An Adaptive Parameter-Free Optimal Number of Market Segments Estimation Algorithm Based on a New Internal Validity Index

An appropriate optimal number of market segments(ONS)estimation is essential for an enterprise to achieve successful market segmentation,but at present,there is a serious lack of attention to this issue in market segmentation.In our study,an independent adaptive ONS estimation method BWCON-NSDK-means++is proposed by integrating a newinternal validity index(IVI)Between-Within-Connectivity(BWCON)and a newstable clustering algorithmNatural-SDK-means++(NSDK-means++)in a novel way.First,to complete the evaluation dimensions of the existing IVIs,we designed a connectivity formula based on the neighbor relationship and proposed the BWCON by integrating the connectivity with other two commonly considered measures of compactness and separation.Then,considering the stability,number of parameters and clustering performance,we proposed the NSDK-means++to participate in the integrationwhere the natural neighbor was used to optimize the initial cluster centers(ICCs)determination strategy in the SDK-means++.At last,to ensure the objectivity of the estimatedONS,we designed a BWCON-based ONS estimation framework that does not require the user to set any parameters in advance and integrated the NSDK-means++into this framework forming a practical ONS estimation tool BWCON-NSDK-means++.The final experimental results showthat the proposed BWCONand NSDK-means++are significantlymore suitable than their respective existing models to participate in the integration for determining theONS,and the proposed BWCON-NSDK-means++is demonstrably superior to the BWCON-KMA,BWCONMBK,BWCON-KM++,BWCON-RKM++,BWCON-SDKM++,BWCON-Single linkage,BWCON-Complete linkage,BWCON-Average linkage and BWCON-Ward linkage in terms of the ONS estimation.Moreover,as an independentmarket segmentation tool,the BWCON-NSDK-means++also outperforms the existing models with respect to the inter-market differentiation and sub-market size.

The Chinese Consumers’Service Quality Satisfaction Differences of Cruise Tourism and Precision Marketing Strategy

The paper selected Chinese Cruise Line as the case study. Having based on the survey data of Chinese cruise tourism consumers, the factor analysis method, one-way analysis of variances method, cluster analysis method, and other quantitative and qualitative methods were taken to analyze Chinese consumers’ satisfaction differences of cruise tourism service quality with different segmentation markets and clusters markets, and the reasons of satisfaction differences were also explored. Then precision marketing strategy of Chinese cruise tourism with different segmentation markets and clusters markets from the supply-side reform perspective was discussed. The purpose of current research was to provide suggestions of precision management and precision marketing of Chinese cruise tourism for relevant enterprises and government departments.

Research on the Marketing of Rural Tourism on the Basis of Market Segmentation

With the development of modern agriculture and the further improvement in balancing urban and rural development, rural tourism ushered in a new opportunity for development. However, due to lack of market segmentation,rural tourism in China is facing many problems.The rural tourists will be classified based on the market segmentation in this article,and then put forward four aspects from the use of different target market strategy, develop network marketing, Implements the region brand strategy and international marketing strategy.The aim is to offer advices and suggestions to the sustainable development of the rural tourism.

Market segmentation and its applications intransit industry

The role of marketing in the transit industry has undergone numerous changes in past morecomplicated. The paper identifies application of market segmentation, including its definition,characteristics, functions and limitations. Its applications in transit system are extensively reviewed,including travel demand analysis, transport policy, transport planning and management, travel pattern and behavior, transit marketing and mode choices, etc.

Exploring switch tendency between cyclists and non-cyclists using market segmentation approach

This work aimed to explore the switch tendency of bicycle use between cyclists and non-cyclists.The attitude based market segmentation approach was proposed to achieve the research objective.The filed investigations were conducted in Nanjing,China,to obtain travelers' actions and attitudes towards bicycle uses.The structural equation modeling(SEM) was used to identify the attitudinal factors indicating variables and to explore the interrelationships among them.The SEMs were developed separately for the cyclist group and the non-cyclist group.All respondents were clustered into eight distinct segments by six selected attitudinal factors.The mode switch tendency and attitude in each segment is different from others,indicating that different segments have particular policies or strategies to encourage cycling.Policy implications that best serve the potential bicycle users were discussed to reduce the number of cyclists who have high tendency to use other modes,and increase the possibility of using bicycle in the non-cyclists group with the moderate and high switch tendency.

Segmentation of electricity market for households in Slovenia

This paper investigates the electricity market for households in Slovenia. The focus is on the investigation of some empirical facts in the Slovenian electricity market for households focusing on market segmentation, market concentration measures, real electricity price developments, and their implications for electrical energy consumption and consumer welfare. The authors apply descriptive statistics, Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient of concentration, and demand function using regression framework on time-series data. The authors found that the market liberalization and entry of new competitors have slightly caused variations in the patterns in real electricity price developments. Households＇ real income and real electricity prices for households are found as the crucial determinants for the electrical energy demands by households.

The Analysis of Bases of Market Segmentation

This paper analyses the characters of different bases of market segmentation and classes the bases into four kinds： observable general bases, observable product-specific bases, unobservable general bases and unobservable product-specific bases. The result can be used in the future research of market segmentation.

Financial Valuation of Segment-Specific Marketing Activities and Market Segment Development

By applying methods of investment appraisal, this paper offers a financial approach for determining the optimal level of segment-specific marketing activities and market development under the conditions of imperfect markets and uncertainty. Within the scope of marketing planning and controlling, the model is suited to optimizing an enterprise＇s market activities and taking interdependencies between market segments, production, and investments into account. Applying duality theory of linear programming allows for identifying the income determinants and deriving formulas for a correct valuation by using （corrected） net present values （NPVs）. Under certain conditions, they can also be used to easily evaluate and financially interpret the effects of parameter changes. The author uses sensitivity analysis to support these findings and to obtain more information on the effects of these determinants.

对外开放对全国统一大市场建设的影响研究:基于我国市场分割的视角

双循环新发展格局下,进一步扩大对外开放将成为我国构建全国统一大市场的关键。在分析对外开放影响全国统一大市场建设的理论机制基础上,选取2005—2020年中国省级面板数据,构建空间计量模型,检验对外开放对我国市场分割产生的空间溢出效应,并通过中介效应模型对理论机制进行检验。研究表明:对外开放能显著降低本地区的市场分割程度,具有正向的空间外溢效应;理论机制检验进一步发现,对外开放通过国企股份制改革、基础设施建设以及提高地区经济发展水平三条路径打破市场分割局面,对全国统一大市场建设产生积极效应。

数字赋能、市场分割与出口产品质量

数字经济对企业的生产选择和贸易行为产生了深远的影响。采用2011—2015年沪深A股上市企业与中国国家海关数据库的匹配数据,运用面板固定效应和中介效应模型,从市场分割的视角出发分析数字赋能对出口产品质量的影响效应和作用机制。实证结果表明,数字赋能、市场分割均对出口产品质量有提升作用,而数字赋能和市场分割的交互作用却会抑制出口产品质量升级。异质性检验结果表明,数字赋能和市场分割的交互作用会对国有性质、有海外子公司、位于中西部地区和生产非高技术含量产品企业的出口产品质量产生更明显的抑制效果。此外,数字赋能和市场分割会通过提升企业市场势力、缓解融资约束和增强进口强度影响出口产品质量。据此提出加快企业数字化转型,持续推进全国统一大市场建设,建立全要素、全过程、全数据的质量保证管理体系的政策建议。

国家重点产业规划、地方政府博弈与市场分割

国家重点产业规划是政府协调资源配置的重要“指挥棒”,但实施过程中地方政府的同质化竞争可能会给建设全国统一大市场带来市场分割的威胁。本文基于新经济地理学的建模思想,引入博弈论的分析范式,建立了在国家重点产业规划下地方政府间策略选择的竞争模型,并对博弈假设、核心结论和机制进行检验。研究发现:地方政府对国家重点产业规划的盲目追随会引发地方政府间的同质化竞争,进而可能加剧市场分割;设置“高墙”是地方政府的绝对占优策略,能否形成合理的产业分工格局与区域间技术交流及交易成本密切相关;地方保护与本地整体产能间呈现倒U形关系,持续高涨的区域壁垒不利于产能红利的释放。

Factor and Cluster Analysis as a Tool for Patient Segmentation Applied to Hospital Marketing in Jordan

Hospital marketing is becoming important for the survival and the prosperity of the health service. In addition, it indirectly acts as a formal feedback channel for the customer requirements, preferences, suggestions and complaints. In this work we have undertaken a survey based marketing study for two main objectives: The first being to better understand the patient clusters through k-means clustering and the second to understand customer perception of the different known quality perspectives through factor rotated and unrotated analysis. All of the questionnaires were designed according to international studies. Based on general descriptive statistics, items classified with higher variance but important, are: clean environment, doctors and nurses capabilities, and specialized doctors. Items that are less important with low variance are: food type, lighting and insurance. Also, items classified as more important with low variance are: recommended, no mistakes, and the cost. Using factor analysis rotated and unrotated reduced the variables into five main variables described as: medical aspects, psychological aspects, cost aspects, hospital image and ease of access and procedures. Using k-means clustering, the customers can be clustered into four main clusters with two of them described as general patient with wide variety of interest, serious cases interested in specialized doctors and food, and very serious case with high stress on equipment, no mistakes.

分割还是融合:数字经济如何影响中国城乡劳动力就业市场

中国经济步入新时代后,数字经济的快速发展为城乡劳动力就业市场带来了新的挑战。区别于以往在传统经济发展情境下对城乡劳动力就业市场的研究,本文将数字经济发展与中国城乡劳动力就业市场纳入同一研究框架,以探究数字经济冲击对城乡劳动力就业市场的影响。在理论上,构建数字经济冲击背景下城乡边际劳动生产力分割和劳动力流动的理论模型;实证上,基于2013~2020年中国省级面板数据,检验了数字经济对城乡劳动力就业市场的影响与机制,并进一步分析了数字金融的效能。研究发现:第一,数字经济显著促进了城乡劳动力就业市场的分割,这一结论在利用多种方法进行稳健性检验后依然成立;第二,数字经济对城乡劳动力市场分割的影响具有区域异质性差异,所有制分割是数字经济推动城乡劳动力市场分割的重要条件;第三,数字经济相关产业的发展及区域产业结构的转型升级是数字经济影响城乡劳动力就业市场分割的有效机制;第四,数字金融作为产业数字化融合的典范,显著抑制了城乡劳动力就业市场分割。此结论可为探讨数字经济为城乡劳动力就业市场带来何种改变,以及带来这种改变的机制为何提供有益参考。

区域一体化能够促进城市高质量发展吗?--来自长三角一体化国家战略的准自然实验

以长三角一体化国家战略的实施为准自然实验,在探究政策对高质量发展影响机制的基础上,基于2011-2021年114个城市的样本数据,运用渐进双重差分模型评估了该政策对于高质量发展的影响。研究表明:长三角一体化国家战略总体上显著提高了城市的高质量发展水平,且主要体现在经济层面,部分体现在社会层面;长三角一体化国家战略对高质量发展的影响,在不同规模城市和不同市场一体化程度城市中存在显著差异;长三角一体化国家战略通过降低市场分割和产业同构促进城市的高质量发展;交通运输能力和技术水平在长三角一体化国家战略对城市高质量发展影响中发挥着正向的调节效应作用。长三角一体化国家战略的实施,为生态发展、兼顾小城市利益和政策推广拓展了空间。

区域市场分割、数字经济发展与引进外商直接投资

本文利用1999—2013年中国工业企业数据库,实证分析国内区域市场分割对引进FDI的影响。研究发现,区域市场分割显著抑制FDI的引进,主要由商品和劳动力市场分割导致,并通过市场规模效应、要素流动效应和公平竞争效应三个渠道实现。进一步分析显示,数字经济的发展缓解市场分割对引进FDI的负面影响,且存在阶段性差异及对优质FDI的改善作用更强;市场分割对国有企业、外销企业、市场潜力大的区域引进FDI的影响作用更小,侧面强化了机制作用检验的可信度。上述结论为推动全国统一大市场建设、促进“双循环”提供了有益的经验证据。

资本市场健康发展与统一大市场建设:破除中国地方保护的政治经济分析

加快建设全国统一大市场是构建新发展格局的基础支撑和内在要求,促进要素资源在更大范围内顺畅流动首先必须要打破地方保护和市场分割。在政治经济学范式下,对中国资本市场健康发展与统一大市场建设过程中所面临的地方保护主义进行深入研究,可以发现地方市场分割和资本无序扩张的历史、发展和动因以及地方市场分割与资本无序扩张之间的演进关系,从而进一步评估中国资本市场相关政策的治理效果,并在此基础上提出规范资本市场发展以破除地方保护主义的有效途径。地方市场分割加剧了资本无序扩张,导致地区间及产业间资本配置失衡,严重影响中国资源配置效率,不利于全国统一大市场建设,中国应加快健全资本市场法律法规,建设统一开放的资本市场,实现经济的高质量发展。

数字经济对劳动力市场一体化影响研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验

数字经济已逐渐成为推动我国经济高质量发展的重要引擎,也为劳动力市场提供了新动力与新机遇。本文利用2011—2021年我国省际面板数据,采用空间面板杜宾模型实证研究了我国数字经济建设对劳动力市场一体化的影响。研究发现:数字经济发展水平对劳动力市场一体化具有显著的促进作用;数字经济具有空间溢出效应,可以有效推动本地与邻近地区的劳动力市场一体化进程;数字经济主要通过增强劳动力流动与谈判力量来间接影响劳动力市场一体化;数字经济对劳动力市场一体化的作用存在明显的区域异质性,中西部地区和人力资本水平较低的地区受到的影响效应较大。因此,应不断夯实劳动力流动基础、激发劳动力流动活力、拓展劳动力流动空间,弥补数字鸿沟,激发数字经济红利,助力全国统一大市场建设。

基于SWOT的润滑油集团客户营销策略分析

润滑油企业要针对集团客户的行业典型特点和潜在需求,定制客户市场营销策略。基于客户价值和满意度特征等,可以将集团客户市场进一步细分为四类。SWOT分析将与润滑油市场营销中密切相关的各种主要内部优势、劣势和外部的机会及威胁等,通过调查列举出来,并依照矩阵形式排列。6Ps市场营销组合是六方面因素的组合。针对润滑油市场营销的特点,将6Ps营销组合理论和SWOT分析结合起来,制定SO-A、WO-A、ST-A、WT-A等十六类策略,这些策略的灵活运用为润滑油企业适应新时代转型发展提供了理论依据。

地方政府考核目标转变的经济效率与福利效应研究

构建一个合理且科学的考核体系,并引导地方政府更科学关注经济发展质量,是学术界亟须解决的重要问题之一。基于新开放宏观模型,通过构建一个包含地区竞争、市场分割及营商环境的动态随机一般均衡模型,从经济效率和经济福利两个维度来考察地方政府考核目标转变对经济发展质量的影响。研究发现:第一,传统考核机制会阻碍经济效率、经济福利水平的提升,地区竞争程度越大、市场分割程度越高、为优化营商环境努力程度越低,所引起的阻碍作用越明显;第二,在多元化考核机制下,地方政府短期目标导向能够缓解经济发展质量的负面影响,其中营商环境的优化有利于经济高质量的发展,但由于地区竞争与市场分割的存在,缓解作用并不能得到很好地释放。在经济高质量发展不断推进阶段,应尽快落实多元化考核机制,引导地方政府优化营商环境,并在一定程度上消除地区竞争与市场分割,以保证经济可持续发展。

数字经济对工业产业链韧性的影响效应研究——兼论创新水平和市场分割的机制作用

着力提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平,对于建设现代化经济体系、实现产业链现代化和高质量发展具有重要意义。本文基于2011—2020年我国31个省份的面板数据,构建数字经济发展水平和工业产业链韧性指标体系,并通过双向固定效应模型实证研究数字经济发展对工业产业链韧性的影响效应和作用机制。实证结果表明,数字经济发展对于工业产业链韧性具有促进作用,而市场分割在这一影响中呈现负向调节效应。中介效应检验发现,数字经济发展能够通过提高创新水平来增强工业产业链韧性。进一步异质性检验表明,数字经济对工业产业链韧性的影响会因地理区域、能源丰裕程度而有所不同,在北方地区和能源贫乏区域更为显著。