Sandstone Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution of Paleogene in Huimin Depression

The sandstones of the paleogene in the Huimin Depression have undergone numerous diagenetic processes, such as compaction, cementation, dissolution, metasomasis and recrystallization. The first three — compaction, cementation and dissolution — affect reservoir properties most intensively. An average porosity loss due to compaction is 0.78% per 100 meters, slightly higher in the central and southern parts and lower in the northern. Cementation has resulted in the porosity loss from 8% to 20% at a depth below 1,500 meters. Dissolution, which in most cases is the dissolution of feldspar and of carbonate cement, primarily occurs in two depth intervals, from 1,400 to 2,500 meters and 2,700 to 4,000 meters respectively. New porosity is created through dissolution from 4% to 14%. The sandstones experienced stage A and stage B of early diagenesis and stage A of late diagenesis. At present, most of them are experiencing Phase A2 of late diagenesis. The types of pores in the sand reservoir can be grouped into primary and secondary ones.

An experimental study on dynamic coupling process of alkaline feldspar dissolution and secondary mineral precipitation

In order to clarify the dynamic process of feldspar dissolution-precipitation and explore the formation mechanism of secondary porosity,six batch reactor experiments were conducted at 200℃and pH=7 measured at room temperature.Temporal evolution of fluid chemistry was analyzed with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer(ICP-OES).Solid reaction products were retrieved from six batch experiments terminated after 36,180,276,415,766 and 1008 h.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)revealed dissolution features and significant secondary mineral adhered on the feldspar surface.The process of feldspar dissolution-precipitation proceeded slowly and full equilibrium was not achieved after 1008 h.Saturation indices suggested that the albite and K-feldspar dissolution occurred throughout the experiments.The average dissolution rates for albite and K-feldspar were 2.28×10^-10 and 8.51×10^-11 mol m^-2 s^-1,respectively.Based on the experimental data,the reaction process of alkaline feldspar was simulated and the secondary porosity had increased 0.3%after the experiment.

Selective dissolution of eodiagenesis cements and its impact on the quality evolution of reservoirs in the Xing＇anling Group,Suderte Oil Field, Hailar Basin, China

Reservoirs in the Xing＇anling Group in the Suderte Oil Field,Hailar Basin exhibit ultra-low to low permeability and high tuffaceous material content.This study comprehensively analyzed diagenesis and quality evolution of these low-permeability reservoirs using thin sections,SEM samples,rock physical properties,pore water data,as well as geochemical numerical simulations.Calcite and analcite are the two main types of cements precipitated in the eodiagenetic stage at shallow burial depths in the reservoirs.These two cements occupied significant primary intergranular pores and effectively retarded deep burial compaction.Petrography textures suggest selective dissolution of massive analcite and little dissolution of calcite in the mesodiagenetic stage.Chemical calculations utilizing the Geochemist＇s Workbench 9.0indicated that the equilibrium constant of the calcite leaching reaction is significantly smaller than that of the analcite leaching reaction,resulting in extensive dissolution of analcite rather than calcite in the geochemical system with both minerals present.Numerical simulations with constraints of kinetics and pore water chemistry demonstrated that the pore water in the Xing＇anling group is saturated with respect to calcite,but undersaturated with analcite,leading to dissolution of large amounts of analcite and no dissolution of calcite.Significant secondary intergranular pores have formed in analcite-cemented reservoirs from selective dissolution of analcite in the mesodiagenetic stage;the analcite dissolution formed preferential flow paths in the reservoirs,which promoted feldspar dissolution;and dissolution of such minerals led to the present reservoirs with medium porosity and low permeability.Calcite-cemented tight reservoirs have not experienced extensive dissolution of cements,so they exhibit ultra-low porosity and permeability.