Effects of treatment methods on the nutritional value of cotton seed cake for laying hens

The effects of treatment methods on the nutritive value of cotton seed cake (CSC) for laying hens were examined. Olympia laying hens (n = 96) were assigned randomly to a 2 × 3 factorial combination of fermented or unfermented CSC supplemented with enzyme, Vitamin E and ferrous sulphate over a 4-week feeding period. CSC was incorporated at 15% in the diets. Results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in feed intake, body weight gain and egg weight due to treatments. However, hen-day egg production was significantly reduced (P 0.05). Serum concentration of total protein among dietary treatments was lower (P 0.05) for all treatments. Generally, activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases increased (P < 0.05) among CSC dietary treatments compared with the control diet. The interaction between CSC form and additives had no significant effect on any of the parameters. The results of this study indicate that the treatment methods employed for CSC could not significantly improve its nutritive value for egg production at 15% level in the diet of laying hen.

Characterization of the Crystal Structure of Sesame Seed Cake Burned by Nd: YAG Laser

This paper reports obtaining of useful and high-value materials from sesame seed cake (SSC). For this purpose, SSC sample was burned for 30 s using Nd: YAG laser with output power 60 W. The products of this process and non-burned SSC were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) so as to investigate its crystal structure and chemical components. XRD results of the SSC before burning process showed amorphous silica, rhombohedral phase of carbon, monoclinic phase of aluminum chloride, the hexagonal phase of moissanite-4H, (yellow, black) and hexagonal phase of graphite-2H, C (black). While the results of the burned SSC sample showed that the burning process using the power of Nd: YAG laser cased in appearing of crystalline hexagonal phase for silica and Carbon Nitride and converting the rhombohedral phase of Carbon into hexagonal phase. FTIR showed a number of absorbance peaks assigned to silica.

Valorization of Griffonia simplicifolia Seed Oil for Biodiesel Production: A Sustainable Alternative

Bio-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons, such as mixtures of fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), are promising alternatives for alleviating the adverse effects of fossil fuel consumption on climate change and preventing petroleum resource depletion. However, the selection of a viable feedstock for competitive biodiesel production remains challenging. Recent studies focusing on Griffonia simplicifolia seeds, the sole plant industrially exploited for 5-hydroxy- tryptophan (5-HTP) extraction, have shown that G. simplicifolia seed oil (GSO) can be solvent-extracted directly from ground seeds or the remaining seed cakes obtained after 5-HTP extraction with quantitative yields. This work documents the conversion of GSO into biodiesel through homogeneous base-catalyzed transesterification. The refractive index and density of the obtained methyl ester mixtures decreased with increasing oil-to-methanol molar ratio, reaction temperature, and time. Under specific conditions, 1.43 wt% FFA oil, 63.5C, 60 min, and 1:9 oil/MeOH molar ratio with 1.2 wt% NaOH or 1.3 wt% KOH as catalysts, optimal reaction conditions were reached. There were no significant differences in the potential for diminution of the refractive index and density between the NaOH and KOH catalysts. The predicted fuel properties based on the fatty acid composition determined by GC-MS showed that G. simplicifolia biodiesel exhibited a cetane index of 50.29, volumetric energy density of 34.97 MJ/L, cloud point of -1.03°C, kinematic viscosity of 4.07 mm2/s, and oxidative stability of 0.65 h. Apart from its unfavorable oxidative stability and slightly lower energy density compared to petrodiesel, all other calculated parameters met the current standards. The valorization concept proposed in this study should be integrated into the 5-HTP extraction process, preferably using the remaining dry seed cakes as raw materials to maximize revenue in a bioeconomic and sustainable approach.

Nutritional value of detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake protein isolates using rats as an animal model

A bioassay study was conducted to investigate the effects of substituting casein with graded levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas seed cake protein isolates(JPI) as a protein source on the growth performance,feed efficiency ratio(FER) and its protein values using rats as an animal model. Thirty 21-day-old male Spraguee Dawley weaned rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, each group with 6 replications(n = 1). Each group consumed one of the following diets: protein-free, casein(CAS) and JPI diets(JPI20,JPI40 and JPI60; different levels of JPI to replace the casein at concentrations of 20%, 40% and 60% on crude protein basis). Feed intake and protein intake showed no difference among the rats fed JPI20, JPI40 and CAS diets(P > 0.05). However, these parameters were lower in the rats fed JPI60 than in rats fed CAS(P < 0.05). The rats fed diets containing JPI had lower body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio and net protein retention than those fed CAS diet(P < 0.05). When the level of JPI used to replace the casein was lower than 40%, protein efficiency ratio(PER) was close to or higher than 2.0, which suggests that JPI could be viewed as a high-quality protein. Inclusion of JPI in the diet decreased alkaline phosphatase activity. The values were significantly lower in rats fed JPI20 and JPI40than in rats fed CAS(P < 0.05). No histopathological changes were observed in livers and kidneys in the rats fed JPI diets. The results demonstrate that JPI could be used as an efficient protein source at a level of no more than 40% of dietary protein source.

Microbiological Quality of Surface Water Treated with <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Seeds or Cakes during the Storage: Case Study of Water Reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 Dams in Burkina Faso

Water purification with Moringa oleifera seeds has received a lot of attention because it reduces water turbidity and pathogenic microorganisms. However, it is important to define the optimum conditions of storage to preserve the treated water quality. The study aims to investigate microbial quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds or cake coagulants in relation to the storage temperature and shelf life in order to define the optimum conditions of storage. A total of 45 water samples from 3 water reservoirs of Loumbila, Ziga and Ouaga 3 dams were collected in sterile glass bottles and treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seeds or defatted cakes coagulants. Treated water samples obtained at optimum conditions were stored at room temperature (25°C - 30°C) and at 4°C. Fecal bacteria pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococcus) and parasites were monitored every 24 hours during three (3) days based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t-test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, bacterial indicators increased significantly with storage temperature (p and shelf life (p . However, for all water samples, bacterial growth was more important in samples treated with Moringa oleifera cakes than seeds (p . For water samples treated with Moringa oleifera seeds and stored at room temperature, bacterial increase after 72 hours was 57 - 80, 42 - 50 and 22 - 47 CFU/100 ml for fecal coliforms, E. coli and fecal streptococcus, respectively. With Moringa oleifera cake’s treatment, the increase was 63 - 104, 57 - 82 and 28 - 52 for the same indicators, respectively. Bacterial growth was also more important at room temperature than at 4°C. Thus, microbiological quality of water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds was better than cakes whatever storage temperature and shelf life. Overall, water treated with Moringa oleifera seeds should be stored at low temperature and consumed within 24 hours.

Effectiveness of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>Defatted Cake versus Seed in the Treatment of Unsafe Drinking Water: Case Study of Surface and Well Waters in Burkina Faso

Safe drinking water access for rural populations in developing countries remains a challenge for a sustainable development, particularly in rural and periurban areas of Burkina Faso. The study aims to investigate the purifying capacity of Moringa oleifera defatted cake as compared to Moringa oleifera seed in the treatment of surface and well waters used for populations alimentation. A total of 90 water samples were collected in sterile glass bottles from 3 dams’ water reservoirs, a river, and a large diameter well, respectively. The water samples were treated in triplicate with Moringa oleifera seed and defatted cake coagulants. At different settling time and coagulant concentration, turbidity and pH were measured to determine the optimal conditions and factors influencing treatment with regard to sampling source. Nine physicochemical parameters (turbidity, pH, nitrates, nitrites, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, organic matter and sulfates), three bacterial fecal pollution indicators (Escherichia coli, fecal Coliforms and fecal Streptococcus) and parasite cysts were monitored based on laboratory standard methods. Data were analyzed using the Student’s t test and XLSTAT 7.5.2 statistical software. From the results obtained, for the same concentration of coagulant, settling time providing the lowest turbidity was significantly shorter (p Moringa oleifera cake than seed. Optimum settling time with Moringa oleifera cake was between 15 - 60 min versus 60 - 120 min, with Moringa oleifera seed. Both treatments significantly reduced minerals concentration in water excepted sulfates for which the concentration reversely increased. However, only Moringa oleifera cake treatment reduced organic matter content in all the water samples, while it increased with Moringa oleifera seed one (p < 0.0001). The reduction of microbial pollution indicators was 92% - 100% with M. oleifera cake treatment and 84% - 100% with M. oleifera seed one. Overall, for all water samples, Moringa oleifera cake treatment appeared more efficient in improving drinking water quality than the M. oleifera seed treatment.

22个芍药品种种籽功能性成分分析

以22个芍药品种为试验材料,探究其出仁率、出油率以及种籽中籽油、籽粕和种皮中的功能性成分和含量。结果表明,通过超临界流体萃取仪提取芍药籽油,测得参试品种出油率为15.96%~26.62%,平均为22.12%;经气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析表明,参试芍药籽油中的脂肪酸主要为油酸、亚麻酸、亚油酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸等,籽油中的总不饱和脂肪酸超过85%,营养价值和保健功能较高,具有开发利用的潜力;芍药籽油榨取后副产物籽粕中总黄酮、芍药苷和粗蛋白的含量分别为7.78 mg/g、24.85 mg/g和16.92%,种皮中总黄酮和白藜芦醇的含量分别为107.30和3.11 mg/g。综上所述,籽粕和种皮既可作为功能性营养保健品的原料开发利用,也可作为新型高营养饲料使用,表明芍药具有较高的综合利用潜力,能够为相关产业的发展提供重要参考。

松籽油水酶法提取及酶法破乳工艺研究

以压榨松籽饼粕为原料,利用水酶法提取松籽油,通过单因素及响应曲面试验研究松籽油提取工艺,并对提油过程中产生的乳状液进行破乳研究分析。结果表明,碱性蛋白酶酶解效果最佳,最优工艺为酶解时间2.5 h,温度56℃,pH值11.3,加酶量5045 U·g^(-1),此条件松籽油提油率为71.73%。经比较碱性蛋白酶添加量为3000 U·g^(-1)时破乳效果最好,破乳率为87.68%,在酶法破乳后进行酸化处理,通过调节pH值至5时破乳率提高至92.18%,此条件下松籽油得油率为70.36%。

油茶饼粕抗氧化肽的鉴定及其稳定性

为提高油茶饼粕的附加值,采用复合蛋白酶酶解油茶饼粕蛋白,酶解产物通过超滤、凝胶层析分离纯化,LC-MS/MS序列鉴定结合PeptideRanker数据库筛选,获得具有较高抗氧化活性的肽段。探究不同温度、pH值、金属离子以及体外模拟胃肠道消化对抗氧化肽活性的影响。结果表明:酶解产物经超滤和Sephadex G-25凝胶柱逐级分离后,得到4个组分(F1~F4),F4组分的ABTS和DPPH自由基清除率最高,分别为(67.56±0.32)%和(52.40±1.64)%。经氨基酸序列鉴定、PeptideRanker预测与活性验证,得到3条抗氧化肽,分别为LCDQCPPHA(LC-9)、ATNPPCCQP(AT-9)、TSCSSPSYPFQ(TS-11)。AT-9和LC-9具有较好的热稳定性,且在pH 3~9范围,ABTS和DPPH自由基清除活性均未发生显著改变。5种金属离子中,Cu2+对3条肽活性的影响最为显著,当Cu^(2+)浓度为2 mmol/L时,LC-9的ABTS和DPPH清除活性保持率分别为(23.47±0.61)%和(44.57±0.58)%。此外,经体外模拟胃肠道消化后,AT-9的抗氧化活性保持率最高,ABTS和DPPH清除活性保持率均高于90%。3条肽中AT-9具有较强的抗氧化活性和良好的稳定性,可应用于食品领域。

油茶籽油滤饼提取物抗氧化能力的初步研究

本研究以热风烘干和自然晒干处理的油茶籽压榨所得茶油过滤滤饼(H-CFC、NH-CFC)为材料,分别采用甲醇提取、酸水解和碱水解等方法对滤饼的总酚和抗氧化能力进行了初步分析。结果表明,直接添加质量分数1%H-CFC可以显著增加热风烘干油茶籽过滤油(H-CSO)的氧化诱导时间,直接添加NH-CFC对自然晒干油茶籽过滤油(NH-CSO)的氧化诱导时间无显著影响。H-CFC和NH-CFC的甲醇提取物总酚含量分别是油中的339.5倍和234.5倍。H-CFC甲醇提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是NH-CFC的1.45倍、1.75倍、1.19倍、1.97倍。酸水解H-CFC提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是碱水解样品的1.27倍、4.91倍、2.93倍和5.67倍;酸水解NH-CFC提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是碱水解的1.67倍、2.61倍、11.50倍和3.47倍。油茶籽油滤饼可以考虑作为优良的天然抗氧化剂来源。

亚麻荠籽饼基本营养成分分析

为了进一步开发利用亚麻荠籽饼,增加亚麻荠籽饼再利用价值,对亚麻荠籽饼基本营养成分进行分析。结果表明:亚麻荠籽饼中水分、灰分、水溶性浸出物、醇溶性浸出物、粗纤维、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量分别为8.10%、5.80%、25.40%、20.80%、18.50%、34.25%、9.62%;5种矿质元素铁、钙、锌、锰、铜含量分别为219.7、210.0、56.1、27.9、8.7 mg/kg;亚麻荠籽饼共检出16种氨基酸,总量为17.01 g/100 g,其中7种必需氨基酸含量为8.54 g/100 g,占氨基酸总量的50.19%,9种非必需氨基酸含量为8.47 g/100 g,占氨基酸总量的49.81%;亚麻荠籽饼中总多酚和总黄酮含量分别为1.45%、1.28%;亚麻荠籽饼中检出胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇等4种植物甾醇,含量分别为83.6、102.0、6.9、266.4 mg/kg。综上所述,亚麻荠籽饼营养丰富,具有用作除动物饲料以外的产品开发的价值。

油茶籽不同加工技术产生的副产物成分测定及对比研究

本研究旨在对油茶籽饼、油茶籽粕和油茶籽仁粉的性状、常规营养成分和主要生物活性成分进行测定和对比分析。研究结果显示:与油茶籽饼和油茶籽粕相比,油茶籽仁粉性状优势突出,为类白色粉末,苦涩味淡,呈多孔蜂窝状微观结构;富含营养和生物活性成分,其粗蛋白质、总糖和油茶皂苷含量较高,分别为11.66%、38.50%和18.85%;粗纤维和单宁含量较低,分别为8.60%和1.25%。以上结果表明,油茶籽仁粉的性状、常规营养成分和主要生物活性成分都优于油茶籽饼和油茶籽粕,具有作为新型和特色饲料资源开发利用的巨大潜力。

响应面优化糖醇瓜蒌籽粉蛋糕配方研究

为研制一款具有保健功能的蛋糕制品,以药食同源食材瓜蒌籽粉、木糖醇、色拉油为主要原料,单因素和响应面优化确定了最佳配方工艺:瓜蒌籽粉35 g、糖醇100 g、色拉油60 g、水53 g。在此条件下制作的蛋糕口感松软,组织均匀,具有瓜蒌香味,品质最佳。

Use of Sunflower Cake in the Diet of ISA Brown Pullets

Recently, feed ingredient prices and availability concerns have resulted in the examination of diet formulations using alternative, locally available, high protein feed ingredients. An experiment was carried out to evaluate sunflower cake （SC） dietary effect on the performance of ISA brown pullets. The duration of the experiment was 20 weeks. A total of 48 one-day-old pullets were randomly allocated in three groups （C, SC6.25 and SC12.5） with four replications. The pullets of the control group （C） were given proper full rations without sunflower cake for the 1 st, 2nd and 3rd rearing ages, whereas in the treatment groups 5C6.25 sunflower cake was added at 6.25% of rations and in group SC12.5 at 12.5% of rations. The pullets were housed in floor pens with litter and were offered feed and water ad libitum. According to the results of statistical analysis, the addition of 6.25% sunflower cake in the diet significantly （P 〈 0.05） affected body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The results of this study showed that sunflower cake can be added to the ration of ISA brown pullets of 0-20 weeks of age up to 12.5% without any adverse effect on their performance.

Tobacco Seeds By-Product as Protein Source for Piglets

Tobacco seed cake is a by-product with interesting characteristics for animal nutrition, due to its high protein content. The focus of this study is to evaluate if tobacco seed cake, administered in feed, can affect principal serum metabolic parameters of weaned piglets in order to establish if it can be used as both a delivery system of edible vaccines and an alternative protein source in piglets diet. A total of 48 weaned piglets were divided in two homogeneous groups for weight, control (CG) and treatment (TG);TG and CG were fed ad libitum with two isoenergetic and isoproteic experimental diets (CP: 17.68% CG and 17.64% TG) differentiated for the inclusion of 4% of tobacco seed cake in the TG diet in replacement of wheat bran and soybean meal. Growth performances were evaluated and feed intake was measured weekly. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 20 and 43 to evaluate hematocrit and principal metabolic parameters, in order to assess the health status of the animals. The administration of tobacco did not impaire health status and growth performance of piglets. The use of bioenergy co-products from non-food crops may represent a good approach creating an integration between biofuel and food production, with consequent benefits for food security and environmental impact.

Processing technology of Camellia oleifera seed

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China,and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization.This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed,which included pretreatment,extraction,and high value utilization.The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed.Microwave is the best pretreatment method,and shelling technology can improve oil yield.Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects.Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting.In the future,processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

超声波辅助酶法提取油茶粕蛋白工艺优化及其功能活性

油茶籽粕(Camellia oleifera seed-cake,COS)是油茶籽油生产过程中的副产物,其中含有10%~20%的植物蛋白质和多种人体必需氨基酸,是潜在的优质植物蛋白资源。为提高地方资源开发综合利用效率,减少资源浪费,采用超声波辅助酶法(ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction,UAEE)提取油茶籽粕粗蛋白(Camellia oleifera seed-cake crude protein,COCP),并对其抗氧化活性和降脂能力进行探究。通过单因素试验及正交试验分析得到最佳提取工艺:淀粉酶和纤维素酶添加量分别为2.5%和0.9%、酶解时间150 min、酶解pH4.5、酶解温度50℃,使用70%乙醇,料液比1∶40(g/mL),在350 W功率下连续超声处理100 g酶解物60 min,酸沉后干燥得到COCP,回收率最高可达(83.3±0.6)%,较未经超声及酶解处理的回收率增加0.54倍。该法所得提取物在50 mg/mL时,对羟自由基、DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基清除率分别达到66.5%、70.7%、67.9%,对胆酸盐具有一定的吸附效果,对胰脂肪酶的抑制率呈剂量依赖性,在1.0 mg/mL时,抑制率达(49.5±0.5)%,结果表明COCP具有一定的抗氧化特性和体外降脂能力。

牡丹籽粕多酚和黄酮提取工艺优化及其抗氧化和降糖活性研究

采用响应面法优化同时提取牡丹籽粕多酚和黄酮并检测其抗氧化和降糖活性,最优工艺为乙醇质量分数90%,提取温度85℃,提取时间50 min,料液比1∶40,在此条件下得到的多酚和黄酮提取量分别为(17.59±0.82)mg/g、(0.74±0.09)mg/g,并采用D101大孔树脂对牡丹籽粕提取液进行纯化得到牡丹籽粕多酚和黄酮成分,该成分对DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基的清除能力的IC50值分别为(313.67±42.67)μg/mL、(243.67±22.12)μg/mL,对铁离子还原能力为(438.78±3.36)μmol TE/g,对α-葡萄糖苷酶的半数抑制浓度IC_(50)值为(31.11±2.44)μg/mL,稍优于阿卡波糖IC50值(34.42±1.58)μg/mL.牡丹籽粕多酚和黄酮富集成分具有较好的抗氧化和降血糖活性.

油茶籽饼中茶皂苷的超声-微波辅助法提取工艺优化

为提高茶皂苷的提取率,扩大茶皂苷的应用范围,以脱脂油茶籽饼为原料,采用超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷。以油茶皂苷提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出具有显著影响的试验因素,再通过响应面法对茶皂苷提取工艺进行优化。另外,将超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷的工艺与超声辅助法和微波辅助法提取工艺进行了对比。结果表明:超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数59%、料液比1∶12、提取液pH 7、超声功率475 W、超声时间4 min、超声工作2 s间隔2 s、微波功率480 W、提取温度59℃、微波提取时间8 min,在此条件下茶皂苷提取率为98.40%,产品纯度为64.7%;超声辅助法和微波辅助法茶皂苷的提取率分别为69.06%和71.40%。与超声辅助法和微波辅助法相比,超声-微波辅助法能够显著提高茶皂苷提取率。

基质添加茶枯饼对铁皮石斛生长的影响初探

茶枯饼作为有机肥在提高农作物的品质和产量方面具有重要贡献。研究了向培育基质中添加茶枯饼对铁皮石斛生长的影响,并通过贡献率定量评估了茶枯饼对铁皮石斛生长指标的影响。结果表明:不同基质类型添加茶枯饼对铁皮石斛叶片数增长的影响存在差异,其中2%和5%的添加量会明显促进生长,而10%的添加量则会抑制其生长。其中,NC1、NC2、SNC2处理对铁皮石斛株高的贡献率分别为12.20%、13.79%和2.86%,SC1、SC2、NC1、NC3处理对铁皮石斛节数的贡献率分别为78.57%、368.75%、78.00%和38.89%,SNC2处理对铁皮石斛叶数和叶长的贡献率分别为2.86%和2.69%。因此,茶枯饼在农业中的应用有巨大的潜力,未来需要开展长期的监测实验来进一步研究茶枯饼对铁皮石斛的影响。