The Protective Effects of Flavonoids from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi Stems and Leaves on Oligodendrocyte Damage Induced by Aβ1-42

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of flavonoids from the stem and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (SSFs) against Aβ1-42-induced oligodendrocytes (OL) damage. Methods: Immunofluorescence was used for the detection of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), a characteristic protein of rat oligodendrocytes (OLN-93 cells). To evaluate the potential protective effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells injured by Aβ1-42, an injury model was established by subjecting OLN-93 cells to Aβ1-42 exposed. Cell morphology was examined using an inverted microscope, while cell viability was assessed using the colorimetric method of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). Additionally, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured using the pyruvic acid reduction assay. The Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (GBE) injection was used as a positive control. Results: A total of >95% of the MAG immunofluorescence-positive cells were identified as oligodendrocytes. Gradually increasing concentrations of SSFs impaired the cells, and the maximum nondetrimental dose for OLN-93 cells was 75 mg/L. This study assessed the effects of SSFs on OLN-93 cells damaged by Aβ1-42. The results indicated that SSFs significantly improved OLN-93 cell morphological abnormal changes, increased the OLN-93 cell survival rate, and reduced LDH release. Conclusion: SSFs can alleviate Aβ1-42-induced damage of OL.

Influence of Water Stress on the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi

Previous studies have shown that water stress can stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,and physiological and biochemical characteristics of plant can play a key role in its defense responses to water stress.So the physiological and biochemical characteristics of potted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi plants were investigated under continuous water stress condition.The results showed that the water content in roots,stems and leaves,together with chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased as the water stress strengthened.Simultaneously,the specific leaf weight increased,and the content of proline and soluble sugar in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi leaves increased significantly.The changing trends of the baicalin content in the roots,stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were different.It increased continuously in roots,while ascended constantly in the stems and leaves during the early days under the water stress,but decreased sharply under the heavy stress.In conclusion,proline and soluble sugar had a close correlation with the drought resistance of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.Moderate drought is in favor of synthesizing the secondary metabolites.

A Minor New Flavone from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

A new flavone, 6, 2-dihydroxy-5, 7, 8, 6-tetramethoxyflavone, was isolated from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis. Its structure was established on the basis of spectral evidences.

黄芩(Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi)的胚胎学研究

本文运用常规石蜡制片方法,对黄苓(Scutellaria baicalensisGeorgi)的胚胎学进行了较为系统的研究。其主要结果如下:1,雄蕊—4,2强。前对花药较长,是四个小孢子囊;后对花药较短,具两个小孢子囊。幼嫩花药横切可见,表皮下具一个或多个孢原。花药壁由四层细胞组成,由外向内为表皮、药室内壁、中层、绒毡层,其发育方式为双子叶型。绒毡层细胞部分来源于初生壁细胞,部分来源于药隔的基本组织。绒毡层细胞最初为单核,后分裂为双核。分泌型绒毡层。小孢子母细胞是由次生造孢细胞分裂后发育而来的。其减数分裂中的胞质分裂为同时型,四分体的排列主要为四面体型,也有交叉型。成熟花粉粒为2—细胞型。2,子房二心皮、四室、每室一个胚珠,中轴胎座,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生型胚珠。孢原细胞一个,孢原细胞直接发育形成大胞子母细胞,后者经减数分裂形成的线形排列的四个大孢子中,有功能的大胞子的数目及其位置不确定。胚囊发育为蓼型。助细胞具钩状器结构。极核在受精前融合为次生核。反助细胞在受精前开始退化。3,胚发育属柳叶菜型。其发育历经原胚期、心形胚期、鱼雷胚期至成熟胚期。胚柄在球胚早期达到最高度发育,鱼雷胚晚期开始退化。胚柄很长,球胚早期,胚柄已将胚经狭窄的胚囊中部推入到宽大的合点区。胚乳发育为细胞型。

Mechanisms underlying attenuation of apoptosis of cortical neurons in the hypoxic brain by flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

Flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, an antioxidant, markedly improve memory impairments and neuronal injuries. In the present study, primary cortical neurons of rats were exposed to potassium cyanide to establish a model of in vitro neural cell apoptosis. Inhibition of apoptosis by flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baical- ensis Georgi at concentrations of 18.98, 37.36, and 75.92 gg/mL was detected using this model. These flavonoids dramatically increased cell survival, inhibited cell apoptosis and excessive pro- duction of malondialdehyde, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and Na＋-K＊-ATPase in primary cortical neurons exposed to potassium cyanide. The flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were originally found to have a polyhydric structure and to protect against cerebral hypoxia in in vitro and in vivo models, including hypoxia induced by potassium cyanide or cerebral ischemia. The present study suggests that flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi exert neuroprotective effects via modulation of oxidative stress, such as malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and Na＋-K＋-ATPase disorders induced by potassium cyanide.

黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)的组织培养快速繁殖

【目的】建立黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi)的组织培养快速繁殖体系。【方法】以黄芩的幼茎、幼叶及叶柄为外植体,在MS培养基上添加不同质量浓度的6-BA、2,4-D与NAA诱导愈伤组织及再生芽;在1/2 MS培养基上添加IAA、IBA或NAA激素,单独或者组合使用,诱导黄芩试管苗生根。【结果】幼叶和叶柄容易褐化死亡,而幼茎显示很好的脱分化和再分化效果;BA与NAA组合可以诱导幼茎外植体脱分化与再分化,而BA与2,4-D组合只能诱导愈伤组织发生。IAA诱导生根率最高,但是茎基部会形成愈伤组织,后期无法驯化成活;IBA及NAA均可以诱导根的发生,但是以IBA效果为佳。【结论】幼茎为最佳外植体,MS+BA0.5mg/L+NAA 0.5mg/L为最佳的愈伤组织诱导及再生芽的分化培养基。1/2MS+IBA 0.1mg/L为最佳的试管苗生根培养基,生根率为70.3%。

Flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are effective to treat cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

Based on previous studies that have shown flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi are neuroprotective agents in a naturally senile, D-galactose, aging in vivo model, as well as an in vitro model of oxidative/hypoxic injury, we established a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion. The light/electron microscopic observations found significant neuropathological changes including neuron loss or swelling and rough endoplasmic reticulum injury. Moreover, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase Na＋-K＋-ATPase, Ca2＋-ATPase and superoxide dismutase were significantly lowered, and the levels of malonaldehyde increased. In addition, the memory of rats worsened. However, treatment with flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi （35, 70 and 140 mg/kg） for 13 days dramatically improved the above abnormal changes. These results suggest that the ability of flavonoids from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in attenuating cerebral functional and morphological consequences after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion may be beneficial for the treatment of ischemic brain disease.

Separation of baicalin from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi with polyamide

Separation of baicalin from Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi with polyamide was studied. The adsorption isotherm, kinetic equation and desorption law were investigated by static and dynamic adsorption methods. The results show that the kinetic behavior is mainly controlled by the liquid film diffusion process and obeys the Boyd film diffusion equation. Equilibrium data for the adsorption of baicalin are correlated with Freundlich isotherm equation, i.e. q=3.8ce2.057, suggesting that the relative capacity of polyamide to baicalin is somewhat small. The desorption results indicate that the baicalin with mass fraction of 33.86% and the least impurities can be obtained by chromatography using 60% ethanol as the eluant at room temperature.

Study on the Inheritance,Innovation and Development of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi in the Treatment of COVID-19

The discovery of highly effective medicine"Qingfei Paidu Decoction"for COVID-19 is a new era gift of traditional Chinese medicine to the world.The traditional Chinese medicine Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,as a medicinal plant in the family of Labiatae,is the dominant variety of genuine medicinal material in North China.It is the leading traditional Chinese medicine in the advantageous area of agricultural products with Chinese characteristics in Shangdang of Changzhi City,and it is one of the 21 herbal medicines in the new national prescription"Qingfei Paidu Decoction"for the rapid and effective treatment of COVID-19.This paper introduces S.baicalensis Georgi and its traditional Chinese medicine GAP base,ecologically suitable planting county and medicinal value in poor areas,and studies the intellectual property resources related to S.baicalensis Georgi,such as traditional knowledge,biological genetic resources,patents,new plant varieties,geographical indications,and trademarks.This paper mainly discusses the inheritance essence,innovation and high-quality development strategy of S.baicalensis Georgi under the rural revitalization strategy and traditional Chinese medicine development strategy from the aspects of intellectual property rights,important agricultural cultural heritage,advantageous areas of characteristic agricultural products and so on.

Flavonoids from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi attenuate H_2O_2-induced oxidative damage to rat cortical neurons

Primary cultures of rat cortical neurons were treated with H2O2 in an in vitro model of free radical neurotoxicity. Flavonoids extracted from the stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, known as SSF, at concentrations of 18.98, 37.36 and 75.92 μg/mL, protected neurons against H2O2 injury in a dose-dependent manner. SSF increased cell survival, reduced lactate dehydrogenase release and inhibited malondialdehyde production. SSF also inhibited reductions in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and Na＋-K＋-ATPase activities. These results in-dicate that SSF can protect rat cortical neurons against H2O2-induced oxidative injury.

Pharmacological Activity and Application of Roots, Stems and Leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

The root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is traditionally used as medicine,and it has been confirmed that S.baicalensis Georgi has flavonoid chemical constituents,pharmacological activity and cosmetic efficacy.With the extensive application of S.baicalensis Georgi roots,the resource of S.baicalensis Georgi has been increasingly short.The above-ground part of stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi has also been gradually recognized and developed.Studies have found that the chemical constituents from stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi are also a group of flavonoids with a lot of pharmacological activity and have a great application value.Based on this,the present review will be reported on the chemical constituents and application of the roots,stems and leaves of S.baicalensis Georgi.

Content Analysis of Baicalin and Heavy Metals in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi Cultivated in Jizhou District

This study aimed to explore an analysis method for baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and make a reference for the analysis of the medicinal value of S. baicalensis cultivated in Jizhou District. The content of baicalin in S. baicalensis cultivated in Jizhou District was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) to judge whether it met the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopoeia; and according to the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 edition,the contents of heavy metals were determined by ICP-MS. The results showed that the contents of baicalin,Cr,Cu,As,Cd and Pb in S. baicalensis planted in Jizhou District were 14. 625 05%,11. 360,12. 830,0. 062 315,0. 025 715 and 0. 176 65 μg/g,respectively. The content of baicalin in S. baicalensis planted in Jizhou District was much higher than the standard( ≥ 9. 0%) of Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 edition,and the contents of heavy metals were also below the limit( ≤20/1000 000) required by Chinese Pharmacopoeia of 2015 edition.

Behavior and metabolomics study of the anti-aging effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract on D-galactose-induced rats

OBJECTIVE Behavior research and urinary metabolomics method were applied to evaluate the anti-aging effects of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi extract(SBG)in D-galactose-induced rats.METHODS Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups(n=10in each group).Group 1served as vehicle control with injection of saline(vehicle control group),and the other groups of rats received daily subcutaneously injected with D-galactose(aged model group)at dose of 100mg·kg-1 for ten weeks,respectively.At the same time,rats in groups 3-5were intragastrically administered SBG 〔extracted twice with 60%(V/V)ethanol〕at doses of 50,100 and 200mg·kg-1 for ten weeks,and the rats of groups 1 and 2 were administrated an equal volume of the vehicle.At the tenth week,the learning and memory abilities were examined by Morris water maze.The urine was collected using metabolic cages and analyzed by high-resolution 1HNMR spectroscopy combined with multivariate statistical analyses.Principal component analysis(PCA)was utilized to classify and reveal the differences between the model group and control group.Then,the concentration of these differences was analyzed with t-test to determine whether SBG was possible to influence the metabolic pattern induced by D-galactose.RESULTS Compared with the vehicle control group,the D-galactose-treated aged model group markedly spent longer time(P<0.05)in finding the platform on days 3-5 in the spatial learning acquisition training of Morris water maze test.However,the escape latency was significantly reduced(P<0.05)by long-term administration of SBG(50,100 and 200mg·kg-1)compared with the D-galactose-treated aged model group on days 3-5.In the probe test,the D-galactose-treated aged model group made fewer(P<0.05)platform crossings and distance travelled in target quadrant(P<0.05)than the vehicle control group,and the SBG at doses of 50,100 and 200mg·kg-1 treatments groups could significantly increase(P<0.05)the number of times of crossing over the platform site.The SBG at doses of100 and 200mg·kg-1 treatments groups could significantly increase(P<0.05)the distance travelled in target quadrant compared with the D-galactose-treated aged model group.In addition,the significant difference in metabolic profiling was observed from model group compared with drug-dose group by using PCA,indicating the recovery effect of SBG on D-galactose induced aging rats.Some significantly changed metabolites like glycine,glucose and hexadecanoic acid have been identified.These biochemical changes are related to the the disturbance in aimno acid metabolism,energy metabolism and glycometabolism,which are helpful to further understanding the D-galactose induced aging rats and the therapeutic mechanism of SBG.CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that SBG extract has protective effect on the D-galactose-induced aging in rats.

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanisms of Ethanol Extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi and Magnolia officinalis against Phytophthora nicotianae

Phytophthora nicotianae causes substantial economic losses in most countries where tobacco is produced.At present,the control of P.nicotianae mainly depends on chemical methods,with considerable environmental and health issues.We investigated the effects of ethanol extracts from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi(SBG)and Magnolia officinalis(MO).On mycelial growth,sporangium formation,and zoospore release of P.nicotianae.Both extracts inhibited the growth of P.nicotianae,with mycelial growth inhibition rates of 88.92%and 93.92%,respectively,at 40 mg/mL,and EC50 values of 5.39 and 5.74 mg/mL,respectively.The underlying mechanisms were the inhibition of sporangium formation,the reduction of zoospore number,and the destruction of the mycelium structure.At an SBG extract concentration of 16.17 mg/mL,the inhibition rates for sporangia and zoospores were 98.66%and 99.39%,respectively.At an MO extract concentration of 2.87 mg/mL,the production of sporangia and zoospores was completely inhibited.The hyphae treated with the two plant extracts showed different degrees of deformation and damage.Hyphae treated with SBG extract showed adhesion and local swelling,whereas treatment with MO extract resulted in broken hyphae.Mixture of the extracts resulted in a good synergistic effect.

Research Progress on the Factors Affecting the Quality of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

In the production process of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,how to improve the quality of cultivated S.baicalensis is the focus of current research.By consulting a large number of relevant literatures of S.baicalensis,combined with the research and production experience of the research group in recent years,the factors affecting the quality of cultivated S.baicalensis were analyzed to provide a certain basis for its rational development,utilization and protection in the future.

Research Progress on Authenticity Formation of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

By analyzing the key factors affecting the authenticity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi,this paper focuses on summarizing the research progress of environmental factors(light,temperature,water content,soil),genetic factors and other factors,in order to ensure the quality of S.baicalensis Georgi,find potential suitable areas of S.baicalensis Georgi,and further promote the sustainable development of Chinese medicine resources.

Effects of Macronutrients on Primary and Secondary Metabolism in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi

[Objectives] This study was conducted to clarify the roles of macronutrients in regulating plant primary and secondary metabolism of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [Methods] The contents of chlorophyll(Chl) and soluble sugar were detected with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase(C_4H) and chalcone synthase(CHS) were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Secondary metabolites were detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). [Results] The content of chlorophyll in treatments N, P and K was increased, showing significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). Among them, Treatment N has the highest content of chlorophyll. Soluble sugar content in treatments N, P and K(K>N>P>CK) was increased considerably and had significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). Compared with the control, PAL and C_4H activity in treatments N, P and K were increased dramatically by 186.57%, 134.09%, 306.91% and 73.21%, 28.91%, 247.57%, respectively. CHS activity was also increased sharply in treatments N, P and K. Scutellarin, baicalin, wogonoside, baicalein, wogonin and oroxylin A contents in all treatments N, P and K(K>N>P) were increased, and had significant difference from that of the control(P<0.05). [Conclusions] The results showed that macronutrients can increase leaf chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, PAL activity, C_4H activity and secondary metabolites of S. baicalensis.

黄芩(Scutellaria baicalensis)幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理适应性反应

采用聚乙二醇(PEG-6000)模拟干旱胁迫处理黄芩幼苗,检测幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)保护酶活性,渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,不同程度的干旱胁迫黄芩幼苗体内MDA含量均不断升高,并且含量均高于对照组。3种不同程度干旱胁迫,SOD活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,SOD活性表现为:20%PEG胁迫>10%PEG胁迫>30%PEG胁迫。不同程度的干旱胁迫下POD活性表现出不同的动态变化趋势,20%和30%的PEG胁迫后,POD活性先升高后降低,峰值分别出现在处理后第5天和第7天,分别高于对照19.3%和13.3%。CAT活性表现出相似的变化趋势,即干旱胁迫3d后,CAT活性显著升高,均于处理后第5天达到峰值,分别高于对照33.4%、36.8%和29.4%,随后开始下降。10%和20%PEG胁迫第5天,APX活性均急剧升高,30%PEG胁迫第7天,APX活性显著降低,但是干旱胁迫7d后,3种不同干旱胁迫下的APX活性均高于对照组。3种不同程度PEG胁迫处理均于第7天脯氨酸含量达到峰值可溶性糖含量于胁迫3d后大幅升高,并随着胁迫时间的延长增长速率逐渐减小。30%的PEG处理后可溶性糖含量的峰值的出现早于10%和20%的PEG处理。说明在一定干旱胁迫下,黄芩幼苗通过可溶性糖和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质来增强植物保水能力,通过协调各种保护酶的活性来保持一个相对稳定的状态,达到抗旱的目的。

TDZ诱导的黄芩 (Scatellaria baicalensis Georgi)外植体枝再生研究(英文)

研究了中药黄芩 (ScatellariabaicalensisGeorgi)的微繁技术。TDZ[N phenyl-N’ (1,2 ,3 thidiazol 5 ylurea) ]用于组培中能有效地诱导黄芩完整实生苗、白化下胚轴段和茎段再生新枝。下胚轴段和茎段外植体的组织学研究显示其再生是通过愈伤组织形成新枝。TDZ诱导黄芩 3种组培外植体枝再生的比较表明 ,理想的再生不一定要外植体脱离母体。黄芩完整实生苗的下胚轴上形成的枝明显多于下胚轴段上形成的枝 ,表明完整实生苗中产生的代谢产物提供枝再生所需的物质。 95 %以上的再生体形成根系 ,在无菌培养和温室中可形成完整植株。

A New Flavone C glycoside from Scutellaria baicalensis

A new flavone C glycoside, chrysin 8 C β D glucoside (1) and a known phenethyl alcohol glycoside, acteoside (2), were isolated for the first time from the roots of Scutellaria baicalensis (Labiatae).