Despite heavy consumption over a long period of time, only a small number of alcoholics develop alcoholic liver disease. This alludes to the possibility that other factors, besides alcohol, may be involved in the prog...Despite heavy consumption over a long period of time, only a small number of alcoholics develop alcoholic liver disease. This alludes to the possibility that other factors, besides alcohol, may be involved in the progression of the disease. Over the years, many such factors have indeed been identified, including iron. Despite being crucial for various important biological processes, iron can also be harmful due to its ability to catalyze Fenton chemistry. Alcohol and iron have been shown to interact synergistically to cause liver injury. Iron-mediated cell signaling has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of experimental alcoholic liver disease. Hepcidin is an iron-regulatory hormone synthesized by the liver, which plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis. Both acute and chronic alcohol exposure suppress hepcidin expression in the liver. The sera of patients with alcoholic liver disease, particularly those exhibiting higher serum iron indices, have also been reported to display reduced prohepcidin levels. Alcohol-mediated oxidative stress is involved in the inhibition of hepcidin promoter activity and transcription in the liver. This in turn leads to an increase in intestinal iron transport and liver iron storage. Hepcidin is expressed primarily in hepatocytes. It is noteworthy that both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are involved in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. However, the activation of Kupffer cells and TNF-α signaling has been reported not to be involved in the down-regulation of hepcidin expression by alcohol in the liver. Alcohol acts within the parenchymal cells of the liver to suppress the synthesis of hepcidin. Due to its crucial role in the regulation of body iron stores, hepcidin may act as a secondary risk factor in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. The clarification of the mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts iron homeostasis will allow for further understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.展开更多
目的探讨R2-ISS(The Second Revision of the International Staging System)分期在新诊断多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)患者中的预后价值。方法收集自2012年12月至2022年3月在南京医科大学鼓楼临床医学院血液科就诊的326例以免疫调节药物和(或)...目的探讨R2-ISS(The Second Revision of the International Staging System)分期在新诊断多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)患者中的预后价值。方法收集自2012年12月至2022年3月在南京医科大学鼓楼临床医学院血液科就诊的326例以免疫调节药物和(或)蛋白酶体抑制剂为一线治疗方案的NDMM患者临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,Log-rank检验比较组间差异,Cox比例风险回归模型进行多因素分析。结果①326例NDMM患者中男性190例,中位年龄63岁,中位随访时间37个月。R2-ISS分期可进行有效的预后分层,特别是R-ISSⅡ期患者,R2-ISSⅠ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期患者的中位无进展生存(PFS)期分别为52、29、20和15个月(P<0.001),中位总生存(OS)期分别为91、60、44和36个月(P<0.001)。多因素分析显示ISSⅡ期、ISSⅢ期、del(17p)、t(4;14)、1q^(+)、LDH升高、年龄>65岁是影响OS的独立不良预后因素;ISSⅡ期、ISSⅢ期、del(17p)、t(4;14)、1q^(+)、LDH升高是影响PFS的独立不良预后因素。②R2-ISS分期C-index得分为0.724,优于R-ISS分期的0.678,预测效能更高。③R2-ISSⅢ期和Ⅳ期中含1q^(+)在内的双打击患者中位PFS期分别为20、15个月(P=0.084),中位OS期为35、36个月(P=0.786)。Ⅲ期中含1q^(+)在内的双打击27例、1q^(+)单一异常61例、不含1q^(+)68例,三组的中位PFS期分别为20、18、21个月(P=0.974),中位OS期分别为35、47、56个月(P=0.042)。因此本研究将1q^(+)赋值调整至1,重新分组后R2-ISS不同分期的中位PFS期和OS期差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论R2-ISS分期预后分层价值优于R-ISS分期,特别是对异质性较强的R-ISSⅡ期人群,调整含1q^(+)在内的双打击赋值后可进一步优化R2-ISS分期。展开更多
基金Supported by Grants from the Alcoholic Beverage Medical Research Foundation, Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 2P20RR017675NIH grant, R01AA017738-01 to DHF
文摘Despite heavy consumption over a long period of time, only a small number of alcoholics develop alcoholic liver disease. This alludes to the possibility that other factors, besides alcohol, may be involved in the progression of the disease. Over the years, many such factors have indeed been identified, including iron. Despite being crucial for various important biological processes, iron can also be harmful due to its ability to catalyze Fenton chemistry. Alcohol and iron have been shown to interact synergistically to cause liver injury. Iron-mediated cell signaling has been reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of experimental alcoholic liver disease. Hepcidin is an iron-regulatory hormone synthesized by the liver, which plays a pivotal role in iron homeostasis. Both acute and chronic alcohol exposure suppress hepcidin expression in the liver. The sera of patients with alcoholic liver disease, particularly those exhibiting higher serum iron indices, have also been reported to display reduced prohepcidin levels. Alcohol-mediated oxidative stress is involved in the inhibition of hepcidin promoter activity and transcription in the liver. This in turn leads to an increase in intestinal iron transport and liver iron storage. Hepcidin is expressed primarily in hepatocytes. It is noteworthy that both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells are involved in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. However, the activation of Kupffer cells and TNF-α signaling has been reported not to be involved in the down-regulation of hepcidin expression by alcohol in the liver. Alcohol acts within the parenchymal cells of the liver to suppress the synthesis of hepcidin. Due to its crucial role in the regulation of body iron stores, hepcidin may act as a secondary risk factor in the progression of alcoholic liver disease. The clarification of the mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts iron homeostasis will allow for further understanding of the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease.
文摘目的探讨R2-ISS(The Second Revision of the International Staging System)分期在新诊断多发性骨髓瘤(NDMM)患者中的预后价值。方法收集自2012年12月至2022年3月在南京医科大学鼓楼临床医学院血液科就诊的326例以免疫调节药物和(或)蛋白酶体抑制剂为一线治疗方案的NDMM患者临床资料,采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,Log-rank检验比较组间差异,Cox比例风险回归模型进行多因素分析。结果①326例NDMM患者中男性190例,中位年龄63岁,中位随访时间37个月。R2-ISS分期可进行有效的预后分层,特别是R-ISSⅡ期患者,R2-ISSⅠ期、Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期患者的中位无进展生存(PFS)期分别为52、29、20和15个月(P<0.001),中位总生存(OS)期分别为91、60、44和36个月(P<0.001)。多因素分析显示ISSⅡ期、ISSⅢ期、del(17p)、t(4;14)、1q^(+)、LDH升高、年龄>65岁是影响OS的独立不良预后因素;ISSⅡ期、ISSⅢ期、del(17p)、t(4;14)、1q^(+)、LDH升高是影响PFS的独立不良预后因素。②R2-ISS分期C-index得分为0.724,优于R-ISS分期的0.678,预测效能更高。③R2-ISSⅢ期和Ⅳ期中含1q^(+)在内的双打击患者中位PFS期分别为20、15个月(P=0.084),中位OS期为35、36个月(P=0.786)。Ⅲ期中含1q^(+)在内的双打击27例、1q^(+)单一异常61例、不含1q^(+)68例,三组的中位PFS期分别为20、18、21个月(P=0.974),中位OS期分别为35、47、56个月(P=0.042)。因此本研究将1q^(+)赋值调整至1,重新分组后R2-ISS不同分期的中位PFS期和OS期差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论R2-ISS分期预后分层价值优于R-ISS分期,特别是对异质性较强的R-ISSⅡ期人群,调整含1q^(+)在内的双打击赋值后可进一步优化R2-ISS分期。
