Improving the nutritional values of yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae as an animal feed ingredient: a review

Yellow mealworm larvae(YML;Tenebrio molitor) are considered as a valuable insect species for animal feed due to their high nutritional values and ability to grow under different substrates and rearing conditions. Advances in the understanding of entomophagy and animal nutrition over the past decades have propelled research areas toward testing multiple aspects of YML to exploit them better as animal feed sources. This review aims to summarize various approaches that could be exploited to maximize the nutritional values of YML as an animal feed ingredient. In addition, YML has the potential to be used as an antimicrobial or bioactive agent to improve animal health and immune function in production animals. The dynamics of the nutritional profile of YML can be influenced by multiple factors and should be taken into account when attempting to optimize the nutrient contents of YML as an animal feed ingredient. Specifically, the use of novel land-based and aquatic feeding resources, probiotics, and the exploitation of larval gut microbiomes as novel strategies can assist to maximize the nutritional potential of YML. Selection of relevant feed supplies, optimization of ambient conditions, the introduction of novel genetic selection procedures, and implementation of effective post-harvest processing may be required in the future to commercialize mealworm production. Furthermore, the use of appropriate agricultural practices and technological improvements within the mealworm production sector should be aimed at achieving both economic and environmental sustainability. The issues highlighted in this review could pave the way for future approaches to improve the nutritional value of YML.

Exploitation and Utilization of Insect Protein Feed Resources

The insect is the animal protein feed resource potential, the rapid repro- duction, large quantity, high protein content, and most species of insects can be used as livestock feed utilization, development of insect as feed resources, to pro- mote the development of China＇s animal husbandry and feed industry, has important significance.

Nitrogen partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows with different phenotypic residual feed intake

Background: Residual feed intake(RFI) is an inheritable measure of feed efficiency that is independent on level of production. However, physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying divergent RFI are not fully elucidated.This study was conducted to investigate dietary nitrogen(N) partitioning and microbial protein synthesis in lactating dairy cows divergent in phenotypic RFI.Results: Thirty Holstein dairy cows(milk yield = 35.3 ± 4.71 kg/d;milk protein yield = 1.18 ± 0.13 kg/d;mean ± standard deviation) were selected for the experiment to derive RFI. After the RFI measurement period of 50 d, the 10 lowest RFI cows and 8 highest RFI cows were selected. The low RFI cows had lower dry matter intake(DMI, P < 0.05) than the high RFI cows, but they produced similar energy-corrected milk. The ratios of milk to DMI(1.41 vs. 1.24, P < 0.01) and energy-corrected milk to DMI(1.48 vs. 1.36, P < 0.01) were greater in low RFI cows than those in the high RFI cows. The low RFI cows had lower milk urea nitrogen than that in the high RFI cows(P = 0.05). Apparent digestibility of nutrients did not differ between two groups(P > 0.10). Compared with high RFI animals, the low RFI cows had a lower retention of N(5.72 vs. 51.4 g/d, P < 0.05) and a higher partition of feed N to milk N(29.7% vs. 26.5%, P < 0.05).Conclusions: The results suggest that differences in N partition, synthesis of microbial protein, and utilization of metabolizable protein could be part of the mechanisms associated with variance in the RFI.

Research Progress in the Application of Feed Protein Source in Aquaculture

To replace fish meal for aquatic feed and develop new protein source are important requirements to ensure sustainable development of aquaculture industry and food security in China.This paper reviewed the application effects of common protein sources in aquatic animals and some new protein sources with promising application prospects in aquatic animals and the existing problems and solutions,and prospected the development direction of"non-food"new protein sources,hoping to provide reference for the research and technical personnel of aquaculture and aquatic feed production in the research and development of aquatic feed and protein source selection.

Effect of New Fly Maggot Protein Feed on mRNA Expression of TOR Signaling Pathway-related Genes in Loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two kinds of test feed with equal nitrogen and energy were prepared by replacing 60% of the fish meal in the control group with the new fly maggot protein feed, i.e., Diet1(control group) and Diet2(60% fish meal replacement group). The feeding experiment was carried out in an indoor circulating water system, and the breeding period was 60 d. [Results] For the livers, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly higher than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while the expression of 4 EBP2 was lower than in the Diet1 group(P<0.05);and as to the muscles, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly lower than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while there was no significant change in the mRNA level of 4EBP2 between the two groups. [Conclusions] The replacement of fish meal by fly maggot cultures affected the mRNA expression of TOR, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 in loach livers and muscles.

Influence of fish meal quality on growth,feed conversion rate and protein digestibility in shrimp (Penaeus chinensis ) and red seabream (Pagrosomus major)

The effect of fishmeal quality on growth,feed conversion ratio and protein digestibility was studied in a growth experiment with shrimp and red seabream.The shrimp and fish were fed three diets varing in the quality of the fishmeal used in the respective feeds: low quality fish meal,good quality fish meal,and Peru fish meal.The experiment lasted for 2 months.The shrimp and fish fed the feed with good quality fish meal showed significantly better feed conversion ratio,weight gain rate,protein digestibility than the other groups.

Winery by‑products as a feed source with functional properties:dose–response effect of grape pomace,grape seed meal,and grape seed extract on rumen microbial community and their fermentation activity in RUSITEC

Background Grape and winery by-products have nutritional values for cattle and also contain functional compounds like phenols,which not only bind to protein but can also directly affect microbiota and their function in the rumen.We characterized the nutritional and functional effects of grape seed meal and grape pomace as well as an effective dosage of grape phenols on ruminal microbiota and fermentation characteristics using a rumen simulation technique.Results Six diets(each n=8)were compared including a control diet(CON,no by-product),a positive control diet(EXT,CON+3.7%grape seed extract on a dry matter(DM)basis),two diets with grape seed meal at 5%(GS-low)and 10%(GS-high),and two diets with grape pomace:at 10%(GP-low)and 20%(GP-high),on a DM basis.The inclusion of the by-product supplied total phenols at 3.4%,0.7%,1.4%,1.3%,and 2.7%of diet DM for EXT,GS-low,GS-high,GP-low,and GP-high,respectively.Diets were tested in four experimental runs.All treatments decreased ammonia concentrations and the disappearances of DM and OM(P<0.05)compared to CON.EXT and GP-high lowered butyrate and odd-and branch-chain short-chain fatty acids while increased acetate compared to CON(P<0.05).Treatments did not affect methane formation.EXT decreased the abundance of many bacterial genera including those belonging to the core microbiota.GP-high and EXT consistently decreased Olsenella and Anaerotipes while increased Ruminobacter abundances.Conclusion The data suggest that the inclusion of winery by-products or grape seed extract could be an option for reducing excessive ammonia production.Exposure to grape phenols at a high dosage in an extract form can alter the rumen microbial community.This,however,does not necessarily alter the effect of grape phenols on the microbial community function compared to feeding high levels of winery by-products.This suggests the dominant role of dosage over the form or source of the grape phenols in affecting ruminal microbial activity.In conclusion,supplementing grape phenols at about 3%of diet DM is an effective dosage tolerable to ruminal microbiota.

Production Technology and Application of Slow-Release Non-protein Nitrogen Extruded Feed Additive

Slow-release non-protein nitrogen feed has a large market demand. It has a long research history, but its production technology needs further improvement in order to realize the industrial production of slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed. By designing the best formula and using chelating and emulsifying process, the slow-release non-protein nitrogen extruded feed additives were produced. This product increases milk yield and improves milk quality, thus increasing economic efficiency.

辣木叶的营养价值及其在家禽生产中的应用

辣木叶含有多种生物物质,其中含许多具有潜在药用功效的黄酮类、多酚类、苯丙素类、萜类、生物碱类、异硫氰酸酯类、有机酸等化合物,其具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、降血压、降血脂等功效。辣木叶中还含有丰富的蛋白质和家禽所需的11种必需氨基酸,矿物元素和维生素也非常丰富,尤其是钙、铁、硒、维生素E、泛酸等。辣木叶作为家禽优良的饲料原料之一,替代部分蛋白质饲料,具有改善家禽生产性能,促进肠道健康、肉品质以及胫骨强度,以及改善蛋品质等作用。文章就辣木叶中的生物活性物质、营养成分以及在家禽生产中的应用进行综述,以期为辣木资源的饲料化和开发利用提供科学依据。

新疆畜禽饲料资源中粗蛋白含量的调查研究

试验旨在研究新疆不同地州间各种常规饲料原料的粗蛋白含量和分布情况,为各地州饲粮合理配制提供科学依据。对新疆全区14个地州的13种115个主要畜禽饲料原料在科学采样的基础上进行粗蛋白含量测定。对同类不同种饲料样品和不同饲料样品的粗蛋白含量进行单因素方差分析,比较不同饲料原料中粗蛋白含量的差异及不同地区之间的差异。结果表明:不同原料除青贮玉米外,干物质含量都在92%以上;粮油加工副产物的粗蛋白含量最高,粮食作物秸秆粗蛋白含量最低。8个地州采集玉米样品中喀什的粗蛋白含量最高。全疆各地州的各种类饲料原料中粗蛋白含量相互之间变化非常大,因此,实际应用中要充分考虑到不同区域饲粮中粗蛋白含量,为精准配方、精准营养提供技术支撑。

枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料产品质量评定

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复配饲料的产品质量。试验通过考察麦麸添加量、辅料比例(大蒜皮与银杏叶添加量)、发酵时间对蛋白酶活的影响,优化发酵条件,检测发酵前后活菌数与pH值、常规营养成分和小肽、可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸的含量以及发酵过程中蛋白水解度,以全面评价发酵饲料的营养价值和品质。结果表明,以蛋白酶活为指标,通过单因素及正交试验,确定最优发酵条件为2%麦麸、2.5%大蒜皮+2.5%银杏叶、发酵时间72 h。在此条件下,蛋白酶活为342.36 U/g。枯草芽孢杆菌UL-191在基质上长势良好,活菌数可达3.5×10^(14) CFU/g。发酵前后水分和粗灰分含量无明显变化,粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量明显增长,大分子蛋白降解成小分子蛋白。蛋白水解度、小肽含量、游离氨基酸含量均随着发酵时间延长均呈上升趋势,其中发酵72 h时,蛋白水解度可达25%,小肽、游离氨基酸含量可达182.9、1006.4μg/g。研究表明,试验制备的发酵复配饲料产品质量较高,具有一定市场应用前景。

以可消化蛋白质为基础的水产低蛋白质饲料发展方向与技术分析

依据动物营养学理论,水产动物对饲料蛋白质和氨基酸的营养需要量就是在满足动物生长性能和生理健康条件下的饲料蛋白质和氨基酸的最低需要量。水产饲料中过高的粗蛋白含量既违背动物营养理论,又造成饲料资源的严重浪费,同时显著增加了对养殖水体中的氮输入量。因此,发展低蛋白质含量、高质量的水产饲料是必需的。这类饲料可以称之为实现了理想蛋白质模型的低蛋白质水产饲料。水产动物理想蛋白质模型是以饲料中可消化蛋白质的量、可消化氨基酸的量为基础计算和配制的,同时也要保持很好的氨基酸平衡性。构建饲料原料中蛋白质和氨基酸消化率数据库是发展理想蛋白质模型水产饲料的技术核心。采用工业化酶解技术和微生物发酵技术,可以显著提高饲料原料中蛋白质和氨基酸的消化利用率,或者开发出蛋白质、氨基酸消化率很高的新的饲料原料,这类原料在饲料中的应用,是发展低蛋白质含量、高质量水产饲料的重要保障。水产饲料产品质量标准是水产饲料工业和水产养殖业发展的重要技术保障。因此,水产饲料产品质量标准也要增加饲料中可消化蛋白质和氨基酸含量的技术指标和含量。

反刍动物营养与日粮中的蛋白替代技术策略

“大食物观”包含了饲料在内的粮食安全供给,我国饲料粮占粮食总量48.2%,其中蛋白质饲料资源短缺,对外依存度居高不下,给畜产品稳产保供、粮食安全带来隐患,制约着我国畜牧业的发展。牛羊等反刍动物产业既是重要的畜牧产业构成,也是民生产业,文章针对非蛋白氮、低蛋白日粮配制等技术在反刍动物营养与日粮中的应用以及蛋白替代策略进行论述,旨在为反刍动物养殖过程中开源节流、绿色可持续发展提供参考。

低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮是养猪节粮增效的关键技术

通过补充适宜种类和数量的工业合成晶体氨基酸,低蛋白质饲粮可以精准满足猪快速生长所需的氨基酸营养需求,避免蛋白质饲料浪费及减少粪、尿氮排放。低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮是以低蛋白质饲粮生产技术为基础,依据各种能量饲料和蛋白质饲料的可利用养分等,配制的原料种类多、养分互补性强、营养平衡度高的低豆粕饲粮。低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮可有效增强猪对饲粮中营养物质的消化、吸收和沉积,降低饲粮中豆粕、玉米等原料的用量,对节粮增效及提高养猪效率具有重要意义。本文从研究与应用进展、对生猪养殖效率的影响、合成氨基酸与天然氨基酸效率对比、氨基酸数量需求情况及产能等方面分析,综述了猪低蛋白质低豆粕多元化饲粮技术、应用效果及前景,以期为相关研究及应用工作提供一定的参考和帮助。

黑水虻利用有机固废开发新型饲料蛋白与碳减排研发现状和展望

黑水虻作为一种重要的资源昆虫,可以处理多种有机固废,收获虫体生物质。黑水虻虫体富含蛋白质、脂肪等营养物质,在畜禽与水产的饲料中可有效替代鱼粉和豆粕而作为新型饲料蛋白资源。黑水虻幼虫处理有机固废还可以有效减少处理过程中的碳排放,将更多的碳元素以有机物的形式固定在虫体生物质上。文章从以下几个方面进行了综述:黑水虻转化不同有机固废,及其不同废弃物搭配对黑水虻转化及黑水虻营养的影响;微生物对黑水虻转化有机固废获得黑水虻生物质、蛋白的影响;黑水虻转化有机固废的无害化;黑水虻替代鱼粉和豆粕,是极具潜力的新型“开源”饲料蛋白;黑水虻中功能性蛋白(肽)的开发利用-用于饲料蛋白“节流”;黑水虻在固碳减排方面的作用;同时对黑水虻未来研究与开发方向进行了展望,以期为黑水虻资源的开发利用提供参考。

肉鸡低蛋白日粮配制技术研究进展

低蛋白日粮关系到我国的畜禽生产、国际贸易,对于维持我国畜禽的可持续发展来说尤为重要。文章围绕肉鸡低蛋白日粮配制技术中涉及到的粗蛋白降低的程度、理想蛋白质氨基酸平衡模式、合成氨基酸补充种类、饲料原料标准回肠可消化氨基酸参数的研究进展进行综述,在限制性氨基酸得到满足的情况下,肉鸡日粮中粗蛋白最大可以降低2.5个百分点,添加蛋白酶或植酸酶粗蛋白可以降低0.5或1个百分点,低蛋白日粮配制还要注意电解质平衡。

改进鱼类营养和饲料研究范式:从大口黑鲈和大黄鱼配合饲料在养殖生产中的应用谈起

鱼类营养和饲料研究起始于20世纪50年代,并借鉴对人类和畜、禽营养研究的经验建立了研究范式。在过去70年中,鱼类营养和饲料研究遵循已有的范式取得了大量的成果,这些研究成果推动了水产配合饲料技术的进步,为水产饲料产业从无到有、从小到大做出了贡献。然而,随着全球水产养殖规模的不断扩大,水产养殖产业面临的资源和环境压力日益增加,对水产饲料也提出了更多和更高的要求。养殖生产实践表明,根据一些肉食性鱼类营养和饲料研究结果设计配方生产的饲料不能取得预期的应用效果,这意味着遵循已有研究范式所得到的结果难以完全满足现代鱼类养殖生产的需要。本文总结了两种具有重要经济价值的肉食性鱼类(大口黑鲈和大黄鱼)配合饲料在养殖生产中应用的曲折历程,指出早期研究明显低估了饲料蛋白水平是导致配合饲料长期无法在养殖生产中成功应用的主要原因。早期研究报道大口黑鲈的饲料蛋白需求为400~440 g/kg,大黄鱼的饲料蛋白需求为450~470 g/kg,但投喂配合饲料的鱼的生长明显比投喂冰鲜鱼的鱼慢。重新评估发现大口黑鲈和大黄鱼饲料蛋白需求分别为480~510 g/kg和490~520 g/kg,投喂含适量蛋白的配合饲料时鱼生长与投喂冰鲜鱼时接近。对大口黑鲈和大黄鱼饲料蛋白需求的明显低估反映出已有鱼类营养和饲料研究范式中存在不足,其表现为:①强调食物对鱼类生长的影响,但忽视了鱼类遗传背景和食物外的其他环境条件对鱼类生长和摄食的作用;②强调鱼类个体生长可反映其营养需求和饲料质量,但忽视了鱼类个体生长并不能完全反映养殖产量和效益;③强调生长和饲料利用效率在评价水产养殖效益方面的重要性,但忽视了投饵养殖对自然资源和环境所产生的负面影响是限制水产养殖可持续发展的瓶颈;④基础饲料配方对评价营养需求或饲料质量的影响没有得到足够重视,因基础饲料组成不合理导致一些研究结果缺乏实际意义。针对上述问题,作者建议对已有范式的概念、理论和研究方法做如下改进:①重视鱼类遗传背景和食物以外的其它环境条件对鱼类生长的影响,明确鱼类生长潜力决定营养需求,而食物营养是实现生长潜力的条件;②重视食物中各种营养素之间的相互作用,明确不同饲料原料在配方的营养平衡中发挥不同的作用;③进行饲养实验时重视实验鱼种质和种群结构,重视对照组和处理组个体生长的差异幅度在判断处理效应方面的指示意义,重视饲料配方对自然资源和环境等制约水产养殖可持续发展的因素的影响。改进后的研究范式更符合现代水产养殖生产实际,遵循其开展研究获得的结果能够更好地指导饲料配方设计,所生产的配合饲料也能更好地应用于水产养殖生产。

不同投喂频率下复合非粮蛋白源替代鱼粉饲料对大口黑鲈生长性能和健康的影响

为探究投喂频率对不同水平的复合非粮蛋白源替代饲料鱼粉对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能、血浆生化、肠道形态和抗氧化的影响,设计了棉籽浓缩蛋白、乙醇梭菌蛋白、黄粉虫粉和小球藻4种非粮蛋白源混合(8﹕5﹕3﹕4)后替代0、30%、60%和90%的鱼粉的四种等氮等脂饲料(D1、D2、D3和D4),设置3个投喂频率(1、2和4次/d)。每个处理组3个重复,每个重复50尾体重为(14.23±0.07)g的大口黑鲈幼鱼,进行为期8周的室外养殖实验。结果显示,在不同投喂频率条件下,摄食D4饲料组大口黑鲈的特定生长率(SGR)和蛋白质沉积率(PRE)显著低于D1—D3组,饲料系数(FCR)显著升高(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂1次/d组的特定生长率显著低于2和4次/d投喂组(P<0.05)。在不同投喂频率条件下,摄食D4饲料组大口黑鲈血浆胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著低于D1组,谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂1次/d大口黑鲈血浆葡萄糖(Glu)含量,碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和谷草转氨酶(AST)活性显著高于2和4次/d组(P<0.05),而总蛋白(TP)和白蛋白(ALB)含量显著低于其他两组(P<0.05)。在投喂1次/d的处理组中,摄食D4饲料组的全鱼粗脂肪和血浆低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量显著降低,水分含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。各投喂频率下,D4饲料组大口黑鲈肠道组织丙二醛(MDA)含量显著高于D1组,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著低于D2组(P<0.05)。在各饲料组中,投喂2次/d组的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于1次/d组(P<0.05)。组织学结果显示,在摄食不同饲料条件下,投喂2次/d的大口黑鲈肠道绒毛高度、杯状细胞数量、肌层厚度和绒毛表面积显著高于投喂1次/d,投喂4次/d的大口黑鲈肠道隐窝深度显著低于1次/d(P<0.05)。综上所述,以2次/d投喂60%替代水平新型蛋白源复合饲料的大口黑鲈可以获得较好的生长和饲料利用。

蛋白桑在畜禽生产上的应用研究进展

“桑树浑身都是宝”,桑白皮、桑枝桑叶、桑葚,乃至桑树的寄生物——桑寄生,都具有很高的药用价值,其中桑葚和桑叶还可供人类食用,是药食同源的代表性植物。此外,大量研究发现桑树可开发作为畜禽饲料。在1998年,国内研究人员从全国28个桑树地方品种中选育出了一种具备杂交优势的饲料桑,并命名为“蛋白桑”或“饲料桑”。蛋白桑生命力顽强,生长快速,营养成分丰富,且有良好的药用、饲用及生态价值,具备良好的饲料开发资源与利用前景。与此同时,蛋白桑可以调控多种畜禽的营养代谢过程,改善肉品质,并增强畜禽的抗病能力。本文重点对蛋白桑作为畜禽饲料的优势以及在生产中应用效果的新研究成果进行总结,以期为在畜禽养殖过程中合理开发和应用蛋白桑提供理论支持。

20~35 kg川中黑山羊蛋白质需要量研究

旨在研究生长期川中黑山羊的蛋白质需要量,为川中黑山羊的科学饲养提供营养需要参数。选择2.5月龄(19.97±5.47)kg断奶川中黑山羊羯羊22只,试验开始时屠宰4只,其余18只羔羊分为3个饲喂水平组,分别为自由采食组(AL组)、75%自由采食组(AL75组)、60%自由采食组(AL60组),每组6只羊。试验羊单笼单饲,试验期96 d。在饲养试验结束前4 d开展消化代谢试验,收集全粪全尿。当AL组试验羊平均体重达到35 kg时结束饲养试验,每组选取接近该组平均体重的4只羊(共12只)进行屠宰,屠体冷冻保存待测。结果表明:1)川中黑山羊试验末期AL组公羊平均体重极显著高于AL60组(P<0.01);AL75和AL60组公羊净增重、平均日增重(ADG)、平均干物质采食量(DMI)极显著低于AL组(P<0.01);AL60组料重比显著高于AL和AL75组(P<0.05);2)AL组黑山羊宰前活重、空腹体重、胴体重、净肉重均极显著(P<0.01)高于AL75和AL60组,而屠宰率、净肉率、胴体净肉率、肉骨比3组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),AL组的骨重显著高于AL75和AL60组(P<0.05);3)AL、AL75和AL60组山羊的心脏、脾脏、肺脏器官指数和皮毛器官指数差异不显著(P>0.05),AL组肝脏器官指数极显著高于AL75和AL60组(P<0.01),肾脏器官指数随饲喂水平下降显著降低(P<0.01);4)20~35 kg川中黑山羊公羊的维持净蛋白质需要量为1.60 g·kg^(-1)·BW-0.75·d^(-1),日增重100~300 g·d^(-1)的川中黑山羊生长净蛋白质需要量Np_(g)=13.13~40.13 g·d^(-1),净蛋白质的总需要量Np_(r)=28.26~63.15 g·d^(-1)。本研究可为我国地方品种山羊饲养标准的优化提供数据参考。