(correlation coefficient,r)of measurements in shale was further assessed for the variability of their measured properties.Shale core samples from three distinct shale formations were utilized and studied,and the core samples were subjected to ST and UCT,respectively.The results from this study showed that despite inherent heterogeneous anomalies and natural fractures in the shale samples analyzed,there is a good degree of correlation(UCS:r=0.73;ν:r=0.89)in the micro-and macro-mechanical properties of shales using two independent experimental tests(ST and UCT).This study provides insights for improving the accuracy of mechanical evaluations and numerical modeling in shales with a high degree of heterogeneity and pre-existing natural fractures.The results indicate that when considering the structural complexity and heterogeneity of unconventional reservoirs such as shales,the ST method can provide a better continuous micromechanical assessment of shales.In contrast,the UCT can provide a better bulk macromechanical measurement of shales.

Determination of the Fracture Toughness of Glasses via Scratch Tests with a Vickers Indenter

Fracture toughness is an important index in safety evaluation for materials and structures.Its convenient and accurate characterization has attracted extensive attention.For small specimens,traditional testing methods of fracture toughness are not suitable due to limitations in sample size and shape.In this work,a new formula is proposed to determine the fracture toughness of glasses using scratch tests with a Vickers indenter based on dimensional analysis and finite element analysis.Fracture toughness of glasses could be calculated with elastic modulus,crack depth of scratched materials and normal force applied during the scratch tests.The effects of plastic deformation and interfacial friction between the Vickers indenter and scratched materials are considered,and the crack shape is consistent with experimental observations.The proposed formula is verified by comparing the fracture toughness of soda-lime and borosilicate glasses obtained from scratch tests with those obtained via indentation tests.This work provides an alternative method to determine the fracture toughness of glass materials.

Adhesion property of AlCrNbSiTi high-entropy alloy coating on zirconium:experimental and theoretical studies

Experimental scratch tests and first-principles calculations were used to investigate the adhesion property of AlCrNbSiTi high-entropy alloy(HEA)coatings on zirconium substrates.AlCrNbSiTi HEA and Cr coatings were deposited on Zr alloy substrates using multi-arc ion plating technology,and scratch tests were subsequently conducted to estimate the adhesion property of the coatings.The results indicated that Cr coatings had better adhesion strength than HEA coatings,and the HEA coatings showed brittleness.The special quasi-random structure approach was used to build HEA models,and Cr/Zr and HEA/Zr interface models were employed to investigate the cohesion between the coatings and Zr substrate using first-principles calculations.The calculated interface energies showed that the cohesion between the Cr coating and the Zr substrate was stronger than that of the HEA coating with Zr.In contrary to Al or Si in the HEA coating,Cr,Nb,and Ti atoms binded strongly with Zr substrate.Based on the calculated elastic constants,it was found that low Cr and high Al content decreased the mechanical performances of HEA coatings.Finally,this study demonstrated the utilization of a combined approach involving first-principles calculations and experimental studies for future HEA coating development.

FZG齿轮试验机方法在齿轮油上的应用研究

齿轮箱设备所用齿轮油最为关键的性能是承载性能。常规理化测试不足以全面评价齿轮油的承载性能,因此国内外研究机构结合机械设备开发了许多评价齿轮油承载性能的试验方法。研究表明:简单的台架测试方法一般与设备实际工况相关性差,在齿轮试验台上使用指定几何结构的齿轮可以更好地表征齿轮润滑剂的承载性能。文章主要阐述了润滑剂对齿轮不同失效模式的影响,以及如何用适当的测试方法量化,并准确表征润滑剂的承载性能。

SiC_(p)/Al复合材料超声振动划痕试验及仿真研究

针对SiC_(p)/Al复合材料加工质量较差的问题提出了超声振动辅助微尺度加工的策略。通过Python软件构建了SiC陶瓷颗粒随机分布的有限元模型,对普通刻划和超声刻划两种条件下陶瓷颗粒和铝合金基体的材料去除机理进行分析。在有限元仿真分析的基础上,设计了维氏压头超声振动刻划试验,对刻划力、划痕表面形貌和表面粗糙度进行了研究。研究结果表明:普通刻划过程中主要为SiC陶瓷颗粒的脱离和压入,超声刻划过程中主要为陶瓷颗粒破损;超声振动可以有效降低刻划力和划痕粗糙度,从而提高SiC_(p)/Al复合材料的加工质量;普通刻划和超声刻划试验的刻划力均值分别为12.818N和9.258N,仿真和试验之间刻划力的误差为8.7%;普通刻划和超声刻划试验的粗糙度均值分别为0.933μm和0.581μm,仿真和试验之间粗糙度的误差为5.5%。

CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FRACTURE WORK FOR DUCTILE FILM UNDERGOING THE MICRO-SCRATCH

The interface adhesion strength(or interface toughness)of a thin film/substrate system is often assessed by the micro-scratch test.For a brittle film material,the interface adhesion strength is easily obtained through measuring the scratch driving forces.However,to measure the interface adhesion strength(or in- terface toughness)for a metal thin film material(the ductile material)by the micro- scratch test is very difficult,because intense plastic deformation is involved and the problem is a three-dimensional elastic-plastic one.In the present research,using a double-cohesive zone model,the failure characteristics of the thin film/substrate system can be described and further simulated.For a steady-state scratching pro- cess,a three-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element method based on the double cohesive zone model is developed and adopted,and the steady-state fracture work of the total system is calculated.The parameter relations between the horizontal driving forces(or energy release rate of the scratching process)and the separation strength of thin film/substrate interface,and the material shear strength,as well as the material parameters are developed.Furthermore,a scratch experiment for the Al/Si film/substrate system is carried out and the failure mechanisms are explored. Finally,the prediction results are applied to a scratch experiment for the Pt/NiO material system given in the literature.

铁基粉末冶金零件蒸汽处理膜层的影响因素及评价体系

蒸汽处理技术是一种应用广泛的铁基粉末冶金产品化学强化方法,能够在产品表层形成一层结合性强、硬度高且致密的保护膜,具有耐腐蚀、抗磨损、提升产品硬度的效果。本文系统阐述了蒸汽处理技术的反应原理,讨论了反应热力学和动力学过程对蒸汽处理保护膜质量的影响。由于目前对蒸汽处理层的检验检测手段不统一,为推动铁基粉末冶金零件蒸汽处理工艺的标准化,本文结合生产现状系统总结了蒸汽处理保护膜膜厚、结构、成分以及结合力的检测方法,并结合实际实验结果说明了各检测方法的优劣势。

Nanoscratch behaviors of La_(0.7)Sr_(0.3)MnO_(3+δ) thin films

The nanoscratch behaviors of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3＋δ films, which were deposited with ratio of O2/（O2＋Ar）, ranging from 4.4% to 45.6% by DC magnetron sputter, were investigated by a nanoindentation technique. The results indicated that the friction coefficient between the films and the diamond tip depended on the loading critical load. The friction coefficient was about 0.08-0.12 when the loading normal load was less than the loading critical load. The films displayed excellent elastic recovery after unloading. When the loading load was larger than the loading critical load, plastic deformation and ploughing appeared for the films. The friction coefficient was about 0.43 when the film was damaged completely. The suitable decrease in ratio of O2/（O2＋Ar） could improve the nanoscratch resistance of the films. The film deposited with O2/（O2＋Ar）=25% possessed better scratch resistance due to good elastic recovery, high nanohardness, and critical load. The loading critical load of the film was larger than 80 raN.

机动车电线耐刮磨试验机量值溯源方法

依据GB/T 12528—2008国家标准,阐述机动车电线耐刮磨试验机的工作机理,识别设备的计量特性,选用满足要求的标准器,提出机动车电线耐刮磨试验机计量性能的量值溯源方法。同时,对机动车电线耐刮磨试验机的试验刮针、荷重、刮磨速度等重要参数的测量不确定度进行评定,为各类计量技术机构开展机动车电线耐刮磨试验机的校准提供技术参考。

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of MasonryConsolidation Treatments Based on ScratchingTomography

A challenge in the restoration of historical buildings is strengthened in order to guarantee their durability and the evaluation of the correct identification of materials which need to be the results of consolidation treatments which may be applied during their repair. Methods which make such a complex characterization possible are rare. This paper presents an investigation carried out at the University of Mons （Belgium） in collaboration with the technical support and control unit, restoration directorate, of the Walloon region, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of consolidants used to strengthen stone masonry. The characterization of the materials is based on a novel semi-destructive scratching method which allows tomographic representation of the strength of the damaged and treated areas. This paper describes the experimental methodology and presents results from laboratory experiments as well as a case study.

热轧304不锈钢氧化皮层间及界面结合强度研究

通过对热轧304不锈钢沿轧制方向和宽度方向进行划痕试验,对氧化皮剥落过程及界面结合强度进行了研究。采集了划痕过程中的声发射信号和摩擦因数,结合氧化皮破裂过程中的显微形貌,测定了内外氧化层间以及氧化皮与基体间的界面结合力,分析比较了沿不同方向层间及界面结合强度的差异,计算得出氧化皮的界面结合强度。结果表明,氧化皮为两层结构,造成在划痕试验过程中声发射信号发生2次突变,摩擦因数也分为3个阶段。受残余应力影响,临界载荷沿宽度方向比沿轧制方向大。结果还表明,沿轧制方向氧化皮层间及界面结合强度分别为114和112 MPa,沿宽度方向的分别为155和121 MPa,沿轧制方向喷射强度比沿宽度方降低了20%左右,因此说明除鳞过程中喷浆方向沿轧制方向有利于能耗降低和氧化皮去除。

Modification of the Brief Smell Identification Test by Introduction of a Placebo

Objective: To introduce the concept that there might be “nothing to smell” to the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT), with a view to masking olfactory deficits, particularly from healthy control participants in research studies. Methods: Seventy-one elderly individuals, healthy for their age, were recruited to the study. They were blindfolded and carried out a modified B-SIT where one item had been replaced with a placebo, and one odour alternative answer to three other items was replaced by the alternative “none/other” (actual odour unchanged). Results: There was no overall difference in the median or mean score achieved by the cohort compared to results obtained previously using the conventional B-SIT. The replacement of the item “turpentine” with a placebo resulted in an improved score for the item in a Norwegian setting. The overall scores were not improved. Conclusions: It is possible to introduce the concept that there may be “nothing to smell” to the B-SIT without compromising the test for healthy control individuals. This may be a more appropriate approach to olfactory testing of control individuals or patients with suspected early neurodegenerative diseases.

爆破塌落触地载荷下浅埋缺陷PE HD管道力学响应分析

针对含划痕缺陷高密度聚乙烯(High-Density Polyethylene,PE-HD)管道面临爆破拆除工程中塌落物冲击问题,设计了浅埋管道落锤冲击和拉伸试验,再结合Abaqus有限元软件研究了触地载荷下含缺陷管道的力学响应,探究了不同因素下管道力学行为规律和防护措施的有效性。结果表明:冲击试验中管顶应力高于管底应力,管材在屈服后应力明显下降;硬化路面下划痕管道的最大Mises应力显著减小;当划痕深度系数为0.5时,管顶部和底部存在划痕的管道最易失效;内压在一定程度上对划痕管道有保护作用;管道在高触地速度冲击下应力集中现象更明显;对冲击下的缺陷管道进行聚苯乙烯泡沫(Expanded Polystyren,EPS)缓冲垫层和多级复合缓冲垫层防护后,管道最大应力分别下降40%和72%,因此建议根据工程实际情况中针对临近触地载荷下的管道选取合理的防护措施。

超薄壁低烟无卤阻燃汽车线材料和导体预热工艺分析

汽车轻量化已成为主机厂及其配套行业的重要课题,超薄壁低烟无卤阻燃汽车线是解决汽车轻量化的重要途径之一。文章考察不同材料对超薄壁低烟无卤阻燃汽车线耐刮磨、耐低温、阻燃、耐油等性能的影响。实验结果表明,绝缘材料选用XLPE+PP,采用一次共挤工艺生产,制作线材综合性能最佳,对不同温度下的导体进行预热,当导体预热温度为60℃时,线材的附着力、抗张强度和断裂伸长率性最优,制备线材各项性能均符合超薄壁低烟无卤阻燃汽车线性能要求,此类线材的成功研制,为以后其他类型的薄壁汽车线提供技术参考。

二维纳米石墨烯作为传动油添加剂的齿轮承载性能研究

目的二维纳米石墨烯作为添加剂提高传动油的耐磨性能和承载性能,满足重载高速工况下传动油在传递运动形式和能量过程中承载和耐磨性能需求。方法二维纳米石墨烯作为传动油添加剂,以丁二酰亚胺为分散剂制备了石墨烯传动油,采用FZG齿轮试验机标准方法(NB/SH/T 0306—2013)评价了传动油和石墨烯传动油的耐磨性能和承载性能,通过SEM、Raman、EDS和XPS检测手段分析试验齿轮耐磨及承载机理。结果二维纳米石墨烯作为添加剂将传动油的承载能力从8级提升至10级。试验齿轮在传动油中表现为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损,齿轮磨损表面有严重的犁沟现象;试验齿轮在石墨烯传动油中磨损表面表现为抛光式的磨损,磨损表面变得光滑。通过Raman、元素面分布和XPS测试结果分析,重载高速运转条件下试验齿轮磨损表面在石墨烯传动油中形成了不连续的多元杂化润滑膜,该润滑膜是由低剪切强度相(石墨烯、硫化物)、硬度和屈服强度比较高的磨损微粒(铁氧化物)和弹性模量较低的无定形聚磷酸盐等组成。润滑膜防止了齿轮材料在高载运转过程直接接触,减小接触面间的剪切强度,提高了耐磨性能和承载能力。结论二维纳米石墨烯作为一种传动油添加剂,可以有效提高齿轮传动系统的承载能力,弥补齿轮材料力学性能不足的问题,延长传动齿轮的使用寿命。

基于纳米划痕试验的砂岩结构面宏-微观摩擦系数关系研究

基本摩擦系数是影响岩体结构面抗剪强度的重要参数。常规室内试验方法所确定的基本摩擦系数往往受矿物成分、温度等因素影响,为系统揭示结构面的基本摩擦性质,分别研究了砂岩宏观摩擦系数与微观摩擦系数,并建立了两者的关系。首先,通过X射线衍射、纳米压痕试验确定砂岩矿物组分与力学参数。其次,采用倾斜试验、直剪试验开展摩擦系数的宏观尺度研究,对规格为10 cm×10 cm×5 cm的平直结构面试样开展直剪试验,分别施加1、2、3、8、12 MPa的恒定法向应力,研究表明,摩擦系数随法向应力增加呈对数降低趋势,随剪切速率增加呈对数增长趋势。再次,采用纳米划痕试验开展摩擦系数的微观尺度研究,研究表明,低荷载条件下,长石矿物摩擦系数随荷载增加表现出先降低后保持不变的趋势,石英矿物摩擦系数随荷载增加表现出先降低后增加的趋势;此外,随着剪切速率的增加,两种矿物的摩擦系数在低荷载条件下呈增长的趋势,在高荷载条件下基本保持稳定。最后,基于摩擦系数的宏-微观摩擦系数试验结果,采用速度-状态摩擦(RSF)定律建立红砂岩基本摩擦系数与矿物摩擦系数的线性回归方程,并通过直剪试验验证了该经验关系的可靠性,其误差范围为0.17%~0.91%。研究结果为基本摩擦系数的测定与取值提供了新思路。

基于机器视觉的汽车车身划痕检测与处理

随着科技发展与进步,汽车走进人们的日常生活,成为出行所需的必要品之一。由于擦洗、护理不当的人为原因或是汽车行驶时与其他车辆、路边树枝或固定物发生刮擦的自然原因等,往往都容易使车身造成深浅不一的划痕,影响美观与使用。而对于划痕检测往往采用人工检测的方法比较常见,但随着社会发展,各种无损伤的检测技术逐渐普遍出现,国内外在划痕检测与识别的技术上得到不断提升,从一开始由传统的人工主导检测方法到现在常见的渗透识别、磁粉识别、图像识别以及基于超声波激光的识别方法。针对人工检测存在低效率、高漏检率和误检率等缺点,文章通过提出一种基于OTSU算法的以机器视觉检测技术为基础的实现车身划痕能够自动检测的方案,此方案安全可靠,在艰难复杂的工作环境里可以较长时间工作,并且能够获得较高的检测精度。为了恢复汽车车身的美观性,根据划痕损伤程度不同,提出了几种不同的修复工艺。