A comparison study on structure-function relationship of polysaccharides obtained from sea buckthorn berries using different methods:antioxidant and bile acid-binding capacity

In this study,the structural characters,antioxidant activities and bile acid-binding ability of sea buckthorn polysaccharides(HRPs)obtained by the commonly used hot water(HRP-W),pressurized hot water(HRP-H),ultrasonic(HRP-U),acid(HRP-C)and alkali(HRP-A)assisted extraction methods were investigated.The results demonstrated that extraction methods had significant effects on extraction yield,monosaccharide composition,molecular weight,particle size,triple-helical structure,and surface morphology of HRPs except for the major linkage bands.Thermogravimetric analysis showed that HRP-U with filamentous reticular microstructure exhibited better thermal stability.The HRP-A with the lowest molecular weight and highest arabinose content possessed the best antioxidant activities.Moreover,the rheological analysis indicated that HRPs with higher galacturonic acid content and molecular weight showed higher viscosity and stronger crosslinking network(HRP-C,HRP-W and HRP-U),which exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacity.The present findings provide scientific evidence in the preparation technology of sea buckthorn polysaccharides with good antioxidant and bile acid binding capacity which are related to the structure affected by the extraction methods.

不同提取方法对沙棘叶茶活性成分含量、抗氧化能力及α-糖苷酶抑制活性的影响

该文分别以水和60%乙醇为提取溶剂,在55、75℃和95℃下对沙棘叶茶整叶和沙棘叶茶粉进行提取,比较提取物中总黄酮、可溶性总多酚、异鼠李素含量及抗氧化能力和α-糖苷酶抑制能力。结果表明,提取溶剂为60%乙醇、提取温度为95℃时,沙棘叶茶粉提取物中的活性成分含量最高,总黄酮、可溶性总多酚、异鼠李素含量分别为(82.59±1.80)、(117.02±1.93)、(1.592±0.074)mg/g,清除DPPH自由基、羟基自由基和亚硝酸根的能力最强,其EC_(50)值分别为(0.1419±0.0006)、(0.3571±0.0048)、(0.8156±0.0013)mg/g,还原力最高为(118.65±2.40)mg/g,α-糖苷酶抑制能力最强,IC50值为(0.3930±0.0101)mg/g。通过主成分分析,该提取物的样品评分最高。

First assessment of Noise-Equivalent Sigma-Zero in GF3-02 TOPSAR mode with sea surface wind speed retrieval

Gaofen-3-02(GF3-02)is the first C-band synthetic aperture radar(SAR)satellite with terrain observation with progressive scans of SAR(TOPSAR)imaging mode in China,which plays an essential role in marine environment monitoring.Given the weak scattering characteristics of the ocean,the system thermal noise superimposed on SAR images has significant interference,especially in cross-polarization channels.Noise-Equivalent Sigma-Zero(NESZ)is a measure of the sensitivity of the radar to areas of low backscatter.The NESZ is defined to be the scattering cross-section coefficient of an area which contributes a mean level in the image equal to the signal-independent additive noise level.For TOPSAR,NESZ exhibits the shape of the SAR scanning gain curve in the azimuth and the shape of the antenna pattern in the range.Therefore,the accurate measurement of NESZ plays a vital role in the application of spaceborne SAR sea surface cross-polarization data.This paper proposes a theoretical calculation method for the NESZ curve in GF3-02 TOPSAR mode based on SAR noise inner calibration data and the imaging algorithm.A method for correcting the error existing in the theoretical curve of NESZ is also proposed according to the relationship between sea surface backscattering and wind speed and the same characteristics of target scattering in the overlapping area of adjacent sub-swaths.According to assessment with wide-swath TOPSAR cross-polarization data,the GF3-02 TOPSAR mode has a very low thermal noise level,which is better than−33 dB at the edge of each beam,and controlled below−38 dB at the center of the beam.The two-dimensional reference curves of the NESZ of each beam are provided to the GF3-02 TOPSAR users.After discussing the relationship between normalized radar cross section(NRCS)and wind speed,we provide a formula for NRCS related to wind speed and radar incidence angle.Compared with the NRCS derived from this formula and the NESZ-subtracted NRCS of SAR images,the bias is−0.0048 dB,the Root Mean Square Error is 1.671 dB and the correlation coefficient is 0.939.

Chronic Toxicity Study in Rats Orally Exposed to Mulberry Sea-Buckthorn Beverage Concentrate

Objective: This study is designed to observe the chronic toxicity after the administration of mulberry sea-buckthorn beverage concentrate for 3 months on rats and to predict the possible adverse effect and the potential toxicity target organs. Method: The rats (SPF level) were randomly divided into high-dose (20 mL/kg BW), middle-dose (10 mL/kg BW), low-dose (5 mL/kg BW) groups and negative control group (20 mL/kg BW of purified water) with 30 rats in each group. Each group was orally given mulberry sea-buckthorn beverage concentrate for 3 months and recovered by stop feeding samples for 2 weeks for a recovery observation. The rats’ general condition, the organ coefficient, the indexes of hematology and blood biochemistry and the histological changes of the main organs were determined. Result: The appearance and behavior of activity in rats showed no anomalies in all these groups and all the rats put on weight during this period. Comparing to the negative control group, no obvious differences were observed in the weekly weight and organ coefficient of each dose group. After 3 months of administration, HGB in both mulberry sea-buckthorn beverage concentrate low-dose group and high-dose group were increased. No significant differences were observed in the indexes of hematology after 2 weeks of recovery. CREA in low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose groups were significantly increased after 3 months of administration and it remained in the high level in middle-dose and high-dose group even after 2 weeks of recovery. No drug-related lesions were observed in the histological changes of major organs. Conclusion: The results show that long term use of mulberry concentrated sea-buckthorn beverage can lead to increased CREA, which suggested kidney toxicity. Although no obvious pathological change was found in kidney, we should pay attention to chronic kidney damage in the further research.

Short-Term and Long-Term Price Forecasting Models for the Future Exchange of Mongolian Natural Sea Buckthorn Market

Sea buckthorn market floated uncertainly within a narrow range. The market situation provided upward pressure on prices, and producer and consumer interest were poor, coupled with weak prices in the regional markets. The objectives of the study are: 1) to estimate the relationship between wild Sea buckthorn (SB) price and Supply, Demand, while some other factors of crude oil price and exchange rate by using simultaneous Supply-Demand and Price system equation and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM);2) to forecast the short-term and long-term SB price;3) to compare and evaluate the price forecasting models. Firstly, the data was analyzed by Ferris and Engle-Granger’s procedure;secondly, both price forecasting methodologies were tested by Pindyck-Rubinfeld and Makridakis’s procedure. The result shows that the VECM model is more efficient using yearly data;a short-term price forecast decreases, and a long-term price forecast is predicted to increase the Mongolian Sea buckthorn market.

基于SEA分析验证的混响箱-消声室实验方法设计及隔声性能研究

不同于以往的理论、经验设计,采用低频段的声固耦合法、中高频段的统计能量法(SEA)对设计的混响声场进行声学分析,提高混响水平。根据虚拟结果建立混响箱实物,置于半消声室内进行测试,混响箱结构本体的噪声衰减量超过50 dB,混响时间达到混响要求,混响场内不同位置声压值差距均小于2 dB,该混响箱设计满足混响声场的要求;将SEA法隔声计算结果与应用混响箱-消声室法对板件的隔声测试结果进行对比,两者吻合良好;因此该实验方法能实现很好的隔声效果。通过该方法可快速对单层板及夹层板件进行隔声测试,发现吻合频率效应对隔声性能影响较大;以上研究对工程应用有较大的参考意义。

Deep-sea Pollen Record during 3.0-2.0 Ma B.P. from ODP Site 1143 and Its Response to Global Climate Changes

In order to study vegetation evolution and environmental changes around 2.5 Ma B.P., a total of 146 pollen samples with an average time resolution of 7 000 years were analyzed in the deep-sea record at the depth of 135 - 95 m （in composition depth） from ODP Site 1143 （9° 22＇ N, 113° 17＇ E） in the southern South China Sea. The results show that the pollen influx has a distinct change. During 2.6 - 2.0 Ma B.P., the average value of pollen influx increased evidently compared with that of 3.0 - 2.6 Ma B.P. It shows that the sea level of SCS dropped dramatically around 2.6 Ma B.P., corresponding to the formation of the Northern Hemisphere ice-sheets and the enhancement of the East Asian Monsoon. The pollen influx variations reflect the glacial-interglacial cycles corresponding with the deep-sea oxygen isotope curve and indicate that the sea level of SCS rose and dropped many times after 2.6 Ma B.P. The spectrum analysis results of pollen influx show that there are cycles at 0.1Ma （eccentricity） and 46.9 ka （obliquity） during 3.0 - 2.0 Ma B.P.

沙棘酸奶挥发性风味物质的GC-IMS表征

为探究沙棘酸奶中的挥发性风味物质,明确复配沙棘进行发酵对酸奶感官和风味物质的影响,通过感官评价与顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-离子迁移谱法(HS-SPME-GC-IMS)结合多元统计分析方法对发酵沙棘酸奶的挥发性化合物进行分析,实现特征挥发性化合物的表征。结果表明,沙棘酸奶产生了多种挥发性物质,酯类、酮类和醛类为主要挥发性物质来源。发酵过程减弱了沙棘原浆带来的酸涩味道,使滋味更加柔和,香气更加浓郁、典型。主成分分析筛选出了对香气贡献较大的化合物,聚类分析将挥发性化合物分成三类。其中2,2,4,6,6-五甲基庚烷、乙酸乙酯(单体)、2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸丙酯、甲酸丁酯(二聚体)、糠硫醇、甲酸异戊酯、乙酸乙酯(二聚体)和甲酸丁酯(单体)为发酵沙棘酸奶的主要风味物质。本研究为复合酸奶的风味物质分析提供了研究思路,研究结果为沙棘酸奶后期的风味提升提供一定理论基础。

基于UPLC-MS技术分析沙棘果肉成熟过程中生物活性成分差异

为了解沙棘果肉成熟过程中重要生物活性成分的合成代谢差异,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱技术,对2个沙棘品系发育期间(绿色和橙色)的果肉进行非靶向代谢组学研究。结果表明:4组样品存在较大的代谢差异,依据不同品系发育期样品组间变量投影重要度>1且t检验的P<0.05,共筛选到124个显著差异代谢物,主要包括有机酸、碳水化合物、脂类、黄酮类和次生代谢物等;根据京都基因与基因组百科全书代谢通路分析,分别识别到15、7个和4个显著差异代谢物与脂类、黄酮和5-羟色胺合成代谢相关,以及其他8个与抗癌功能相关的显著差异代谢物。沙棘果肉磷脂酰胆碱(16:0/16:0)和甘油磷酰胆碱的显著上调与油脂高积累密切相关;显著上调的异鼠李素则是果肉富含黄酮的关键;N-乙酰羟色氨、卡培他滨和γ-氨基丁酸等抗癌相关生物活性成分在果肉发育期间呈现出相对较高的含量。这为解析沙棘生物活性成分合成代谢机制以及相关功能产品开发提供科学依据。

沙棘经PXR/NF-κB通路减缓免疫性肝损伤小鼠肝脏CYP2C下调

目的探讨沙棘(sea-buckthorn)是否通过PXR/NF-κB通路,减缓卡介苗(BCG)诱导的免疫性肝损伤小鼠肝脏细胞色素P4502C(CYP2C)下调。方法采用单次尾静脉注射BCG 125 mg·kg-1复制免疫性肝损伤小鼠模型用于乙型肝炎相关研究,将小鼠随机分为control组、BCG组、BCG+沙棘颗粒(sea-buckthorn granule,SG)(分别灌胃50、100、200 mg·kg-1,每日2次)组和BCG+PCN(腹腔注射100 mg·kg-1,每日1次)组。ELISA法检测血清转氨酶和肝组织中TNF-α、IL-1β的表达,Western blot检测肝脏NF-κB p65核蛋白和孕烷X受体(pregnane X receptor,PXR)、CYP2C总蛋白表达,HE染色观察小鼠肝脏的病理变化。结果沙棘抑制TNF-α、IL-1β、NF-κB p65的过表达,且缓解CYP2C、PXR蛋白表达下调,肝脏病理和血清转氨酶均有所改善,且呈剂量依赖性;用PXR的小鼠特异性激动剂PCN干预后与SG高剂量组相似。结论沙棘可以经PXR/NF-κB通路,减缓免疫性肝损伤小鼠CYP2C的下调。

The 30–60-day Intraseasonal Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea during May–September

This study investigates the structure and propagation of intraseasonal sea surface temperature（SST） variability in the South China Sea（SCS） on the 30-60-day timescale during boreal summer（May-September）. TRMM-based SST, GODAS oceanic reanalysis and ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis datasets from 1998 to 2013 are used to examine quantitatively the atmospheric thermodynamic and oceanic dynamic mechanisms responsible for its formation. Power spectra show that the 30-60-day SST variability is predominant, accounting for 60% of the variance of the 10-90-day variability over most of the SCS. Composite analyses demonstrate that the 30-60-day SST variability is characterized by the alternate occurrence of basin-wide positive and negative SST anomalies in the SCS, with positive（negative） SST anomalies accompanied by anomalous northeasterlies（southwesterlies）. The transition and expansion of SST anomalies are driven by the monsoonal trough-ridge seesaw pattern that migrates northward from the equator to the northern SCS. Quantitative diagnosis of the composite mixed-layer heat budgets shows that, within a strong 30-60-day cycle, the atmospheric thermal forcing is indeed a dominant factor, with the mixed-layer net heat flux（MNHF） contributing around 60% of the total SST tendency, while vertical entrainment contributes more than 30%. However, the entrainment-induced SST tendency is sometimes as large as the MNHF-induced component, implying that ocean processes are sometimes as important as surface fluxes in generating the30-60-day SST variability in the SCS.

Efficacy of Sea Buckthorn Therapy in Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Aim: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the traditional Chinese medicine sea buckthorn (SBT) in the treatment of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Method: 94 patients with NAFLD were randomly divided into two groups: 48 cases of patients received oral sea buckthorn 1.5 g (3 times a day) for three months as the treated group, and 46 cases received only the vehicle for three months as the control group. Serum lipids, transaminase and serum liver fibrosis indices were assessed at baseline and after SBT treatment. All patients underwent liver CT and Fibroscan examination at baseline and after treatment. Results: SBT treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), LDL-C, hyaluronic acid and collagen type IV. The liver stiffness measurement (LSM) of the treated patients was significantly lower than that in the control or baseline. The CT liver/spleen ratio of the treated patients was also significantly increased. Conclusion: The results of our study demonstrated the beneficial effects of SBT on serum lipids, transaminase, and liver/spleen ratio and liver stiffness in patients with NAFLD, which may be further developed as a promising therapy for the treatment of NAFLD.

超高压和热处理对沙棘-哈密瓜复合果汁品质的影响

以沙棘和哈密瓜为原料,通过感官评价分析,研制出一款沙棘-哈密瓜复合果汁。分别采用超高压(500 MPa,5 min)和热处理(90℃,1 min)对果汁进行处理,分析处理前后和贮藏15 d内杀菌效果、色泽、活性成分等的变化。结果表明,经过超高压和热处理后,沙棘哈密瓜复合汁菌落总数<1 lg CFU/mL,贮藏15 d后菌落总数也符合国家标准要求。贮藏前后和贮藏过程中,pH值和可溶性固形物含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。与未处理组相比,超高压处理对沙棘哈密瓜复合汁颜色的影响小于热处理组,超高压处理的样品在贮藏过程中颜色比热处理组更稳定。贮藏期间,维生素C、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活性均呈下降趋势。超高压处理能较好地保留样品中的维生素C、总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化活性,其保留率分别为75.48%、74.54%、84.16%和92.75%。因此,超高压是一种能保持沙棘哈密瓜复合汁品质的杀菌方法。

Intact Polar and Core Tetraether Lipids in Sediments from the Haiyang 4 Cold-seep of the Northern South China Sea and their Implications

A number of cold seeps have been discovered in the northern South China Sea(SCS) including the Haiyang 4 cold-seep area where Core 973-5 was collected. Intact polar lipids(IPLs) and core lipids(CLs) were analyzed separately in sediments from Core 973-5. The most abundant lipid biomarkers were isoprenoidal GDGTs(iso GDGTs), with Crenarchaeol and GDGT-0 predominating. IPL-iso GDGTs and CL-iso GDGTs were mainly derived from Thaumarchaeota. IPL-iso GDGTs were mainly produced and retained in situ thus containing most of the in situ microbiological information. Branched GDGTs were predominantly derived from generated in marine production, and mixed with some terrestrial inputs. All IPLs groups presented a high value in the sulfate-methane transition zone(SMTZ). Furthermore, IPL and CL-MI, IPL-R;showed the highest values within the SMTZ, while IPL and CL-R;had the lowest values at the SMTZ, suggesting that the contribution of Methanophila and methanogenic to GDGTs increased, while the contribution of ammonia-oxidizing Archaea to GDGTs decreased at the SMTZ.

Oxygen Isotope Records of Core 8KL of the South China Sea and Sea - level Change

Based on a comparison between the oxygen isotope records of benthic and plank tonic foraminifers from core 8KL of the South China Sea and sea-level change records derived from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea, it is found that both records are very similar from 72 K a B.P. to the present, especially for the benthic oxygen isotope record. The linear regression shows that δ18O changes (0.9995‰ for benthic foraminifers and 1.022‰ for planktonic foraminifers) are equal to 100 m in sea-level fluctuation. After making temperature correction in the δ18O record of benthic foraminifers from 72 to 120 Ka B.P., the curve of sea-level oscillation of the South China Sea since 186 Ka B.P. has been reconstructed. The lowermost sea - level that occurred in the last glacial maximum and oxygen isotope stage 6 is approximately - 130 m.

Differential interformational velocity analysis as an effective direct hydrocarbon indicator under velocity reversal conditions,an example from the anomalously high temperature and over-pressured DF1-1 Gas Field in the Yinggehai Basin,South China Sea

In the DF1-1 Gas Field in the Yinggehai Basin, South China Sea, the velocity-depth plot and velocity spectra show significant variations from a linear trend, exhibiting a distinct reversal phenomenon. Velocity parameters derived from velocity spectral analysis of the seismic data and sonic logs indicate that the interval velocity reverses below 2,100 m (2.2 s two-way time (TWT)) in the DF1-1 Gas Field. Some direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) models developed for the shallow strata cannot be simply applied to the moderately to deeply buried strata for direct exploration target recognition because the velocity reversal has caused the middle-deep gas reservoirs to exhibit a moderate or weak seismic amplitude. The hydrocarbon indicator method of “Differential Interformational Velocity Analysis (DIVA)” with the aid of other hydrocarbon indicating techniques was employed to effectively identify DHIs in the middle-deep strata under velocity inversion. The result has shown that the DIVA technique can be effectively used as a DHI in both the shallow and the middle-deep strata in the study area with the shallow strata characterized by Type I DIVA anomaly and the middle-deep strata characterized by the Type II DIVA anomaly.

Study of the MSA,nssSO_(4)^(2-)concentration and MSA to nssSO_(4)^(2-)ratio in the snow/ice and atmospheric aerosols of the regions surrounding the Weddell Sea

The MSA and nssSO 2- 4 concentration data from the ice cores and from atmospheric aerosols of the regions surrounding Weddell Sea have been analyzed in the present paper. The results suggest that the high concentration of biogenic sulphur in the snow and ice as well as in the atmospheric aerosols reflects the proximity of the Weddell Sea even though a distinct strength discrepancy exists in the productivity among the areas. The snow/ice shows that the production seems to be higher in the middle of the Antarctic Peninsula than near the Filchner Ronne ice shelf. Despite the factors impacting on the transportation and deposition processes of biogenic surlphur, the concentration of MSA and nssSO 2- 4 in snow and ice shows a regular spatial distribution: decreasing with the distance from the open sea and the altitude above sea level. Nevertheless, below a certain height, the “altitude effect” is no longer significant. The “displacement” of seasonality for MSA concentration observed in ice cores of the regions has been discussed. The “out of phase” pattern in surface layer is attributed to the modification by prevailing meteorological condition to the transport and deposition process; while “relocation” in the deep layers may be caused by migration, a mechanism for which is to be further investigated.The comparative study of the atmospheric and snow/ice samples implies that at the high altitude like the Weddell Sea the atmospheric signal of SO 2- 4 and MSA could be somewhat muted in the snow samples. But the seasonal variations in the airborn sulphate and MSA are reasonably well reproduced in the surface snow, for temporal and spacial distribution. The very close ratio of MSA to nssSO 2- 4 (or to SO 2- 4) of atmospheric aerosol and snow/ice sample is indicative of weak, if any, fraction between the two species during the scavenging and deposition processes. This could serve as the internal cause to explain the relative stable MSA/nssSO 2- 4 ratio, both for atmosphere and snow, an important regional specificity for the study of marine biogenic sulphur.

Off-Shore Sea Surface Electric Field Investigations around the Indian Sub-Continent during 9-20 May 1983

Sea surface electric field observations off the coast from Goa (15°25'N, 73°47'E) to Madras (13°04'N, 80°15'E) around Sri Lanka, in a distance range 25-135 km from coast, during 9-20 May 1983 were taken. In this paper we have examined the diurnal variation of electric field in the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal regions covered during the cruise of the research ship ORV Gaveshani. An aspect of electric field dependence on coastal distance and Aitken Nuclei concentration has also been studied. An attempt to examine the latitude dependence of field was also made. Results obtained in the above studies are presented and compared with those obtained elsewhere.

COMPARISON STUDY ON THE INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS IN CIRCULATIONS AND PRECIPITATION MODULATED BY THE TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA-WESTERN PACIFIC DURING GUANGDONG FLOODING PERIOD

Based on tropical cyclone datasets from Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP,USA) reanalysis data and the rainfall records from 743 stations in China,the impacts of cyclogenesis number over the South China Sea and the western Pacific are studied on the 30-60-day oscillations in the precipitation of Guangdong during the flooding period.The year with more-than-normal (less-than-normal) tropical cyclogenesis is defined as a 'high year' ('low year').In light of the irregular periodic oscillations,the method used to construct the composite life cycle is based on nine consecutive phases in each of the cycles.Phases 1,3,5,and 7 correspond to,respectively,the time when precipitation anomalies reach theminimum,a positive transition (negative-turning-to-positive) phase,the maximum,and a negative transition phase.The results showed that the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations is associated with the interaction between a well-organized eastward propagation system from the Arabian Sea/Bay of Bengal and a westward-propagating system (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northwest-southeast direction) from the South China Sea to western Pacific during the high years,whereas the precipitation is affected during a low year by the circulation over the South China Sea and western Pacific (with cyclonic and anticyclonic anomalies in the northeast-southwest direction).During the high year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the west and south are transported to Guangdong by westerly anomalies and an enclosed latitudinal cell,which ascends in the Northern Hemisphere low latitudes and descends in the Southern Hemisphere low latitudes.During the low year,the warm and wet air mass from the ocean to the south is transported to Guangdong by southwesterly wind anomalies and local ascending movements.Because the kinetic energy,westerly,easterly shift,vertical velocity and vapor transportation averaged over (109-119° E,10-20° N) is stronger in high years than those in low years,the precipitation of the 30-60-day oscillations in Guangdong is higher in high years than that in low years.

Start of Production at the Ya 13-1 Gas Field in South China Sea

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