Evaluation of the Relation between Cognitive Science and Embodied Cognition

This article delves into the intricate relationship between cognitive science and embodied cognition, offering transformative philosophical insights with profound implications for our understanding of the mind-body connection. In response to the journal’s feedback, we have enhanced the abstract to provide a more comprehensive overview of our study. Background: We trace the historical evolution of ideas, from the inception of cognitive science rooted in analytic philosophy to the groundbreaking contributions of Rodney Brooks and others in the field of artificial intelligence. We also explore the work of scholars such as Agre, Chapman, and Dreyfus, shedding light on the role of cognitive metaphor and the concept of the cognitive unconscious in shaping our understanding of embodied cognition. Purpose: Our study aims to shed light on the central theme that unites these various strands of thought—the rejection of the traditional, transcendental view of the subject in favor of the concept of an embodied subject. This embodied subject actively engages with its environment, shaping consciousness and cognition. This shift in perspective challenges classical epistemological theories and opens new avenues for inquiry. Method: We have conducted a comprehensive literature review to explore the historical development and key concepts in the field of embodied cognition, with a particular focus on the philosophical underpinnings and their integration into cognitive science. Results: Our examination of embodied cognition reveals that the mind is intimately connected to the body, with cognition emerging through interactions with the environment and perceptual experiences. This perspective challenges reductionist notions and demonstrates that mental states cannot be reduced to brain states alone. We also explore the relationship between functionalism and computational states of the brain, illustrating that mental states can be understood in the context of mathematical functions. Conclusion: In conclusion, this paper highlights the profound implications of embodied cognition and suggests that the mind is not isolated from the body but intimately tied to it. This perspective provides a fresh approach to the mind-body problem, emphasizing the role of the environment and perceptual experiences in shaping cognition. We invite further research into the practical applications of embodied cognition in fields like artificial intelligence, robotics, and psychology, and encourage investigations into the intersections between cognitive science and various branches of philosophy, offering valuable insights into the nature of consciousness and cognition. In essence, this study provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution and implications of embodied cognition, laying the groundwork for further research and fostering a deeper appreciation of the profound shifts in perspective that this theory brings to our understanding of the human mind.

Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence——On Human-Computer Competition from the Five-Level Theory of Cognitive Science

It is generally accepted that the human mind and cognition can be viewed at five levels; nerves, psychology, language, thinking and culture. Artificial intelligence(AI) simulates human intelligence at all five levels of human cognition, however, AI has yet to outperform human intelligence, although it is making progress. Presently artificial intelligence lags far behind human intelligence in higher-order cognition, namely, the cognitive levels of language, thinking and culture. In fact, artificial intelligence and human intelligence fall into very different intelligence categories. Machine learning is no more than a simulation of human cognitive ability and therefore should not be overestimated. There is no need for us to feel scared even panic about it. Put forward by John R. Searle, the"Chinese Room"argument, a famous AI model and standard, is not yet out of date. According to this argument, a digital computer will never acquire human intelligence. Given that, no artificial intelligence will outperform human intelligence in the foreseeable future.

Building the Supernatural:The Cult of Glykon of Abonuteichos From Lucian of Samosata to Cognitive Science

We can argue that the making and the spread of the cult of Glykon of Abonuteichos can be explained through a cognitivist template.Lucian of Samosata’s Pseudomantis booklet and the material evidence,which testifies to the building and the spread of Glykon’s cult by Alexander of Abonuteichos,belong to a historical context characterized by instability,deadly epidemics and military pressure.It is a historical context,therefore,in which people feel reality with anxiety;one of the reactions is the growing up of the belief in prophylactic and prophetic cults,capable to protecting and forecasting.Since Lucian had pointed out that fear and hope were the forces that dominated the lives of men,just as the same had denounced that Alexander of Abonuteichos was ready to exploit those forces to his advantage,the cult of Glykon could be labeled as a trick.However,cognitive science and specifically the hard-wired brain circuit research may offer an alternative explanation:the interaction between potential risk of low probability,but high impact events(unstoppable irruptions of the Germans,or generalized impotence against the spread of disease)can impact on the hard-wired brain circuit activity capable of keeping social and individual anxiety,implicitly conditioning mentality and behavior of a religious“entrepreneur”and consumers,both concerned about protection and forecasting,fear and hope.

A COGNITIVE AND MEMETIC SCIENCE APPROACH TO ANALYZE THE HUMAN FACTORS IN PREDICTING THE EVOLUTION OF PAPER TECHNOLOGY AND PRODUCTS IN THE 21^(sT) CENTURY

21世纪制纸技术。

Exploration on the Cognitive Schema and Its Transformation of Knowledge Management

Knowledge management(KM) has been receiving considerable attention in the human-system research community.And it is one of the key issues on what the cognitive structure(schema) is and how it transfers.From different perspectives,such as the cognitive science,the concepts,elements and characteristics of cognitive schema,the knowledge structure,knowledge acquisition and influence of schema on it,this paper explores the cognitive schema of knowledge management.

Towards a Theoretical Framework of Autonomous Systems Underpinned by Intelligence and Systems Sciences

Autonomous systems are an emerging AI technology functioning without human intervention underpinned by the latest advances in intelligence,cognition,computer,and systems sciences.This paper explores the intelligent and mathematical foundations of autonomous systems.It focuses on structural and behavioral properties that constitute the intelligent power of autonomous systems.It explains how system intelligence aggregates from reflexive,imperative,adaptive intelligence to autonomous and cognitive intelligence.A hierarchical intelligence model(HIM)is introduced to elaborate the evolution of human and system intelligence as an inductive process.The properties of system autonomy are formally analyzed towards a wide range of applications in computational intelligence and systems engineering.Emerging paradigms of autonomous systems including brain-inspired systems,cognitive robots,and autonomous knowledge learning systems are described.Advances in autonomous systems will pave a way towards highly intelligent machines for augmenting human capabilities.

IDSS: Designing to Extend the Cognitive Limits

The paper presents the conceptual and operational basis of the creation of IDSS based on our recent research experience. In this paper, an intelligent decision support system, IDSS is defined as: any interactive system that is specially designed to improve the decision making of its user by extending the user's cognitive decision making abilities. As a result, this view of man-machine joint cognitive system stresses the need to use computational technology to aid the user in the decision making process. And the human's role is to achieve total systems's objectives. The paper outlines the designing procedure in successive steps. First, the decision maker's cognitive needs for decision support are identified. Second, the computationally realizable support functions are defined that could be provided by IDSS. Then, the specific techniques that would best fill the decision needs are discussed. And finally, for system implementation the modern computational technology infrastructure is emphasized.

The Monty Hall Problem and beyond: Digital-Mathematical and Cognitive Analysis in Boole’s Algebra, Including an Extension and Generalization to Related Cases

The Monty Hall problem has received its fair share of attention in mathematics. Recently, an entire monograph has been devoted to its history. There has been a multiplicity of approaches to the problem. These approaches are not necessarily mutually exclusive. The design of the present paper is to add one more approach by analyzing the mathematical structure of the Monty Hall problem in digital terms. The structure of the problem is described as much as possible in the tradition and the spirit—and as much as possible by means of the algebraic conventions—of George Boole’s Investigation of the Laws of Thought (1854), the Magna Charta of the digital age, and of John Venn’s Symbolic Logic (second edition, 1894), which is squarely based on Boole’s Investigation and elucidates it in many ways. The focus is not only on the digital-mathematical structure itself but also on its relation to the presumed digital nature of cognition as expressed in rational thought and language. The digital approach is outlined in part 1. In part 2, the Monty Hall problem is analyzed digitally. To ensure the generality of the digital approach and demonstrate its reliability and productivity, the Monty Hall problem is extended and generalized in parts 3 and 4 to related cases in light of the axioms of probability theory. In the full mapping of the mathematical structure of the Monty Hall problem and any extensions thereof, a digital or non-quantitative skeleton is fleshed out by a quantitative component. The pertinent mathematical equations are developed and presented and illustrated by means of examples.

Cognitive Machine Learning

Cognitive machine learning refers to the combination of machine learning and brain cognitive mechanism, specifically, combining machine learning with mind model CAM. Three research directions are proposed in this paper, that is, emergency of learning, complementary learning system and evolution of learning.

Evaluation of Selected Control Programming Languages for Process Engineers by Means of Cognitive Effectiveness and Dimensions

Different programming languages can be used for discrete, abstract and process-oriented programming. Depending on the application, there exist additional requirements, which are not fulfilled by every programming language. Flexible programming and maintainability are especially important requirements for process engineers. In this paper, the programming languages Activity Diagram, State Chart Diagram and Sequential Function Chart are compared and evaluated with regard to these requirements. This evaluation is based on the principles of cognitive effectiveness and cognitive dimensions. The aim of this paper is to identify the programming language suited best for controlling sequential processes, e.g. thermomechanical or batch processes.

我言,故我在:兼论人类和计算机两种语言智能

考察古代哲学、近代哲学和现当代哲学的发展史,可以证明人类心智对世界的关注从认知客体(古代哲学)开始,转到认知主体(近代哲学),再转到认知主客体的中间环节语言(现当代哲学)。语言智能就是在符号语言基础上产生的智能,包括人类的语言智能和计算机的语言智能,显然这两种智能都是以语言为基础的。所以,语言智能型的ChatGPT比过去思维智能型的AlphaGo等有更强的智能和更大的认知能力,它的表现也会更像人类。20世纪的语言学革命产生一系列的重要事件,形成一个语言认知的连续统。从乔姆斯基语言学革命的标志性成果GT到ChatGPT,人工智能到底走了多远?本文以人类认知五层级理论为依据,以ChatGPT为样本,讨论语言智能相关的一些重要问题,并得出我们的结论。

中国特色认知传播研究的四维度分析框架

中国特色认知传播研究是在传播学及认知科学等交叉学科领域中构建中国自主知识体系的理论创新与实践探索。为系统阐释认知传播研究的“中国特色”,从价值系统、动力系统、知识生产系统和应用系统构建四维度分析框架。研究认为,认知传播需要在中国特色哲学社会科学的建构方向下明确价值内涵、属性特征和目标指向,在实践动力、学科动力和工具动力的作用机制下形塑认知传播研究的“中国特色”,从确立马克思主义指导地位、整合与创新多元理论体系、回应重大理论与现实问题、壮大认知传播研究的中国学派等方面彰显学术研究、理论建构与问题导向的中国特色,最终在洞察认知规律、剖析认知机制、创新认知工具中推动认知传播研究成果的应用性转化。四维度分析框架阐释了认知传播研究“中国特色”的具体要求,尝试性探索认知传播的在地研究进路,以期使未来的认知传播研究能够在构建原创理论、紧跟本土实践、回应现实问题中逐步确立学科地位。

情境认知理论在文化科普文创中的应用研究

将情境认知理论应用于良渚文化文创产品设计中,为目前文化科普类文创产品创新提供新的设计思路。通过对情境认知理论与当下科普类文创产品的分析,总结目前科普类文创产品的理论层、实践层、反思层三方面的问题。在情境认知理论中融入设计思维与设计方法,提炼出“以知建境”“以行用境”“知行善境”三个情境认知维度的方法,创构起情境认知理论的文创产品设计模型。最后以浙江省良渚文化为例进行设计实践,对该设计模型的相关理念进行实践与佐证。将情境认知理论运用于文化科普类文创设计中,使其成为传递文化知识的纽带,能够增加文化科普的互动性,促进受教育者对于知识的实践应用能力,有效地唤起人们对于文化的兴趣,从而传承中华传统文化,传递民族精神。

新农科背景下农业认知实践课程改革与探索

随着乡村振兴和现代农业的推进,农业人才培养需求发生重大变革。该文探索适应于新农科背景下农业认知实践课程的教学大纲,采用授课、参观、调研和参加论坛等授课形式,配合一年的农事技术操作;建设“互联网+”智能农业创新平台和虚拟仿真实验资源;与企业合作,引入现代农业技术线上课程资源,适应现代农业新形势和新技术;融入课程思政,培养学生学农爱农知农的兴趣。课程改革不仅展现现代农业和智慧农业的应用价值,更能让学生实践先进的轻简高效栽培技术,深刻领悟农业研究的意义,激发学生的大国“三农”情怀,培养更多知农爱农型人才。

格式塔感知规律在SAR图像中的有效性初探

合成孔径雷达(SAR)图像是当前微波视觉研究领域的重要数据源。计算机视觉以光学视觉规律为理论基础,无法有效解译SAR图像。因此,借鉴人类视觉感知规律和计算机视觉技术,并融合电磁物理规律的微波视觉成为当前微波遥感领域的一个重要研究方向。探索微波视觉的认知基础对于完善微波视觉理论体系至关重要。该文旨在探讨光学感知规律在微波视觉中的有效性,作为完善微波视觉理论的基础尝试。格式塔感知规律是一类经典的视觉理论,常用于描述人类视觉系统对外部光学世界的感知规律,是计算机视觉的认知理论基础之一。在此背景下,该文以SAR图像为研究对象,借鉴认知心理学实验的设计流程,对格式塔感知规律中的感知组合律和感知不变律在SAR图像中的有效性进行初步研究,探索微波视觉的认知基础。实验结果表明,格式塔感知规律不能够直接应用到SAR图像的算法设计中,人类视觉系统从光学世界中总结出的知识概念、视觉规律在SAR图像中表现不佳,未来需要针对SAR图像等微波图像的特点总结相应的微波视觉认知规律。

不同水平足球运动员空间知觉能力差异:基于行为学和fNIRS的研究

空间知觉能力是决定足球运动员运动技能的关键,更是提升运动员竞技表现的核心因素。选取20名国家一级足球运动员(专家组)和20名高校足球俱乐部的体教专业大学生(新手组),采用功能性近红外光谱成像技术(fNIRS),探讨心理旋转任务下行为绩效、前额叶脑血氧(Oxy-Hb)激活以及脑功能连接的组间差异。结果显示:(1)专家组心理旋转任务正确率显著高于新手组(P<0.05),反应时显著短于新手组(P<0.01)。(2)专家组左右侧背外侧前额叶、额极区和右腹外侧前额叶激活低于新手组(P<0.05),并且脑间功能连接协同更强。研究认为,长期足球训练能够改变运动员的空间知觉加工模式,提高神经资源的利用效率,有利于大脑网络连接性,对认知功能的改善起到重要作用。

基于具身认知理论和VR技术的滑坡灾害应急科普教育模式

滑坡灾害的突发性和危险性让传统的科普教育方式难以真实再现灾害场景,限制了受众的理解和应对能力。为了提高教育效能,该文分析了基于具身认知理论和虚拟现实(VR)技术的滑坡灾害应急科普教育模式及其应用前景。具身认知理论强调参与性提升学习效果,而VR技术则提供身临其境的体验。该文在分析VR技术应用于灾害应急科普教育的可行性和必要性的基础上,融合具身认知理论,设计和开发了VR滑坡灾害应急科普教育系统,创造出更具沉浸感和参与感的滑坡教育体验。通过用户亲身体验及标准化、可复制、有反馈、可考核的情境化“讲、学、练、考”一体化系统,为虚拟灾害应急科普教育模式提供借鉴和参考,证明了基于具身认知理论和VR技术的滑坡灾害科普教育模式在安全应急和防灾减灾领域具有广阔的应用前景。

知觉恒常性概念及问题澄清

作为一种心理现象,知觉恒常性从知觉场中被剥离出来,抽象为知觉的不变性或相似性。这使研究者混乱地处理研究的问题。在神经科学的研究中,知觉的变化和恒常被错误地归因于物理和心理两个不对称的层面。前者被还原为外界物理刺激的变化,后者被还原为大脑特定模块的活动。研究者或追求多要素模型的不断优化,或过于追求大脑活动的细节,最终却难以说明恒常发生的机制。知觉恒常性并非知觉不变性,其同时蕴含着变化和不变。恒常和变化同属于知觉层面,而非物理和心理的不同层面。对知觉恒常性的说明需要超越“物理-心理”的观念鸿沟,更需要超越“恒常-变化”的二元观念结构。超越性的知觉瞬间无常亦无变。