Bed Load Transport Rate in Scouring and Armoring Process of Non-uniform Sediment River Bed

Flume experiments were carried out to study bed load transport rate during rive bed scouring and ar- moring.A theoretical differential equation linking the transport rate to the probability of incipient motion of non-uniform sediment is solved.The transport rate is shown to decrease exponentially with time,according to the theory,which is in good agreement with the experiment data.

CALCULATION MODELS FOR THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT RATE

The calculation accuracy of the suspended sediment transport rate relies on that of the vertical distribution of the particle concentration,the particle velocity distribution and the reference concentration.In view of the limitations of the previons formulas for both the velocity and the concentration distributions,general expressions are introduced to the calculation of sus- pended sediment transport rate.Based on these analyses,a simple and practical calculation model is given in the present paper.

Time-Dependent Sediment Transport Subjected to Downward Seepage

Experiments were conducted using cohesionless sand particles with median diameter of 0.48 mm to investigate the time variation of sediment transport rate under the influence of local downward seepage.The experimental results show that the bedload transport rate in terms of volumetric sediment transport rate per unit width increased rapidly with time in the presence of suction,eventually reaching a peak beyond which it started to decrease.The trend of reduction was significantly reduced beyond 8 400 s after the test started.The analytical expression was derived in terms of dimensionless sediment transport rate and dimensionless time.The hypothesized relationships were compared with the experimental data,indicating a good agreement with each other.

Coupled Model of Two-phase Debris Flow,Sediment Transport and Morphological Evolution

The volume fraction of the solid and liquid phase of debris flows, which evolves simultaneously across terrains, largely determines the dynamic property of debris flows. The entrainment process significantly influences the amplitude of the volume fraction. In this paper, we present a depth-averaged two-phase debris-flow model describing the simultaneous evolution of the phase velocity and depth, the solid and fluid volume fractions and the bed morphological evolution. The model employs the Mohr–Coulomb plasticity for the solid stress, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian viscous stress. The interfacial momentum transfer includes viscous drag and buoyancy. A new extended entrainment rate formula that satisfies the boundary momentum jump condition （Iverson and Ouyang, 2015） is presented. In this formula, the basal traction stress is a function of the solid volume fraction and can take advantage of both the Coulomb and velocity-dependent friction models. A finite volume method using Roe’s Riemann approximation is suggested to solve the equations. Three computational cases are conducted and compared with experiments or previous results. The results show that the current computational model and framework are robust and suitable for capturing the characteristics of debris flows.

Sediment Transport in Rivers and Coastal Waters

Following Bagnold's approach, a relationship between sediment transport and energy dissipation is developed. The major assumption made in the study is that the near bed velocity plays a dominant role in the process of sediment transport. A general relationship between energy dissipation and sediment transport is first proposed. Then the equations for total sediment transport are derived by introducing the appropriate expression of energy dissipation rate under different conditions, such as open channel flows, combination of wave and current, as well as longshore sediment transport. Within the flows investigated, the derived relationships are fairly consistent with the available data over a wide range of conditions.

Sediment generation and soil mound denudation in areas of high-density tree throw along a river valley in the Jura Mountains, Switzerland

A preliminary field-based investigation was undertaken in a small(<10 km^(2))river valley located in the mountainous Jura region of northwest Switzerland.The aims of the work were to assess sediment generation and annual sediment transport rates by tree throw on forested hillslopes,and to document surface hydrology characteristics on four fresh soil mounds associated with recent tree throws over a 24-day monitoring period.For the soil mounds,average sediment recovery ranged from 7.7-28.2 g(dry weight),equivalent to a suspended sediment concentration of 145.2-327.8 g L^(-1),and runoff coefficients ranged from 1.0%-4.2%.Based on a soil bulk density value of 1,044 kg m^(-3),upslope runoff generation areas were denuded by an average 0.14 mm by the end of the 24-day monitoring period,representing an erosion rate equivalent to 2.1 mm yr^(-1).A ca.50 cm high soil mound could therefore feasibly persist for around 200-250 years.For tree throw work,the dimensions of 215 individual tree throws were measured and their locations mapped in 12 separate locations along the river valley representing a cumulative area equivalent to 5.3 ha(av.density,43 per ha).Tree throws generated a total of 20.1 m^(3) of fine-sediment(<2 mm diameter),or the equivalent of 3.8×10^(-4) m^(3) m^(-2).The process of tree throw was originally attributed to two extreme weather events that occurred in west and central Europe in late December 1999.Taking the 18-year period since both storms,this represents an annual sediment transport rate of 2.7×10^(-5) m^(3) m^(-1) yr^(-1).Exploring the relationship with wind on fall direction,65.5%of tree throws(143)generally fell in a downslope direction irrespective of hillslope aspect on which they were located.This infers that individual storms may not have been responsible for the majority of tree throws,but instead,could be associated with root failure.Given the high density of tree throws and their relative maturity(average age 41 years),we hypothesise that once trees attain a certain age in this river valley,their physiognomy(i.e.height,mass and centre of gravity)compromises their ability to remain securely anchored.We tentatively attribute this possibility to the presence of bedrock close to the surface,and to the shallow soil profile overlaying steep hillslopes.

Sediment control function of river notches

The purpose of this study is to investigate the control function and mechanisms of natural river notches. Physical and numerical experiments are analyzed in this study for two representative types of sediment events： high intensity and short duration Type A sediment disaster events, and low intensity and long duration Type B moderate non-disaster events. Two dimensionless parameters, sediment trapping rate and reduction rate of peak sediment transport, are defined to evaluate the sediment control function of river notches. Study results indicate that the contraction ratio of the notch has a significant influence on sediment control function, with high contraction ratios resulting in both high sediment-trapping and high reduction rates. River notches provide better sediment control during Type A events than Type B events. The sediment control mechanism of river notches is the result of multiple interactions among river flow, sediment transport, and riverbed variation. Analysis of these interactions supports the significant protection role of river notches on sediment control for disaster events.

Unit stream power,minimum energy dissipation rate,and river engineering

Unit stream power is the most important and dominant parameter for the determination of transport rate of sand,gravel,and hyper-concentrated sediment with wash load.Minimum energy dissipation rate theory,or its simplified minimum unit stream power and minimum stream power theories,can provide engineers the needed theoretical basis for river morphology and river engineering studies.The Generalized Sediment Transport model for Alluvial River Simulation computer mode series have been developed based on the above theories.The computer model series have been successfully applied in many countries.Examples will be used to illustrate the applications of the computer models to solving a wide range of river morphology and river engineering problems.

黄土高原径流侵蚀功率输沙模型的改进

水土流失对流域生态危害严重,输沙量模拟和预测可以为流域水土流失防治提供依据,因此精确的输沙模型是流域水土流失治理的重要工具。为了精确模拟变化环境下黄土高原年输沙量,该研究基于黄土高原19个水文站的径流和输沙数据,通过随机森林变量重要性度量方法评估年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数、淤地坝相对指数、归一化植被指数、不透水地面积等因子对流域年输沙量的影响,使用非线性最小二乘法估算年输沙模型参数,对比分析不同因子组合的年输沙模型精度,提出适用性较强的黄土高原年输沙模型,据此开展年输沙量变化贡献率分析。结果表明:1)以幂函数形式构建的仅含径流侵蚀功率单因子输沙模型精度与流域面积有显著的负相关关系,相关系数为-0.505(P<0.05),模型精度随着流域面积增大而下降,在面积大于7000 km^(2)的流域适用性较差;2)年径流侵蚀功率、淤地坝指数及不透水地面积因子组合建立的多因子年输沙模型在黄土高原适用性最佳,模型在率定期纳什效率系数平均值为0.84,均方根误差平均值为0.21亿t,在验证期纳什系数平均值为0.79,均方根误差平均值为0.27亿t。3)影响研究流域年输沙量变化的因素依次是:年径流侵蚀功率、不透水地面积和淤地坝指数。研究可以为黄土高原不同区域水土流失防治和生态治理工作提供理论支撑。

不同沿岸输沙率计算公式对比分析

经历近100 a的发展,沿岸输沙率计算公式研究领域已形成许多代表性成果,系统研判各计算公式的预测精度对于快速准确判断研究区域沿岸输沙能力具有重要意义。依据使用率高、公式结构简洁、考虑参数相对全面等标准,选择了国内外7个沿岸输沙率计算公式,采用现场原型沙、室内原型沙和室内轻质沙等多种实测资料,对各公式的计算准确程度和适用范围进行了定量检验。结果表明,CERC公式和Kamphuis公式适用于现场原型沙预测,但对室内轻质沙预测的偏离程度较大;MH-Kamphuis公式和van Rijn公式对各种实测资料的预测均总体偏小;赵今声公式和Bayram公式的预测精度最低,预测偏小程度较大。经比较,孙林云公式对各项实测资料的符合程度总体较高,预测精度提高了36%~73%,具有更广泛的适用范围,推荐用于推导沙质海岸沿岸输沙模型相似律比尺关系。

黄河下游游荡河段高含沙洪水期输沙规律研究

黄河下游河床长期处于淤积抬升状态,其冲淤演变规律对于下游河道治理有着重要影响。因此,快速预测不同量级高含沙洪水各河段的冲淤量以及判断高含沙洪水期黄河下游游荡河段冲淤影响很有必要。根据1960—2021年54场高含沙洪水的实测水沙资料,分析高含沙洪水期黄河下游游荡河段下站输沙率与上站流量、含沙量、输沙率之间的相关关系并建立关系式,系统地研究高含沙洪水的输沙规律。结果表明,下站输沙率与上站输沙率存在极强的相关性,进一步按来沙系数分级得到高含沙洪水期的输沙率公式,能够很好地模拟冲淤过程,极大地提高了与实测水沙资料的贴合度。以小浪底水文站为黄河下游游荡河段的进口控制水文站,采用按来沙系数分级所求的输沙率关系式能够较准确推求花园口站、夹河滩站、高村站的输沙率,从而计算小浪底—花园口、花园口—夹河滩和夹河滩—高村河段的累计冲淤量。

渗流输沙过程的颗粒运动状态和影响因素分析

基于力学平衡,提出了渗流作用下土体内部颗粒运动的控制方程,计算了颗粒运动状态。同时综合考虑颗粒受力及输运容许度的随机分布,提出了颗粒运动概率的计算方法。通过与试验观测的临界水力梯度、输沙量和渗透系数的对比验证,证明颗粒运动方程和运动概率计算的可靠性。研究结果表明:土颗粒在由静起动的过程中做加速运动,加速历程很短,其运动特征与土颗粒粒径及孔隙率有关;渗流输沙过程中颗粒运动概率不断增加,主要是因为土体孔隙变大,可动颗粒受力增加,输运的几何容许度增加引起的。在渗流输沙的过程中,输沙率随时间是先增大后减小的,且与颗粒运动概率密切有关。在输沙的前期孔隙率是主要因素,而在后期可动颗粒的数量是主要影响因素。

黄河河南段水沙变化规律与影响机制研究

黄河河南段为典型游荡型河段,其水沙变化剧烈、主槽摆动频繁、河床变形严重,对河道生境产生了严重影响。以1960—2019年小浪底、花园口、高村水文站水沙数据为研究对象,结合Mann-Kendall检验、滑动T检验、小波分析等统计方法探究了黄河河南段水沙变异周期特征,并应用双累积曲线法定量评估了降雨和人类活动对河南段径流量和输沙量减少的贡献率。结果表明:河南段年输沙减少趋势大于年径流减少趋势,小浪底到花园口间基本冲淤平衡,花园口到高村间以淤积为主,河南段汛期以泥沙淤积为主、非汛期冲刷;小浪底站输沙量在1997年发生突变,而花园口、高村站径流量和输沙量均在1985年发生突变;调水调沙对于径流量增加效果要大于输沙量增加,人类活动对河南段径流输沙减少起主导作用,对河南段径流量平均贡献率为80.94%,对输沙量平均贡献率为94.95%。

典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式适用性比较

基于等中值粒径的“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙试验以及“驼峰”输沙率试验数据,选择Einstein、吴伟明、Wilcock和吴保生等4种典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式计算“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙率,将两种级配的输沙率比值及曲线形态与试验成果对比分析。结果表明:吴伟明公式在反映“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙差异上表现最好,这4种公式均无法反映“驼峰”输沙率现象。基于多参数考虑的Patel公式较这4种公式能更好地反映上述两种现象。充分考虑床沙级配对分组沙起动切应力和输沙有效Shields数的影响,是提高非均匀推移质输沙率公式精度和适用性的关键。

吐鲁番市高昌区不同固沙植物的防风固沙效益

为了解不同防风固沙林对风速、输沙通量和土壤蚀积程度的影响,以期为荒漠化地区植物选择和配置提供技术支持,以吐鲁番市高昌区恰特喀勒乡公相村为实验地,利用气象站、风速仪、集沙仪等监测不同高度下梭梭林、柽柳林以及梭梭-柽柳混交林的风速、地表粗糙度、输沙通量等指标,分析比较不同固沙林的风速廓线、风速增加率、地表蚀积量及风沙堆积物变化规律。结果表明:随着风速的增加,输沙通量逐渐增加,地表粗糙度和蚀积深度呈现降低趋势;不同固沙林不同高度(h)的风速增加率均表现为中层(50 cm<h≤100 cm)最大,低层(10 cm<h≤50 cm)最小,说明固沙植物对低层风速有显著降低作用,增强了中层风速;不同固沙林输沙通量随着高度增加逐渐减小;柽柳林、梭梭-柽柳混交林后出现堆积现象,梭梭林前后为侵蚀现象。梭梭林、柽柳林以及梭梭-柽柳混交林均降低了近地表风速,有效拦截了风沙流,改变了表层风沙堆积物物质组成,梭梭-柽柳混交林防风固沙效果较好。

面向输沙过程模拟的改进流向算法

流域中的输沙过程是地貌学和地表动力学的重要研究内容。前人通过流向算法和实测地形变化来推测输沙率的空间分布,但是简单地应用流向算法会造成模拟过程中出现质量不守恒的情况。因此,设计了面向输沙过程模拟的改进流向算法,判断模拟过程中质量守恒情况,即输沙率是否为负值,若存在,则将负值输沙率重设,阻止负值输沙率向下游传播。对经典的D8、MFD-se、MFD-md 3种流向算法进行了改进实验。结果表明:(1)改进后的D8单流向算法相较于改进前的性能平均提升了1.26%。(2)改进后的MFD-se单流向算法相较于改进前的性能平均提升了4.17%。(3)改进后的MFD-md单流向算法相较于改进前的性能平均提升了4.54%。

泥沙起动参数评析

泥沙起动的临界条件可以采用水动力参数(如水流速度、床面剪切应力)或输沙参数(如运动概率、推移质输沙率)进行描述,理论上可以从单颗粒或群体颗粒层面进行分析。目前的研究表明:通过单颗粒受力分析所获得的起动条件,因包含一系列待定参数,难以直接用于实际计算;利用推移质输沙率可以定量地确定泥沙起动条件,但必须选取适当的无量纲参数;与常用的Einstein数?不同,无量纲输沙率W*反映了床面泥沙颗粒的运动概率的大小,其起动临界值与床面性质(光滑或粗糙)无关,可取为常数,由此获得的起动切应力变化规律与Shields曲线基本一致。

乌兰布和沙漠东北缘起沙风风况及输沙特征

输沙势(DP)是衡量区域风沙活动强度的重要指标,为探明乌兰布和沙漠东北缘风沙活动强度特征,评估区域风能状况,该论文基于"内蒙古磴口荒漠生态系统国家定位观测研究站"2013-2017年监测的风速、风向及输沙量数据,对乌兰布和沙漠东北缘的起沙风风况、输沙势及输沙率特征进行深入研究。研究结果如下:1)研究区年均起沙风风速为6.77 m/s,年均起沙风频率为19.74%,最大风速为20.76 m/s,三者均以春季最高,是主要的风沙活动期,秋季次之,夏季与秋季较为接近,冬季最小;2)研究区四季起沙风风向与全年起沙风风向一致,均以偏东风(NNE,NE,ENE,E)和偏西风(SW,WSW,W,WNW)为主;3)研究区年输沙势(DP)和年合成输沙势(RDP)分别为183.38和73.41 VU,属于低风能环境,年方向变率指数(RDP/DP)为0.40,属于中比率,年合成输沙势方向(RDD)111.15°,为ESE方向,表明乌兰布和沙漠东北缘沙物质主要朝东南偏东方向输移;年输沙势和年合成输沙势的季节变化特征和月变化特征均为春季显著高于其他季节;(4)16方位实测输沙率为35.11 kg/m·d,WNW方向的输沙率最大,春季输沙率显著高于其他季节。

弯道环流流速与泥沙横向输移研究

根据弯道水流特性,分析了断面环流的运动方程,采用普朗特紊流切应力构架建立了横向水流切应力的形式。通过对掺长形式的分析,给出了断面环流横向水流切应力沿垂线表达式,进一步建立了弯道恒定二元环流的横向流速分布公式。经对比分析与资料验证表明,导出的环流流速分布公式结构简单、合理,与资料有较好的拟合性。同时,利用导出的环流流速分布公式,还研究了弯道水流中泥沙的横向输移问题,建立了便于数值模拟的计算模式。

近40年来长江流域水沙变化趋势及可能影响因素探讨

利用Mann-Kendall方法,分析了近40年长江流域主要水文站点（长江干流水文站：屏山站、宜昌站、汉口站与大通站;支流水文站：嘉陵江的北碚站和汉江的皇庄站）的流量及输沙率的变化特征。结果表明：①长江流域流量与输沙量变化受人类活动（土地利用、水利设施建设等）与自然因素（如降水的时空变化）综合因素影响,变化趋势表现出复杂性,上、中、下游各有特点;②长江流域屏山站以上流域输沙率有上升趋势（1～5月份上升趋势达到95%的置信度水平）,这与上游河床坡度较大,使泥沙不易沉积以及暴雨与降水增加有关;③长江中下游输沙呈显著下降趋势。计算结果表明,宜昌-汉口河段是长江流域泥沙主要沉积区,加上葛州坝与三峡工程的建成与投入使用,从而进一步使中下游输沙量呈下降趋势。由于下游降水增加,使下游径流量自1980s以来有微弱上升趋势,但未达到95%的置信度水平,中上游流量变化不显著。对上、中、下游人为因素与自然因素对流域流量与输沙量的变化贡献率方面需要做进一步的研究。