The relationships among aerosol optical depth, ice, phytoplankton and dimethylsulfide and the implication for future climate in the Greenland Sea

The sea-to-air flux of dimethylsulphide（DMS） is one of the major sources of marine biogenic aerosol, and can have an important radiative impact on climate, especially in the Arctic Ocean. Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth（AOD） is used as a proxy for aerosol burden which is dominated by biogenic aerosol during summer and autumn. The spring sea ice melt period is a strong source of aerosol precursors in the Arctic. However, high aerosol levels in early spring are likely related to advection of continental pollution from the south（Arctic haze）.Higher AOD was generally registered in the southern part of the study region. Sea ice concentration（SIC） and AOD were positively correlated, while cloud cover（CLD） and AOD were negative correlation. The seasonal peaks of SIC and CLD were both one month ahead of the peak in AOD. There is a strong positive correlation between AOD and SIC. Melting ice is positively correlated with chlorophyll a（CHL） almost through March to September,but negatively correlated with AOD in spring and early summer. Elevated spring and early summer AOD most likely were influenced by combination of melting ice and higher spring wind in the region. The peak of DMS flux occurred in spring due to the elevated spring wind and more melting ice. DMS concentration and AOD were positively correlated with melting ice from March to May. Elevated AOD in early autumn was likely related to the emission of biogenic aerosols associated with phytoplankton synthesis of DMS. The DMS flux would increase more than triple by 2100 in the Greenland Sea. The significant increase of biogenic aerosols could offset the warming in the Greenland Sea.

Retrieval of Snow Depth on Sea Ice in the Arctic Using the FengYun-3B Microwave Radiation Imager

Snow on sea ice is a sensitive indicator of climate change because it plays an important role regulating surface and near surface air temperatures. Given its high albedo and low thermal conductivity, snow cover is considered a key reason for amplified warming in polar regions. This study focuses on retrieving snow depth on sea ice from brightness temperatures recorded by the Microwave Radiation Imager(MWRI) on board the FengYun(FY)-3 B satellite. After cross calibration with the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS(AMSR-E) Level 2 A data from January 1 to May 31, 2011, MWRI brightness temperatures were used to calculate sea ice concentrations based on the Arctic Radiation and Turbulence Interaction Study Sea Ice(ASI) algorithm. Snow depths were derived according to the proportional relationship between snow depth and surface scattering at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz. To eliminate the influence of uncertainties in snow grain sizes and sporadic weather effects, seven-day averaged snow depths were calculated. These results were compared with snow depths from two external data sets, the IceBridge ICDIS4 and AMSR-E Level 3 Sea Ice products. The bias and standard deviation of the differences between the MWRI snow depth and IceBridge data were respectively 1.6 and 3.2 cm for a total of 52 comparisons. Differences between MWRI snow depths and AMSR-E Level 3 products showed biases ranging between-1.01 and-0.58 cm, standard deviations from 3.63 to 4.23 cm, and correlation coefficients from 0.61 to 0.79 for the different months.

Study of attenuation depths for MODIS bands in the Bohai Sea in China

An attenuation depth is defined for remote sensing purposes as a depth above which 90% of the arising light leaving the water surface is originated. The deeper the attenuation depth, the more information of water is detectable by remote sensing, then the more precise information of water is extracted. Meanwhile, the attenuation depth is helpful to know water layer （by its thickness） from which remote sensing will be able to extract information. A number of investigators are using the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer （or MODIS） for remote sensing of ocean color. It is necessary to have a rough idea of the effective attenuation depth of imagery in each of the spectral bands employed by the MODIS. The attenuation depth is directly determined from MODIS data. Though analyzing the spectral distribution of the attenuation depth on 7 August 2003 and the seasonal variation of the attenuation depth （551 nm） in the Bohai Sea indicated that： the spectral distribution of the attenuation depth for the spectral range between 400 to 700 nm is single-peak curve, and it’s similar and difference in different regions is consistent with other scholars’ results of zoning, moreover, it supports the Bohai Sea is Case 2 water; the maximum attenuation depth shifts toward longer wavelengths, liking the red shift, with increase of turbidity of water, just like the maximum attenuation depth in the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea and the Bohai Strait is at 531nm, in the central of the Bohai Sea is at 551nm, in the region controlled by the Huanghe （Yellow） River, the region impacted by the old Huanghe River, the western side of the Liaodong Bay and the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay is at 555 nm; the seasonal change of the attenuation depth is the largest in the summer, followed by the fall, and the ranking of winter and spring in different regions is distinct. The attenuation depth in different regions is dissimilar： the order of the attenuation depth in different regions from small to big is the region controlled by the Huanghe River or the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay, the western side of the Liaodong Bay, the region impacted by the old Huanghe River, the central of the Bohai Sea or the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea, the Bohai Strait （except at 412 nm and 645 nm）, in which between the region controlled by the Huanghe River and the eastern side of the Liaodong Bay （and between the central of the Bohai Sea and the outside of the northwest coast of the Bohai Sea） it varies in different seasons and different bands.

Microfossils, carbonate lysocline and compensation depth in surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea

Based on the quantitative analyses of abundance of planktonic foraminifera, benthic foraminifera, calcareous nannofossils, the ratios of calcareous to siliceous microfossils, and the determination of carbonate contents in the surface sediments of the northeastern South China Sea, it has been found that the carbonate contents, the abundance of planktonic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplankton, and the ratio of calcareous microfossils decrease rapidly while the ratio of the benthic foraminifera to the total foraminiferal fauna, specific value of siliceous microfossils, and the percentage of the agglutinated tests in the benthic foraminiferal fauna increase with the water depth. The results indicate that the microfossils abundance and ratio, and the carbonate content are closely related to the carbonate lysocline and carbonate compensation depth (CCD) in the study area. In addition, the carbonate lysocline and the CCD are different between the southern and northern parts of the South China Sea. Both the lysocline and the CCD are deeper in the south with 2 600 and 3 600 m than in the north with 2 200 and 3 400 m, respectively.

Diagnostic study of the summer thermocline depth in the Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea

In this paper, the depth of the summer thermocline of the South Huanghai Sea and the East China Sea is calculated with two kinds of one-dimentional models, and the formation reasons are explained for the summer thermocline depth distribution characteristics in the study area. It is proved that in the shelf area of the East China Sea, tidal mixing has an important impact on the thermocline depth. And a new explanation for certain phenomena of the so-called coastal upwelling in the East China Sea is proposed.

地下水埋深对干旱区沙棘生长及耗水的影响研究

为探讨根域限制下地下水埋深对沙棘(Hippophne rhamnoides)生长与耗水的影响,设置4个水平地下水埋深(3.0、2.5、2.0和1.5 m)和2种土质(砂壤土和壤土),采用马氏瓶供水模拟地下水位,获取不同地下水埋深条件下地下水补给量、渗漏量、生长指标变化及耗水量,探究不同地下水埋深条件下沙棘生长特征变化及耗水规律;并结合耗水规律和实测生长指标进行分析,确定沙棘适宜的地下水埋深。显著性分析结果表明,各地下水埋深处理沙棘新生枝生物量由大到小依次为2.0>2.5>3.0>1.5 m,水分生产效率由高到低依次为2.5>2.0>3.0>1.5 m,砂壤土条件沙棘新生枝生物量和水分生产效率均优于壤土。砂壤土栽植条件下,地下水埋深为2.0 m时沙棘株高、茎粗及各生长指标变化均优于其他地下水埋深处理。砂壤土比壤土更适宜沙棘生长,沙棘各生长阶段耗水强度呈先增大后减小趋势。综合水分生产效率和新生枝生物量分析结果,地下水埋深为2.0~2.5 m且土质为砂壤土的环境较适宜沙棘生长。

霍尔锚落锚贯入力峰值及相应深度的分析

针对霍尔锚在静水中的垂直落锚情况,通过理论分析和物理试验,分析锚质量、触地速度、海床土体强度,以及土体粒径等对霍尔锚贯入力峰值及相应贯入深度的影响。结果表明,贯入力峰值及其对应的贯入深度与锚质量和触地速度呈二次函数关系,与土体粒径呈指数函数关系,以此分别提出霍尔锚贯入力峰值及相应贯入深度的计算公式,为海底结构物强度的设计与防护提供技术支撑。

重建南海27Ma以来高分辨率碳酸盐补偿深度

新生代海洋碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)的重建长期受到学术界的广泛关注。本研究以南海14个站位20个钻孔的综合大洋钻探计划(IODP)物质数据与年龄-深度模型,恢复了对应钻孔的古水深,计算了碳酸盐累积速率(CAR),基于线性回归的方法,重建了南海27 Ma以来CCD变化。研究结果显示:南海在海盆拉张形成期(27~18 Ma)出现了CCD超过2000 m大幅度的下降;在随后的中中新世气候适宜期(MMCO)期间,南海CCD出现800 m变浅。8 Ma以来南海CCD演化和赤道太平洋的演化呈现了不同的演化趋势:前者在3500~4000 m范围内波动,后者则从4000 m持续下降到4500 m左右。27 Ma之前,广泛的陆源输入和上升洋流发育导致南海出现浅的CCD。27~18 Ma时期的构造拉张导致的海盆加深,同时上升洋流减弱,被解释为该时期CCD下降的主要因素。MMCO期间气候驱动下的海平面波动导致了碳酸盐沉积核心区域的变化,是造成CCD波动的重要原因。8 Ma以来南海和太平洋CCD的差异演化是太平洋底水与南海底水的交换不畅的结果。

“23·12”山东半岛特大海效应暴雪特征及成因

采用地面气象观测站、多普勒天气雷达、闪电、积雪深度人工加密观测资料、常规观测及欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF)第五代大气再分析(ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5)资料,对2023年12月15—22日山东半岛特大海效应暴雪过程的降雪特征及极端性成因进行了分析。结果表明:(1)此次过程有4站积雪深度突破本站历史极值,有1站2 d的日降雪量为山东半岛海效应降雪有气象记录以来的最大值,文登积雪深度达74 cm,超过山东所有国家级地面气象观测站纪录,是一次极端海效应暴雪事件。(2)欧亚中高纬度阻塞形势下两次异常强冷空气持续影响渤海和山东半岛地区,850 hPa温度最低降至-21~-20℃,冷空气强度明显强于往年12月海效应暴雪过程,造成降雪持续时间长、累计降雪量大。异常强冷空气是此次极端暴雪过程产生的关键因素,渤海海面温度(简称“海温”)异常偏高是有利的海温背景。(3)冷空气强、海温偏高造成海气温差偏大,700 hPa以下产生对流不稳定,使得降雪强度大;强降雪发生在海气温差快速增大阶段。(4)925 hPa以下存在来自渤海的北—东北风与内陆地区的西北风构成的切变线,产生强上升运动,切变线长时间维持形成“列车效应”。(5)主要降雪时段强垂直上升运动、高相对湿度层的温度为-20~-12℃,适宜树枝状冰晶形成和维持,有利于产生大的积雪和降雪含水比;2 m气温持续低于-5℃,0 cm地温在降雪开始时即降至0℃以下,且两次强降雪过程仅间隔1 d,均有利于降雪累积产生极端积雪深度。

基于多源卫星雷达高度计的南极海冰厚度估算

南极海冰是极地气候系统的重要组成部分,对全球气候有着深远影响。海冰厚度作为海冰的关键属性之一,了解其时空分布特征和变化趋势对理解和预估气候变化进程具有重要意义。然而,目前对于南极海冰厚度的监测局限在时空分布有限的实地观测和短时间序列的卫星观测阶段,长时间序列的冰厚数据仍然缺失。针对这一问题,基于时空连续的卫星雷达高度计Envisat和CryoSat-2,构建了一致性较高的雷达干舷高度数据,定量估算了高度计雷达信号在积雪中的穿透深度,发展了一种适用于南极海冰的厚度遥感估算方法。估算的冰厚与Australian Antarctic Data Centre实测数据的平均绝对偏差约为0.28 m;与ICESat激光雷达高度计冰厚的平均绝对偏差约为0.65 m,相关系数为0.71,一致性较高。2002–2023年南极海冰厚度时空变化分析结果表明,厚冰主要分布于西威德尔海和别林斯高晋海/阿蒙森海,其他海域海冰相对较薄。南极海冰厚度在2011年之前呈现轻微降低趋势,在2011年后加速降低(-0.03 m/a)。南极海冰厚度的分布和变化趋势存在明显的季节和区域特征。

广州陆海统一测绘基准研究与深度基准面计算

为建立广州市陆海统一测绘基准做基础,本文主要结合国内外现有建立陆海统一测绘基准方法和关键,介绍广州市建立陆海统一测绘基准的技术思路,并选取珠江入海口处为试验区域,展开建立陆海统一测绘基准的关键步骤——深度基准面的计算。实验结果表明:珠江入海口处位置越近的验潮站的深度基准面越接近,同时,深度基准面在距离内陆的位置由远及近发生变化,验潮站位置越靠近内陆,深度基准面越高。以此得出结论:珠江入海口处的深度基准面计算结果可靠,可以此为基础进行广州市陆海统一测绘基准的建立研究。

40万吨级VLOC满载通行渤海乘潮窗口期探索

通过介绍渤海深水航线的最新扫测数据、渤海潮汐特点及船舶乘潮窗口期,分析40万吨级超大型矿砂船(VLOC)满载乘潮实际通行渤海的航海实践,总结40万吨级VLOC满载西行渤海直靠曹妃甸港的重要突破和宝贵经验,为大型深吃水船舶,尤其是40万吨级VLOC满载通行渤海充分利用潮汐提供参考借鉴。

深水网箱养殖水性给料投饲机设计与研究

为解决水产养殖中投饲劳动强度大、饲料破损率高、饲料浪费多,尤其是在深水网箱养殖中普通投饲机难以输送饲料至一定深度的问题,设计了一种专用的深水养殖水性给料投饲机。该投饲机结合了深水养殖的特点,以及之前在沉浮式网箱养殖方面的经验,并进行了相应试验来确定适宜的饲料与水质量比,以及进水泵功率和送料高度对吸料效率的影响,进行了饲料和水不同配比,以及不同水泵功率和不同输料深度等试验。结果显示:适宜的饲料与水质量比为1∶6;随着进水泵功率的增加,吸料效率升高;当进水泵功率保持不变,随着水深深度的增加,吸料效率逐渐减小;在进水泵功率为7.50 kW、扬程46 m时,该投饲机的吸料效率均值可达到9.46 kg/min,输送深度为水下10 m以下,满足了沉浮式网箱深水养殖的饲料投喂需求。研究表明,该水性给料投饲机可以在深水养殖中实现水下投饲,解决了深水网箱养殖面临的重要问题,并且具有较高的性价比,具有广泛应用和推广的潜力。

多波束测深和图像分割的海底地貌边界提取研究

为了获取完整清晰海底地貌边界,为海洋工程建设与环境监测等提供科学依据,设计多波束测深和图像分割的海底地貌边界提取方法。采用多波束测深系统采集海底地貌测深数据,利用数据生成海底地貌深度图像,经灰度化、滤波及增强处理此深度图像后,获取高质量海底地貌灰度图像,结合全局阈值分割方法分割此灰度图像,获得图像内海底地貌边界部分,实现海底地貌边界提取。结果表明,该方法根据测深数据生成的图像质量好,对比度高,暗处细节清晰,提取的海底地貌边界清晰、完整,具有较高的实际应用价值。

Distinctive Precursory Air–Sea Signals between Regular and Super El Ni os

Statistically different precursory air–sea signals between a super and a regular El Ni no group are investigated, using observed SST and rainfall data, and oceanic and atmospheric reanalysis data. The El Ni no events during 1958–2008 are first separated into two groups： a super El Ni no group（S-group） and a regular El Ni no group（R-group）. Composite analysis shows that a significantly larger SST anomaly（SSTA） tendency appears in S-group than in R-group during the onset phase[April–May（0）], when the positive SSTA is very small. A mixed-layer heat budget analysis indicates that the tendency difference arises primarily from the difference in zonal advective feedback and the associated zonal current anomaly（u）.This is attributed to the difference in the thermocline depth anomaly（D） over the off-equatorial western Pacific prior to the onset phase, as revealed by three ocean assimilation products. Such a difference in D is caused by the difference in the wind stress curl anomaly in situ, which is mainly regulated by the anomalous SST and precipitation over the Maritime Continent and equatorial Pacific.

Verification of an operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the China＇s seas

An operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting system for the seas off China and adjacent areas（OCFS-C） is developed based on parallelized circulation and wave models. It has been in operation since November 1, 2007. In this paper we comprehensively present the simulation and verification of the system, whose distinguishing feature is that the wave-induced mixing is coupled in the circulation model. In particular, with nested technique the resolution in the China＇s seas has been updated to（1/24）° from the global model with（1/2）°resolution. Besides, daily remote sensing sea surface temperature（SST） data have been assimilated into the model to generate a hot restart field for OCFS-C. Moreover, inter-comparisons between forecasting and independent observational data are performed to evaluate the effectiveness of OCFS-C in upper-ocean quantities predictions, including SST, mixed layer depth（MLD） and subsurface temperature. Except in conventional statistical metrics, non-dimensional skill scores（SS） is also used to evaluate forecast skill. Observations from buoys and Argo profiles are used for lead time and real time validations, which give a large SS value（more than 0.90）. Besides, prediction skill for the seasonal variation of SST is confirmed. Comparisons of subsurface temperatures with Argo profiles data indicate that OCFS-C has low skill in predicting subsurface temperatures between 100 m and 150 m. Nevertheless, inter-comparisons of MLD reveal that the MLD from model is shallower than that from Argo profiles by about 12 m, i.e., OCFS-C is successful and steady in MLD predictions. Validation of 1-d, 2-d and 3-d forecasting SST shows that our operational ocean circulation-surface wave coupled forecasting model has reasonable accuracy in the upper ocean.

Optimal Design of Equivalent Water Depth Truncated Mooring System Based on Baton Pattern Simulated Annealing Algorithm

The highest similarity degree of static characteristics including both horizontal and vertical restoring force-displacement characteristics of total mooring system, as well as the tension-displacement characteristics of the representative single mooring line between the truncated and full depth system are obtained by annealing simulation algorithm for hybrid discrete variables （ASFHDV, in short）. A“baton” optimization approach is proposed by utilizing ASFHDV. After each baton of optimization, if a few dimensional variables reach the upper or lower limit, the boundary of certain dimensional variables shall be expanded. In consideration of the experimental requirements, the length of the upper mooring line should not be smaller than 8 m, and the diameter of the anchor chain on the bottom should be larger than 0.03 m. A 100000 t turret mooring FPSO in the water depth of 304 m, with the truncated water depth being 76 m, is taken as an example of equivalent water depth truncated mooring system optimal design and calculation, and is performed to obtain the conformation parameters of the truncated mooring system. The numerical results indicate that the present truncated mooring system design is successful and effective.

Mixed layer in the Sea of Japan:numerical simulation andlong-term data analysis

Seasonal variation and topography of the mixed layer in the Sea of Japan are studied by comparison of results from long-term observation data analysis and from numerical simulation with the MHI oceanic model (Shapiro. 1998. Marine Hydrophysical Journal, 6: 26-40). The data are retrieved from Oceanographic A tlas of the Bering Sea, Okhotsk Sea, and Japan/East Sea (Rostov, Rostov, Dmitrieva, et al. 2003. Pacific Oceanography, 1(1):70-72). The simulated and long-term patterns are compared. An impact of surface buoyancy flux, wind, and convergence/divergence of surface currents upon the mixed layer in the Sea of Japan is analyzed.

Upper ocean high resolution regional modeling of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal

In this paper, effort is made to demonstrate the quality of high-resolution regional ocean circulation model in realistically simulating the circulation and variability properties of the northern Indian Ocean(10°S–25°N,45°–100°E) covering the Arabian Sea(AS) and Bay of Bengal(BoB). The model run using the open boundary conditions is carried out at 10 km horizontal resolution and highest vertical resolution of 2 m in the upper ocean.The surface and sub-surface structure of hydrographic variables(temperature and salinity) and currents is compared against the observations during 1998–2014(17 years). In particular, the seasonal variability of the sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and surface currents over the model domain is studied. The highresolution model's ability in correct estimation of the spatio-temporal mixed layer depth(MLD) variability of the AS and BoB is also shown. The lowest MLD values are observed during spring(March-April-May) and highest during winter(December-January-February) seasons. The maximum MLD in the AS(BoB) during December to February reaches 150 m (67 m). On the other hand, the minimum MLD in these regions during March-April-May becomes as low as 11–12 m. The influence of wind stress, net heat flux and freshwater flux on the seasonal variability of the MLD is discussed. The physical processes controlling the seasonal cycle of sea surface temperature are investigated by carrying out mixed layer heat budget analysis. It is found that air-sea fluxes play a dominant role in the seasonal evolution of sea surface temperature of the northern Indian Ocean and the contribution of horizontal advection, vertical entrainment and diffusion processes is small. The upper ocean zonal and meridional volume transport across different sections in the AS and BoB is also computed. The seasonal variability of the transports is studied in the context of monsoonal currents.

大型深海超高压模拟试验装置的研制及应用

深海超高压模拟试验装置是海洋装备与关键技术材料进行压力测试的必要实验系统。传统一体式筒体结构的深海超高压模拟试验装置已经无法满足“全海深”背景下大容积和大压力的测试需求。基于预应力钢丝缠绕技术,研制了一套大型深海超高压模拟试验装置,该套装置筒体内径2.8m,筒深4.0m,最高工作压力180MPa,能够实现筒内环境数据采集及压力比例自动控制。运用该装置圆满完成了我国全海深载人潜水器“奋斗者”号固体浮力材料和载人球壳的压力试验,为2020年11月10日“奋斗者”号在马里亚纳海沟成功下潜10909m奠定了非常重要基础。相对于传统深海超高压模拟试验装置,该装置具有更高的承压性能和安全性能,突破了预应力钢丝缠绕框架式主机结构设计及研制、比例加卸压控制技术、大孔径密封结构设计及在线超高压检测系统设计等关键技术研究,为我国研制大容积、大压力的深海环境模拟技术与装备提供重要参考。