The Association between Exposure to Second-Hand Smoke and Disease in the Chinese Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective To analyze the association between exposure to second-hand smoke(SHS) and 23 diseases,categorized into four classifications, among the Chinese population.Methods We searched the literature up to June 30, 2021, and eligible studies were identified according to the PECOS format: Participants and Competitors(Chinese population), Exposure(SHS),Outcomes(Disease or Death), and Study design(Case-control or Cohort).Results In total, 53 studies were selected. The odds ratio(OR) for all types of cancer was 1.79(1.56–2.05), and for individual cancers was 1.92(1.42–2.59) for lung cancer, 1.57(1.40–1.76) for breast cancer, 1.52(1.12–2.05) for bladder cancer, and 1.37(1.08–1.73) for liver cancer. The OR for circulatory system diseases was 1.92(1.29–2.85), with a value of 2.29(1.26–4.159) for stroke. The OR of respiratory system diseases was 1.76(1.13–2.74), with a value of 1.82(1.07–3.11) for childhood asthma. The original ORs were also shown for other diseases. Subgroup analyses were performed for lung and breast cancer. The ORs varied according to time period and were significant during exposure in the household;For lung cancer, the OR was significant in women.Conclusion The effect of SHS exposure in China was similar to that in Western countries, but its definition and characterization require further clarification. Studies on the association between SHS exposure and certain diseases with high incidence rates are insufficient.

Persuasive Technology for the Future of Smoking Cessation*

This paper explores the integration of persuasive technology into smoking cessation efforts through the development and evaluation of a mobile app, “No-Smoke.” Leveraging compelling features like social support, tracking, planning, and motivation, the app aims to augment user engagement and support the process of quitting smoking. The efficacy of these features has been substantiated through both automated testing and user feedback, highlighting their potential to enhance awareness, motivation, and behavior modification. Despite notable successes, limitations, including a limited user base and uncertainties regarding long-term efficacy, have been acknowledged, stemming from the inherent complexities of smoking cessation. Nevertheless, based on user experiences and feedback, “No-Smoke” represents a promising advancement in the use of technology for public health interventions, particularly in the realm of smoking cessation. To address existing challenges, future research is recommended to encompass a comprehensive, long-term study involving a larger and more diverse user base. Additionally, further investigation should focus on personalization enhancements and the integration of machine learning algorithms to better understand and respond to user behavior.

Pursuing a smoke-free generation

The United Kingdom may soon become a world leader in forging a smoke-free generation.Last month,the country passed a bill that bans the sale of cigarettes to anyone born in 2009 or later.The prime minister claims the policy will"phase out smoking in young people almost completely as early as 2040."A final vote by Parliament is expected next month.Tobacco claims 8 million lives every year,and could claim a billion lives over this century-mostly in low-and middle-income countries.For every person that dies,at least 30 more suffer from smokingrelated chronic disease.The benefits of a tobacco-free society would be transformational.

Smoking Cessation with E-Cigarettes in Smokers with a Documented History of Depression and Recurring Relapses

The association between nicotine dependence and affective disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD), is well known with high prevalence rates being reported for smokers. The reason for this association is not clear, but, it has been argued that smoking may help individuals to cope with stress or medicate depressed mood. Smoking cessation programs are useful in helping smokers to quit, but smoking is a very difficult addiction to break, especially for people suffering from depression, and the need for novel and effective approaches to smoking cessation interventions for this special population is unquestionable. The e-cigarette is a battery-powered electronic nicotine delivery device (ENDD), which may help smokers to remain abstinent during their quit attempt. Here, we report for the first time objective measures of smoking cessation in two heavy smokers, suffering from depression, who experimented the e-cigarette.

Impact of Smoke-Free Legislation on Acute Myocardial Infarction and Subtypes of Stroke Incidence in Shenzhen,China,2012-2016:An Interrupted Time Series Analysis

Objective This study assesses the impact of smoke-free legislation on the incidence rate for acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and stroke in Shenzhen.Methods Data on ischemic(n=72,945)and hemorrhagic(n=18,659)stroke and AMI(n=17,431)incidence covering about 12 million people in Shenzhen from 2012 to 2016 were used.Immediate and gradual changes in incidence rates were analyzed using segmented Poisson regression.Results Following the smoke-free legislation,a 9%(95%CI:3%-15%)immediate reduction was observed in AMI incidence,especially in men(8%,95%CI:1%-14%)and in those aged 65 years and older(17%,95%CI:9%-25%).The gradual annual benefits were observed only in hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke incidence,with a 7%(95%CI:2%-11%)and 6%(95%CI:4%-8%)decrease per year,respectively.This health effect extended gradually to the 50-64 age group.In addition,neither the immediate nor gradual decrease in stroke and AMI incidence rates did not show statistical significance among the 35-49 age group(P>0.05).Conclusion Smoke-free legislation was enforced well in Shenzhen,which would generate good experiences for other cities to enact and enforce smoke-free laws.This study also provided more evidence of the health benefits of smoke-free laws on stroke and AMI.

An Analysis on Failure Reasons of Quit Smoking among Smokers in Beijing Communities——Based on a Cross-Sectional Study

With the implementation of tobacco control policies and increasing publicity year by year,smokers have acquired more information and knowledge through various channels about the harmful effects of smoking.As a result,more smokers have developed a desire to quit smoking and have begun to try to quit.

An Efficient ResNetSE Architecture for Smoking Activity Recognition from Smartwatch

Smoking is a major cause of cancer,heart disease and other afflictions that lead to early mortality.An effective smoking classification mechanism that provides insights into individual smoking habits would assist in implementing addiction treatment initiatives.Smoking activities often accompany other activities such as drinking or eating.Consequently,smoking activity recognition can be a challenging topic in human activity recognition(HAR).A deep learning framework for smoking activity recognition(SAR)employing smartwatch sensors was proposed together with a deep residual network combined with squeeze-and-excitation modules(ResNetSE)to increase the effectiveness of the SAR framework.The proposed model was tested against basic convolutional neural networks(CNNs)and recurrent neural networks(LSTM,BiLSTM,GRU and BiGRU)to recognize smoking and other similar activities such as drinking,eating and walking using the UT-Smoke dataset.Three different scenarios were investigated for their recognition performances using standard HAR metrics(accuracy,F1-score and the area under the ROC curve).Our proposed ResNetSE outperformed the other basic deep learning networks,with maximum accuracy of 98.63%.

The Impact of Electronic Cigarettes (e-Cigs) Smoking Habit on Periodontal Status and Salivary pH among Some Passive e-Cigs Smokers Referred to the College of Dentistry Clinics, King Khalid University

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigs) smoking is substitutional to traditional cigarette smoking to reduce the dangerous combustion of products. Moreover, passive smoking is involuntarily tobacco smoking due to the exposure to cigarette or tobacco smoke among non-smokers and due to there being little knowledge about the impact of passive e-cigs smoking on periodontal status and salivary pH. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of e-cigs smoking habit on periodontal tissue and salivary pH among some passive e-cigs smokers referred to the college of dentistry clinics, King Khalid University. Material and Methods: Ninety male participants who were referred to the college of dentistry clinics at King Khalid University were included in the study. Age, gender, e-cigs smoking, and general health were recorded. The participants were divided into three equal groups (n = 30) as follows: Group I (Non-passive e-cigs smokers and non-smokers) as the control group, Group II (e-cigs users), and Group III (Passive e-cigs smokers). Salivary pH, plaque control record (PCR), gingival bleeding index (GBI), clinical attachment loss (CAL), percentage of radiographic bone loss (% RBL), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), more than 5 missing teeth due to periodontal diseases (>5 MTDP), tooth mobility (TM), furcation involvement (FI), Bite collapse (BC), and less than 20 remaining teeth (10 Opposing pairs) (L20RT) as well as HbA1c were recorded. ANOVA test was used to the comparison between Groups I, II, and III in the participants’ ages and periodontitis staging clinical findings. The mean of participants’ age groups, the mean of salivary pH values of study groups, and the periodontitis staging complexity and HbA1c were compared between groups with the ANOVA test, Tukey’s test, and the chi-square test. P-value was recorded, and less than 0.5 was considered a statistically significant difference (p Results: The e-cigs users group revealed higher means of PCR, GBI %RBL values, and the participants percentages of >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT, and diabetes mellitus (DM) among participants compared to the passive e-cigs smokers group and control group except for the participants percentage of BC among the participants, which was higher among the control group participants. The differences were not significant in PCR, GBI, %RBL and DM (p > 0.5) and significant in >5 MTDP, TM, FI, L20RT and smoking (p 7% values compared to the e-cigs users group and control group participants. The differences were not significant in CAL and PPD (p > 0.5) and significant in the participants percentages of salivary pH values (p Conclusion: The e-cigs smoking habit was the cause of an increase in periodontal disease severity among the electronic smokers rather than passive e-cigs smokers, although the salivary pH was higher in the latter.

基于WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型的济南市清洁取暖改造环境效益评估

为评估济南市清洁取暖改造后的环境效益,以2018年为基准年,采用WRF-SMOKE-CMAQ模型模拟计算了2019—2021年济南市冬季清洁取暖改造后各项污染物改善率,并分析了不同污染时段和不同气象条件下污染物的改善率。结果表明:济南市清洁取暖改造后各污染物浓度均有不同程度的改善,其中CO、SO_(2)和细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))基准年改善率(模拟的污染物浓度相对于基准年同时段的改善率)较大,主要与散煤燃烧CO、SO_(2)和PM_(2.5)的排放因子较大有关,2020年年均改善率(模拟的污染物浓度相对于去年同时段的改善率)最大,主要与污染物的减排量最多有关;各污染物改善呈现出明显的区域差异,清洁取暖改造户数较多的区县污染物年均改善率较高;各污染物在空气严重污染时段基准年改善率均最大,重度污染时段次之,并且在不利气象条件时基准年改善率也最大,说明清洁取暖改造对冬季不利气象条件造成的高污染物浓度起到明显的削峰作用,可为济南市空气质量持续改善提供有力保障。

The Prevalence, Pattern, and Factors Affecting Cigarette Smoking among Undergraduate Students in a Tertiary Institution in Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Cigarette smoking is a modern health hazard, and it is preventable. It starts in adolescence for 90% of adults with an average age of onset ranging between 13 - 15 years and is commoner among males. This study is aimed at the prevalence, pattern, and factors affecting Cigarette smoking among undergraduate students in a tertiary institution in Plateau State. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study involving 290 undergraduate students of the University of Jos was selected using the multistage sampling method. Results: The prevalence of cigarette use was 5.3%. Seven (70.0%) of students smoke daily, 6 (60.0%), smoke cigarettes before Lecture Hours, and 90.0% are unwilling to stop smoking. Smoking was done to experience the highness feeling, 8 (80.0%), peer smoking 8 (80.0%), to reduce stress and tension 5 (50.0%), and Smoking for Fun 7 (70.0%). Most students first smoked a cigarette when with friends 6 (60.0%). Factors significantly associated with the current use of cigarettes among the respondents were religion (χ2 = 4.167, p = 0.041) Level/year of study (χ2 = 32.266, p ≤ 0.001), and type of family (χ2 = 6.271, p = 0.043). Conclusion: Most students smoke daily, smoke before lectures start, and are unwilling to stop smoking. Health-promotion program to help smoking cessation and prevent initiation of smoking is recommended.

Acute effect of smoking on gallbladder emptying and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers: A sonographic study

AIM: To ultrasonographicaly evaluate the acute effects of smoking on gallbladder contraction and refilling in chronic smokers and nonsmokers.METHODS: Fifteen chronic smokers (21-30 years old) and fifteen nonsmokers (21-35 years old) participated in this study. Chronic smokers were selected among the volunteers who had been smoking for at least 5 years and 10 cigarettes per day (mean 17.5/d). Examinations were performed in two separate days. In the fi rst day, basal gallbladder (GB) volumes of volunteers were measured after 8-h fasting. After the examinations, participants had a meal containing at least 30-40 gram fat. Gallbladder volume was assessed at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after the meal. In the second day, participants smoked 2 cigarettes after 8-h fasting. Then, they had the same meal, and gallbladder measurements were repeated at the same time points. Same procedures were applied to both groups. RESULTS: The mean starving GB volumes were 23.3 ± 3.3 mL in the fi rst day, 21.9 ± 3.0 mL in the second day in nonsmoker group and 18.3 ± 3.0 mL in the fi rst day, 19.5 ± 2.8 mL in second day in smoker group. There was no significant difference between starving GB volumes. We did not fi nd any signifi cant difference between the GB volumes measured at 5, 15, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min in the fi rst and second days in nonsmoker group. In smokers, post cigarette GB volume was found significantly higher at 5, 15 and 30 min which corresponded to GB contraction phase (P < 0.05). Control GB volume measurements were not signifi cantly different between the two groups. Post-smoking GB volumes were also not signifi cantly different between the two groups.CONCLUSION: Smoking prolongs the maximal GB emptying time both in smokers and in nonsmokers though it is not signifi cant. It delays GB contraction inchronic smokers and causes a signifi cant decrease in GB emptying volume. Smoking causes no signifi cant delay in GB refi lling in both smokers and nonsmokers. These effects of smoking observed in acute phase result in bile stasis in GB. Bile stasis is the underlying cause of most GB disorders in chronic process.

Carbon Monoxide and Respiratory Disorders in Professional Female Fish Smokers at 2 Artisanal Sites in Benin

Introduction: The use of biomass for cooking is a very common practice in Africa and Benin, and is associated with exposure to organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to assess carbon monoxide exposure and respiratory disorders in women at artisanal fish-smoking sites. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of women fish smokers at two artisanal fish-smoking sites in Benin. Recruitment was exhaustive. An interview using a respiratory questionnaire inspired by the Union questionnaire, spirometry and carbon monoxide (CO) measurement were carried out. Descriptive analysis and comparison of means using Student’s t-test with a threshold of p = 0.05 were performed. Results: The median age of the 81 people surveyed was 40, with an interquartile range (IQT) of [25 to 75]. The median duration of daily exposure to smoke was 6 h IQT [4, 7]. Of those surveyed, 64 (79.01%) were illiterate and 39 (48.24%) had been working for 20 years. CO levels at the start of activity varied from 89 to 145 ppm in one case and from 40 to 89 ppm in the other. Respiratory symptoms were present in 19 (23.46%);18 (22.22%) had mild airway impairment on spirometry. There was a statistically significant decrease between the mean values of peak expiratory flow (PEF), mean expiratory volume in seconds (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) before and after exposure to smoke. Conclusion: CO levels are high on fish smoking sites and respiratory problems are common. Improved working conditions are important for these women.

Reproductive outcomes of water pipe smoking:A scoping review

Objective:To present an overview of the adverse effects of water pipe smoking on various aspects of reproduction and perinatal complications,covering all the most relevant studies,from descriptive findings to clinical trials.Methods:We reviewed the literature and included full publications in English provided by international biomedical databases,including PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,and Google Scholar,and Cochrane Library over the last 38 years(May 1985 to June 2023).Search terms(Water pipe,Narghile,Shisha,Dokha,etc.,and Reproduction,Fertility,etc.)were adopted from Medical Subheading(MeSH)and Boolean operators were utilized to improve sensitivity.Results:133 Papers were identified in the initial search,of which 29 were excluded due to duplication.Eliminating search overlap and irrelevant records by reviewing titles and abstracts reduced 42 papers.62 Full-publication articles met the inclusion criteria.We summarized the effects of waterpipe smoke exposure on reproductive health based on three main categories:male and female fertility,fetal and neonatal outcomes,and pregnancy complications.Conclusions:Water pipe smoking has potential adverse effects on different aspects of human reproductive health,including semen parameters,male and female fertility,and fetal and neonatal health,and contributes to many maternal complications and morbidities.

Lung Cancer Risk Attributable to Active Smoking in China:A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective No consensus exists on the relative risk(RR)of lung cancer(LC)attributable to active smoking in China.This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese population.Methods A systematic literature search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies reporting active smoking among smokers versus nonsmokers in China.Primary articles on LC providing risk estimates with their 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for“ever”“former”or“current”smokers from China were selected.Meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of active smoking.Results Forty-four unique studies were included.Compared with that of nonsmokers,the pooled RR(95%CI)for“ever”“former”and“current”smokers were 3.26(2.79–3.82),2.95(1.71–5.08),and 5.16(2.58–10.34)among men,3.18(2.78–3.63),2.70(2.08–3.51),and 4.27(3.61–5.06)among women,and2.71(2.12–3.46),2.66(2.45–2.88),and 4.21(3.25–5.45)in both sexes combined,respectively.Conclusion The RR of LC has remained relatively stable(range,2–6)over the past four decades in China.Early quitting of smoking could reduce the RR to some extent;however,completely refraining from smoking is the best way to avoid its adverse effects.

Relationship between anal cancer recurrence and cigarette smoking

BACKGROUND The incidence of anal cancer has been increasing in the United States.Smoking is a well-established risk factor;however,the impact of smoking on disease recurrence and outcome has not been well studied.The aim of this study was to assess the association between anal cancer recurrence and cigarette smoking.AIM To investigate the relationship between cigarette smoking status and anal cancer treatment outcome.METHODS The cancer registry from a single,community hospital was screened for patients with anal cancer between 2010 and 2021.The following characteristics were gathered from the database:Age;sex;cigarette smoking history;American Joint Committee on Cancer Clinical Stage Group;response to therapy;recurrence;time to recurrence;mortality;time to death;and length of follow-up.Patients were divided into the following groups:Current smokers;former smokers;and never smokers.SPSSv25.0 software(IBM Corp.,Armonk,NY,United States)was used for statistical analysis.RESULTS A total of 95 patients from the database met the screening criteria.There were 37 never smokers,22 former smokers,and 36 current smokers.There was no difference between groups in regards to race or sex.There was no difference in the American Joint Committee on Cancer Clinical Stage Group between groups.The former smokers were significantly older when compared to never smokers and current smokers(66.5±13.17 vs 57.4±7.82 vs 63.7±13.80,P=0.011).Former smokers and current smokers had a higher recurrence rate compared to never smokers(30.8%and 20.8%compared to zero,P=0.009).There was not a significant difference in recurrence between former smokers and current smokers.There was no difference in the mortality,non-response rate,or time to death between the groups.CONCLUSION Our data contributes evidence that cigarette smoking status is associated with increased recurrence for patients with anal cancer.

Incidence of Haematoma Formation in Relation to Smoking in Abdominoplasty Cases

Objective: This study aims at assessing the relation between smoking and the incidence of haematoma formation in abdominoplasty surgery cases. Patients and Methods: This is a 4 years retrospective study involving the patients who underwent abdominoplasty surgery between the period of May 2015 and April 2019 in Zayed Military Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab of Emirates. The incidence of haematoma formation was assessed in relation to tobacco use in these patients. Results: 164 patients met the inclusion criteria of the study. 35 patients were smokers (21.3%) and 129 patients were non-smokers (78.7%). The mean age was 38.4 (21 - 59 years). The mean BMI was 27 kg/m2 (21.4 - 34.7 kg/m2) and the mean hospital stay was 6.5 days (4 - 19). 23 patients in the study developed haematoma (14%). 11 of them had surgical evacuation of the haematoma (6.7%) while the rest were aspirated in the out-patient clinic. Out of the 23 patients who developed haematoma, 17 patients were smokers and 6 were non-smokers. The incidence of haematoma among smokers was 48.6% (17 out of 35 cases) while its incidence among nonsmokers was 4.7% (6 out of 129 cases) showing a clear relationship between smoking and hematoma formation (p Conclusion: Our study shows a direct relationship between smoking and haematoma formation in abdominoplasty cases. Cessation of smoking during the perioperative period is required before embarking on such a procedure.

Intervention Effects on the Willingness to Stop Smoking and Social Nicotine Dependence Based on Single-Session Group Therapy with Frequent Use of Role Play Targeting Smokers with Mental Disorders

Objective: We devised a “Smoking-Cessation Motivation Program” as a community welfare service aimed at making short-term improvements in social nicotine dependence and enhancing the willingness to stop smoking among people with mental disorders. Method: The study conducted a controlled trial to empirically examine the effects of the program on the willingness to stop smoking and social nicotine dependence among 26 smokers with mental disorders in the intervention group, who were compared with a control group of 16 individuals. Results: Results demonstrated the program’s effectiveness in reducing social nicotine dependence, and a variance analysis with age as the covariate evidenced a mutual interaction between social nicotine dependence and the willingness to stop smoking, confidence to stop smoking, and resisting the temptation to smoke. Conclusion: Future studies should examine longer-term program results, the impact of program duration, and other factors that influence the program’s effectiveness.

Design and Optimization of New Smoke Exhaust Pipe for Mining Trucks

In order to improve the maintenance efficiency,extend the use time,ensure that the exhaust emission meets the standard,forthe 830E truck heating bucket exhaust pipe design defects,the current single smoke exhaust system is transformed into atime period,convertible smoke exhaust system.After the transformation,it can not only realize the side row to prevent direct corrosion of the box bucket in summer,but also realize the heating of the box bucket at low temperature in winter to prevent snow and ice and frozen blocks from sticking to the box bucket and the materials transported.After the transformation can save a lot of manpower,material resources,financial resources,improve the service life.

APP/ZB协效阻燃发泡木塑复合材料性能研究

为了拓宽发泡木塑复合材料(FWPC)的功能性,以沙柳木粉、高密度聚乙烯(PE-HD)为主要原料,纳米炭黑(Nano-CB)为导电填料,聚磷酸铵(APP)和硼酸锌(ZB)作为阻燃剂和抑烟成分进行复配,采用发泡工艺和模压法制备阻燃抗静电型发泡木塑复合材料。研究APP/ZB协效阻燃剂质量比对FWPC力学性能、阻燃抑烟性能及热稳定性能的影响。结果表明:当APP/ZB总加入量为20%,质量比为4∶1时,FWPC的各项性能相对较优,静曲强度、弹性模量、拉伸强度和冲击强度分别为30.11MPa、2636MPa、14.65MPa和3.72kJ/m^(2),氧指数达27.3%,属难燃级别;与单独加APP时相比,力学性能降低,烟释放速总量降低11.93%,CO产率峰值和平均CO产率分别降低80.6%和49.3%,总失重率从63.53%降至61.42%,热稳定性能提高;FWPC燃烧后炭层表面凹凸不平,复合材料的阻燃和抑烟性能得到提升。

排烟口朝向与挡烟垂壁对地铁站台排烟效果的影响

为提高地铁站台的排烟效果,采用数值模拟方法,对地铁站不同排烟口朝向的机械排烟系统排烟效果进行分析,并进一步对比挡烟垂壁高度对排烟效果影响。研究结果表明:排烟口朝向不是影响烟气控制效果的主要因素,顶面排烟的排烟效果最佳,其总排热量是底面排烟的1.32倍,总排烟量是底面排烟的1.19倍;并通过分析3种排烟系统吸入烟气的方式和温度解释排烟效果产生差异的原因;增设挡烟垂壁可起到良好的控烟效果,当挡烟垂壁下沿高度分别降低至3.5,3.0,2.5 m时,顶面排烟,侧面排烟和底面排烟能够将烟气控制在起火防烟分区;挡烟垂壁与机械排烟系统具有协同作用,设置挡烟垂壁可以有效改善排烟效果,因此建议采用排烟管道顶面开口的排烟方式,并可通过设置一定高度的挡烟垂壁提高现有排烟系统的排烟效果。研究结果可为地铁站台排烟系统设计提供参考与借鉴。