Control Efficiency and Crop Safety of 20% Cyhalofop-butyl WP on Grass Weeds in Direct Seeded Rice Fields

The purpose was to define the control efficiency and safety of 20% cy- halofop-butyl WP on grass weeds in direct seeded rice fields, in order to provide the basis for chemical weeding. This study measured Leptochloa chinensis（L.） Nees, Echinoch/oa crusgalli （L.） Beauv and other gramineous weed control efficiency with four concentrations of 20% cyhalofop-dutyl WP and 100 g/L cyhalofop-dutyl EC in direct seeded rice fields, and analyzed the yield-increasing effect and safety of rice. The results showed that 20% cyhalofop-butyl WP had a good control efficiency on grass weeds such as Leptochloa chinensis（L.） Nees, Echinoch/oa crusgalli（L.） Beauv and other grasses. The effective dosage of 90-150 g/hm2 was over 90.7% on Lep- foch/oa chinensis（L.） Nees and the comprehensive control effect of the grass weeds was above 86.7%, which was basically consistent with 100 g/L cyhalofop-dutyl EC. Furthermore, 20% cyhalofop-dutyl WP was high security for direct seeded rice fields. The yield of rice was increased by 10.18%-11.22% after spraying herbicide. There- fore, 20% of cyhalofop-dutyl WP can be used as a special herbicide for controlling Leptochloa chinensis（L.） Beauv in direct seeded rice fields, and has a good applica- tion prospect.

Seed Health Status of Sweet Corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) from Five Areas in China and Effect on Field Seedling Emergence

The health status of 18 sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt) hybrids classified to two types, collected from five areas in China, was examined by PDA method, and factors influencing seed health and relationships between seed health and field seedling emergence were studied. Seventeen fungal genera were isolated and Fusarium was the most frequently isolated. There were significant differences both in incidence of Fusarium and in percentage of infected seeds among 18 hybrids. Research also showed that significant and consistent differences both in seed-borne fungal taxa and in percentage of infected seeds existed between two types of sweet corn. Sugar enhanced corn is more slightly infected than super sweet corn both in fungal taxa (13 and 16, respectively) and in percentage of infected seeds (62.0 and 79.2%, respectively). There were also significant differences both in seed-borne fungal taxa and in percentage of infected seeds among five areas. Seeds from South China were most severely infected, for there were 14 fungal genera detected and the percentage of infected seeds was highly 99.1% while those from Northwest China were slightly infected, for there were 10 fungal genera detected and the percentage of infected seeds was only 14.3%. Further research showed that there were significant negative correlations both between incidence of Fusarium and percentage of field seedling emergence and between percentage of infected seeds and percentage of field seedling emergence. Percentage of field seedling emergence could be estimated by regression equations built by regression analysis.

Chemical Weeding in Dry Direct Seeding Fields of Single Cropping Middlelate Rice

Chemical weeding in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice was studied in Huida vegetable farm of Huizhou City in 2012. The main treatment was herbicide（ pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl,Yangguo and butachlor）,and the sub-treatment was application method（ soil treatments,seedling treatment and integrated treatment）. The results showed that 80 g pretilachlor ＋ bensulfuron-methyl（ 36% pretilachlor ＋ 4% bensulfuron-methyl） diluted with 50 kg water could be sprayed or 200 g Yangguo（ 23. 9% butachlor ＋ 1. 1% bensulfuron-methyl） mixed with 15 kg sandy soil could be broadcasted per 667 m2 on the sowing day or the second day under moist condition of soil,which could effectively control weeds in dry direct seeding fields of single cropping middle-late rice.

Metabolizable Energy and Amino Acid Bioavailability of Field Pea Seeds in Broilers Diets

The aim of this study was to determine the apparent （AME） ＆ true （TMEn） metabolizable energy as well as the crude protein （CP） ＆ amino acid （AA） total tract （by excreta collection） digestibility （bioavailability） of field pea seeds （FPS） of the Greek cultivar ＂Olympos＂. Forty eight broilers were placed in individual cages and randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments. Birds consumed 80 g/d of either a typical commercial diet or the same diet in which 100, 200 or 300 g/kg had been substituted by ground FPS. The experiment lasted 15 d. Apparent and true CP bioavailability of FPS were significantly decreased （P 〈 0.05） only at the inclusion rate of 300 g/kg. AA bioavailability remained at high levels （-0.80）, with the exception of methionine and valine and was similar to CP mean. The mean AME and TMEn values of FPS were estimated equal to 10.8 and 11.0 MJ ME/kg, respectively.

Seed Germination and Their Photon Emission Profile Following Exposure to a Rotating Magnetic Field

A multitude of experiments have applied magnetic fields to plants or seeds and found a variety of different and sometimes contradicting results. A magnetic field generating device called the Chrysalis resonator has been shown to influence the brain activity of human participants, the photon emissions from bacteria, mammalian cell cultures and water. In this experiment sunflower seeds (Helianthus annus) were allowed to begin germination and then exposed to either the field generated by the Chrysalis resonator or a sham condition. Their growth and photon emissions were taken over the next 5 days. It was found that the seeds showed less germination 48 hours after exposure and significantly higher photon emissions when 3 seeds were measured together in a dish, but not if 2 seeds or 1 seed were measured. There were no significant differences in the photon measurements from the water the seeds were germinating in. These results may indicate that the seeds became more sensitive to the presence of neighbouring seeds. The photon emissions results were also significantly impacted by external weather conditions.

稗草对机械穴直播水稻产量的影响及其生理机制

为了给机械穴直播水稻高产栽培和杂草综合治理提供科学依据,以苏粳4699为试验材料,自水稻播种后7 d至成熟分别与光头稗和无芒稗共生,以无杂草的水稻处理为对照,研究机械穴直播条件下稗草对水稻产量的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,与对照相比,水稻与稗草共生后产量显著降低,但处理间存在较大差异。光头稗处理显著降低了水稻的每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重,造成水稻减产13.0%,而无芒稗处理的水稻减产55.2%,这主要是由水稻单位面积穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重的显著降低所致。光头稗和无芒稗处理还显著降低了机械穴直播水稻灌浆期的根系氧化力、剑叶净光合速率、籽粒中玉米素+玉米素核苷含量、灌浆早期的脱落酸含量,籽粒中蔗糖合酶、ADP葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶、淀粉合酶和淀粉分支酶的活性以及成熟期的地上部干物质积累量,上述生理指标的降低可能是机械穴直播水稻在与稗草共生过程中产量降低的重要原因。

直播稻播前不同土壤火焰温度条件下杂草种子发芽率试验

杂草的有效控制是降低直播稻稳产风险的重要措施,播前土壤火焰处理是以非化学方法在进行播种前抑制杂草种子萌发的有效手段。为明确土壤火焰处理中温度场对杂草种子发芽率的影响规律,采用数值模拟方法对燃料分流部件中集管结构参数进行了研究,数值模拟和验证试验结果表明,当集管内径d为20 mm、气体输入流量为1.0~3.5 m^(3)/h时,最大流量偏差系数Δη在3.0%以内,支管间气体流量分配较均匀。基于数值模拟结果设计了火焰燃烧装置,研究6种输入流量(1.0~3.5 m^(3)/h)的液化石油气燃料对火焰高度和火焰温度分布的影响,以拖拉机行进速度、燃料输入流量和土壤深度作为试验因素,进行了全因素试验,采用稻田间常见的杂草种子研究温度场对杂草种子发芽率的影响规律。试验结果表明,在常温常压工作环境下,火焰高度和火焰温度最高值均随着燃料输入流量的增大而增大;当拖拉机行进速度为2.36 km/h,燃料输入流量为2.5、3.0、3.5 m^(3)/h时,土壤温度最高值可分别达到92.83、116.58、156.83℃;相比未经火焰处理的对照组,当土壤温度达到92.83℃时,在α=0.05的显著性水平下,千金子、异型莎草种子发芽率显著降低,但马唐、鳢肠种子发芽率受影响不显著,当土壤温度达到116.58℃和156.83℃时,4种杂草种子发芽率均显著降低;当土壤温度达到156.83℃时,马唐、鳢肠、千金子和异型莎草4种杂草种子发芽率分别降低94.82%、87.81%、86.54%和84.05%。田间试验结果表明,土壤火焰处理对稗草、马唐、鳢肠和异型莎草有显著的抑制萌发作用,其相对除草率Y≥80.00%。

25%丙草胺CS对水稻直播田杂草的防除效果和作物安全性评价

为评价新制备的25%丙草胺微囊悬浮剂(CS)的应用效果,参照农药田间药效试验准则开展了水稻直播田杂草的防除及安全性试验。试验结果表明25%丙草胺CS以施用剂量450~877.5 g a.i./hm^(2)进行喷雾处理,其对水稻直播田稗草、鸭舌草等杂草表现出较好的防治效果和持效性,且其对水稻的成苗数、株高、根长、株鲜重、根鲜重等生长指标无明显影响,这一结果为除草剂的合理使用提供了良好的借鉴作用,建议推荐剂量为450~877.5 g a.i./hm^(2),于播种后2 d水稻立针期和杂草未出苗时喷施。

新疆制种玉米生产机械化技术——种植与田间管理

新疆制种玉米在种植过程中,玉米父本和母本播种时间不同,通常情况下,制种玉米父本需要播种2次。制种玉米田间管理需要放苗、除草、中耕、间苗、去除杂株、去除玉米母本雄穗和去除玉米父本。在去除杂株、去除玉米母本雄穗和去除玉米父本环节,需要专用的农业机械,但是针对上述环节的专用农机具尚不成熟或没有相应的农机具,制约了新疆制种玉米种植技术水平的发展,影响了制种玉米种植收益。为此,应制定制种玉米种植技术规范对广大种植户进行技术培训,加快研制制种玉米种植专用农机具,政策引导制种玉米有序规范种植。

直播方式对重庆地区稻田杂草群落组成和生态位的影响

为高效绿色防除重庆地区直播稻田杂草,对淹水直播和湿润直播处理下稻田杂草的群落组成和生态位进行研究。结果表明,淹水直播和湿润直播稻田的杂草群落分别由16种(隶属于9科15属)和18种(隶属于10科17属)杂草组成,水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)和鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)为湿润直播下特有的杂草。淹水直播和湿润直播的重要杂草群落结构分别为丁香蓼(Ludwigia prostrata)+鸭舌草(Monochoria vaginalis)+稗草(Echinochloa crus-galli)和陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)+稗草(E.crus-galli)+看麦娘(Alopecurus aequalis)+异型莎草(Cyperus difformis)。除稗草(E.crus-galli)外,两种直播方式下重要杂草的重要值均差异显著(P<0.05)。两种直播方式共有的14种重要或主要杂草中,淹水直播下光头稗(Echinochloa colonum)、稗草、异型莎草、陌上菜、看麦娘、笄石菖(Juncus prismatocarpus)、双穗雀稗(Paspalum distichum)共7种重要或主要杂草的生态位宽度较湿润直播下显著降低,且其种间(除笄石菖与双穗雀稗外)生态位叠加值或显著降低或持平。综上,淹水直播可抑制水蓼和鬼针草的萌发,从而改变稻田重要杂草的群落结构,而且可控制光头稗、稗草、异型莎草、陌上菜、看麦娘、笄石菖、双穗雀稗的数量。

Low Doses of Ionized Radiation and Hypomagnetic Field Alter Redox Properties of Water and Physiological Characteristics of Seeds of the Highest Plants

The influence of a 40-fold attenuated geomagnetic field and its combined action with low doses of α- and γ-irradiation on the physiological characteristics of seeds of the highest plants and redox properties of water was investigated. It established the reduction of seed germination both under direct and indirect effects due to water action of attenuated geomagnetic field. A negative effect of hypomagnetic field on grown characteristics of seeds under indirect effect via water was decreased by the low doses of γ-irradiation, and was increased by low doses of α-irradiation, i.e. ionized radiation was the dominant factor in their combined action. It was revealed the increasing of the value of the oxidation-reduction potential of water under the influence of low-intensive α-ir-radiation (239Pu), γ-irradiation (137Cs) and also that the magnetic induction attenuated pointing to a natural decline. The increasing of the oxidation-reduction potential value testifies about “the regular decreasing of internal energy of water molecules” and the increasing of its oxidative properties, which, in our opinion, is caused the inhibition of the germination of seeds. It is supposed that namely water is the main component in the effects of studying factors on bio-objects, which acts due to the alterations of the properties and structural content of water.

滋养节杆菌S17的分离鉴定及其对黄瓜促生能力研究

为筛选出具有促生效果的生防细菌,本研究从河北、山东等地采集土样,分离筛选具有高产IAA能力的促生菌株,基于形态学特征、生理生化指标及多基因系统发育树分析,对潜在具有促生能力的菌株进行鉴定。同时测定促生菌株对黄瓜种子出芽及在盆栽试验、田间试验中对黄瓜幼苗的促生效果。结果表明:分离并鉴定出1株对黄瓜幼苗具有显著促生效果的细菌,滋养节杆菌ArthrobacterpascensS17。在DF+培养基中滋养节杆菌S17可大量合成IAA,其合成的IAA含量最高为128.54μg/mL。使用滋养节杆菌S17灌根处理,对黄瓜幼苗株高的增长率达到35.99%、对黄瓜幼苗叶面积的增长率达到26.90%,黄瓜幼苗各项生理指标均显著高于对照。滋生节杆菌S17对黄瓜促生效果显著,具有一定的开发应用前景。

非结构化网格下海洋流场的特征提取与种子点选取算法

对于非结构化网格流场数据,现有研究存在不能定位流场中临界点的具体位置、无法对临界点精细分类以及缺乏适用于非结构化网格的种子点选取算法等问题。针对上述问题,基于非结构化网格流场数据,分别在临界点提取和种子点选取方法上进行改进创新。提出非结构化网格中临界点的定位及分类方法,通过庞加莱指数法判断存在临界点的三角网格。构造质心迭代法定位临界点在网格中的准确位置,并设计三角网格内雅克比矩阵的构造方法,将临界点精细分类。基于非结构化网格提出基于最大得分和网格密度的种子点选取算法,先比较相邻格点的标量值大小来计算每个格点的得分,形成“最大得分”标量场,再按照网格密度动态设置阈值,将得分大于阈值的格点选为种子点,接着以种子点为起始点生成流线,生成的流线可以表达出流场的关键特征与全局信息。基于多个海域流场数据的实验结果表明,临界点分类的准确率可达99%以上,证明了临界点提取算法的准确性以及种子点选取算法对提升流场可视化效果的有效性。

基于改进YOLO v5n的工厂化育秧田间铺盘装置设计与试验

针对目前工厂化育秧育苗田间铺盘自动化程度低、成本高等问题,设计了一种全自动双边轨道式田间铺盘装置,并配备苗床异常凸起视觉检测模块。首先对铺盘结构工作原理进行分析,之后对铺盘装置满载作业状况进行结构设计、受力分析和仿真分析。为了防止苗床异常凸起导致铺盘时秧盘倾斜,影响炼苗成活率,提出了一种基于CBAM-YOLO v5n的苗床异常凸起目标识别算法,改进后的YOLO v5n算法添加了注意力机制,对苗床异常凸起目标检测准确率、召回率和平均精度均值分别为98.1%、91.7%和94.9%,相对于原模型分别提高1.2、1.7、0.9个百分点。对设计的铺盘样机进行了正交试验,试验结果表明,当铺盘高度为90 mm、铺盘机构转速为550 r/min、铺盘箱平移速度为0.14 m/s时,铺盘成功率最高为96.4%,植入机器视觉模块后,铺盘成功率可达99.3%。设计的铺盘装置可有效降低人工铺盘劳动强度,降低铺盘劳动成本。

电场处理对卷荚相思种子萌发特性的影响

【目的】分析不同电场、时间及两者交互处理对卷荚相思种子萌发特性的影响,为卷荚相思种子萌发及可持续经营提供理论参考。【方法】以卷荚相思种子为研究对象,采用室内模拟试验,以不同电场强度和处理时间为控制因素,电压强度为0.0、0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0 kV·cm^(-1),时间处理为0、15、30、45、60 min,研究不同电场强度和时间交互处理对其种子萌发特性的影响。【结果】随着电场强度增强,处理时间的延长,卷荚相思种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均呈现不同程度的变化趋势。其中,在处理时间15、30、60 min下发芽率随着电场强度的增强呈现先降后升再降的趋势,但在处理时间45 min下发芽率随着电场强度的增强呈现先升后降的趋势;而发芽势和发芽指数均在电场强度0.6~0.8 kV·cm^(-1)和处理时间45 min下处于最优状态,且与CK相比具有显著差异(P<0.05)。经过多元非线性回归分析得出,不同电场强度与时间交互处理下的最优回归方程为:Y=7.73+135.23X_(1)+1.24X_(2)-86.16X_(1)^(2)-0.00911X_(2)^(2)-0.75X_(1)X_(2)(R^(2)=0.81,P<0.05)。聚类分析结果电场和时间交互环境处理对发芽指数有非常显著的影响。【结论】电场和时间两者交互处理对卷荚相思种子萌发特性具有一定的影响,发芽率在0.6 kV·cm^(-1)处理45 min最高,说明适宜电场强度和处理时间可以提高卷荚相思种子发芽率。

一器三行小青菜精量排种器设计与优化

为改善我国传统的单行和双行播种模式所面临的播种效率低下的问题,以“上海矮箕”小青菜种子为研究对象,设计一种新型的一器三行精量排种器,并对排种器的工作原理进行分析。通过相关数学理论计算出所设计排种器关键部件的相关参数。利用FLUENT软件对排种器内部气流场进行分析,确定最佳的吸孔数目。将负压、排种盘角速度以及吸孔锥角作为试验因素,以排种器进行排种时的合格率以及漏播率作为性能指标,开展CCD二次旋转正交组合试验。当负压为-2.16 kPa,排种盘角速度为29.43 r/min,吸孔锥角为61.51°时,内圈合格率为95.12%,漏播率为3.67%,中圈合格率为94.68%,漏播率为3.12%,外圈合格率为94.24%,漏播率为2.58%。进行台架试验和田间试验验证所得最佳组合参数的合理性。

除草与磷肥用量对油菜和杂草生长及磷肥利用率的影响

油菜产量潜力受草害、肥料等影响,优化杂草管理和磷肥用量在直播油菜种植中发挥着关键作用。在湖北省武汉市开展田间试验,设置2种杂草管理措施(不除草、除草)和4个施磷水平(P_(2)O_(5)0、45、90、135 kg·hm^(-2),分别用P_(0)、P_(45)、P_(90)、P_(135)表示),测定油菜籽产量、产量构成因子、油菜和杂草的生物量及磷积累量,并分析磷肥利用率。结果表明,不论除草与否,P_(90)处理油菜籽产量最高,且与不除草相比,除草后P_(90)油菜籽产量提高了66.3%,施磷和除草均主要通过增加收获密度和单株角果数来促进增产。不论除草与否,在施磷90 kg·hm^(-2)范围内,油菜和杂草的生物量及磷积累量均随施磷量的增加显著增加,除草后更有利于提高油菜相对于杂草的生物量和磷素竞争力;与不除草相比,除草后3个时期的杂草生物量在总生物量中的占比分别平均降低了58.8%、67.1%和60.4%;此外,不除草时杂草磷积累量占总磷积累量的42.0%~62.0%,而除草后这种比值随着生育期进程的推进不断缩小。除草和施磷对油菜磷肥利用率存在显著的交互效应,与不除草相比,除草后油菜的磷肥利用率平均增加了18.2%。在油菜-杂草农田体系中,直播油菜田中杂草养分吸收的情况需要引起重视,除草和施磷可以显著提高油菜的生物量和磷积累量,增加油菜在总体系中的磷肥利用率占比,从空间和养分上削弱杂草的竞争优势,有效地提高油菜产量和磷肥利用率。

浙江省作物种子品质现状与提升对策

为进一步加强浙江省农资市场监管,打击生产经营假冒伪劣农资的违法行为,维护农民群众合法权益,确保农业生产和农产品安全,为农业生产及种子市场管理提供借鉴。文章对2017—2021年浙江省监督抽检和例行抽检的4 049个大田作物种子样品数据进行统计,分析大田和蔬菜作物种子品质状况,发现非单粒播玉米种子标准过低、大豆种子水分合格率较低、蔬菜种子整体合格率偏低等问题,并提出了合理建议。

苦荞种子活力测定方法与其田间成苗率的相关性

为确定与田间成苗率相关性较好的室内苦荞种子活力测定方法,以活力水平不同的4个苦荞品种:六苦1号、品苦1号、黑米15、额曲木耳薏为试验材料。采用标准发芽试验、低温发芽试验和高温发芽试验3种室内发芽方法测定种子活力,并将其结果与田间成苗率进行相关性分析。结果表明标准发芽试验中,苗鲜重和活力指数与四月份田间出苗率表现出显著相关性,低温发芽试验中苗鲜重和活力指数与七月份田间出苗率表现出显著相关性,高温发芽试验中苗鲜重活力指数与四月和七月田间出苗率均表现出显著相关性。高温发芽试验中发芽势、发芽率、苗鲜重、发芽指数、活力指数与七月份田间成苗率均表现出显著相关性,其中发芽势和发芽率与七月份田间成苗率相关系数最高(0.993、0.907)。研究结论:在使用标准发芽试验检测苦荞种子活力时,苗鲜重和活力指数与田间出苗率表现出显著相关性,可作为预测田间成苗率的有效指标,逆境试验中的高温发芽试验结果与田间出苗率表现出显著相关性,可作为预测田间成苗率的有效方法。

5XZ-10型比重式种子分选机气流孔板布置优化

种子的好坏,直接影响粮食产量,优良种子的筛选对于国家粮食安全问题具有重大意义。针对5XZ-10型比重式种子分选机筛面气流分布不均的问题进行单因素试验。利用Fluent软件,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法对比重式分选机气室流场进行了求解。为了简化计算量,引入多孔介质模型代替气流孔板。利用数值拟合求解了多孔介质模型参数,建立气室几何模型并验证了模型的可行性。将气流孔板布置高度比例系数α作为单因素变量,得到分选机空气流场及空气动力场的分布特点。为获得合理的筛面气流,讨论了不同的气流孔板高度对气室出口界面气流稳定性、均匀性的影响,发现当α=0.84时,气室出口界面气流稳定性、均匀性较好。确定气流孔板合理的安装高度530 mm,为比重式种子分选机优化设计提供了试验数据及理论依据。