European Union’s Policy of Securitisation and Its Reflection on the Turkish Asylum Policy:The Case of Systematic Expulsion of Refugees

The paper argues that the European Union’s(EU)policy of externalising migration management to transit states contrasts its founding values.Thereby,values enshrined under Article 2 TEU are intentionally interpreted in such a way to evade humanitarian responsibility concerning asylum seekers,arising from the EU and international treaty law.The paper examines the changing meanings of the principle of solidarity and argues that the solidarity has been interpreted in all possible meanings expect as a humanitarian norm to ensure that Union’s externalisation policy doesn’t contradict its founding values.It further argues that the Union’s externalisation policy encourages the transit states to evade responsibility by constructing their asylum policies on the same lines.Therefore,the EU becomes a source of adversely implicating humanitarian values in the world.The paper concludes by arguing that humanitarian interpretation of solidarity has become an issue of survival and morality for the Union.

The Bahraini Uprising of 2011 and the Regime’s Securitisation of Sectarianism as a Survival Mechanism

This paper focuses on the Bahraini regime’s usage of sectarianism as a survival mechanism.The argument herein has adopted a modernist approach,where sectarian identities are not viewed as fixed and as causes of an ancient hatred struggle,but are instead viewed as a modern construction that are securitised and desecuritised.It examines how this particular struggle was framed in a sectarian context through the analysis of three pivotal stages of the 2011 uprising and its aftermath.These stages are broken down as follows:(1)the first stage of the uprising,which includes the first month of the uprising and the period prior to the regional military intervention,a period which was characterised by negotiations and dialogue;(2)the period of fragmentation within Bahraini society in which this paper explores the various reasons behind the failed reforms and the failure/ending of dialogue between the regime and the oppositions;and(3)the period of military intervention and the uprising’s aftermath,which reflected a time of securitisation and de-securitisation of the uprising’s space,image and language.These three stages showcase overriding factors such as fear,lack of inclusion of alternatives,divided opposition,and limited regime reform which contributed to the Bahraini regime’s brutal reaction to protesters in 2011 and the Qatar-Gulf crisis which emerged in 2017.The three stages reflect the regime’s pragmatism in dealing with the clashes,and its security narrative adjustment to the regional alliance shifts.The Bahraini regime was able to survive the challenges posed by the uprising in the short-term,but its short-term solutions such as the naturalisation process,would have damaging effects on society in the long-run.

A Securitization Approach to Qatar’s Foreign Policy Making

The securitisation of military and political sectors has been underway for decades in the context of Qatari politics.Conceptualising the role of security in Qatar’s foreign policymaking is the primary purpose of this study.Qatar’s security tools and strategies in the initial era of the Gulf Crisis 2017 are central elements of this research using the Copenhagen school’s securitisation framework.The Gulf Crisis started in June 2017 and took more than 3 years for the parties to warm the relations again.This research depicts the early process of the Gulf Crisis 2017 through categorising threats and vulnerabilities posed to Qatar’s military and political security.