Regional characteristics of stress field in the southern part of the north－south seismic belt in China and its relation with plate movement

The regional characteristics of stress field in the southern part of the northusouth seismic belt (NSB) have beenanalyzed in detail based on the mechanism solutions of 134 medium and large earthquakes from 1933 to 1991.The results show that the southern part of the NSB is a shallow earthquake zone where most earthquakes arecaused by the strike-slip faulting. There is a systematic distribution of the directions of P-and T-axes in thewestern and the eastern regions of the southern part of the NSB. P-and T-axes in the western region are in theNE-SW direction and in the NW-SE direction. P-and T-axes in the eastern region are oriented in NW-SE andNE-SW, respectively. The directions of p-axes in the western and the eastern regions show a pattern of a reversal 'V' as a whole. The boundary between the eastern and western regions coincides with that between the Tibetan Plateau and the Yangtze crustal block. Based on a lot of mechanism solutions, the result indicates that thedirection of P-axes roughly shows the consistent distributions from the Himalayan collision zone to the easternregion and from the eastern coast collision zone in Taiwan to the eastern region of southern part of the NSB, respectively. It is suggested that the tectonic force due to relative movement between the indo-Australian and theEurasian plates is transmitted from the Himalayan collision zone to the western region of the southern part ofNSB, simultaneously, the tectonic force due to the relative movement between the Philippine Sea and theEurasian plates is transmitted from the eastern region coast in Taiwan to the eastern region of the southern partof NSB, and control the stress field there, respectively.

Research of the Modern Tectonic Stress Field and Seismicity Characteristics on the Northeastern Side of Pamirs

According to the earthquake focal mechanism solutions of 55 moderately strong earthquakes onthe northeastern side of Pamirs,the spatial and temporal distribution of earthquakes ith M_s≥6.0 since this century and the characteristics of hypocenter depth distribution of earthquakeswith M_s≥3.0 since 1980 in this region,the article discusses the relation between regional tee-tonic stress fields and strong earthquake activity.The result shows that the hypocenter disloca-tion is mostly strike-dip,partly dip-slip,and the direction of the principal compressional stressis nearly NS.The distributive characteristics of strong shock activity is obvious,with the gen-eral trend that the west is strong and the east is weak,which can be divided into three imephases,and each with relative principal active region The depth near Pamirs aren reaches200km,shallower obviously when externding to NE,less than or equal to 40km near the Kalpinblock,and the article discusses the result.

Numerical calculations of tectonic stress field of Chinese mainland and its neighboring regions and their applications to explanation of seismic activity

This paper made a numerical simulation to the basic tectonic stress field of Chinese mainland and its neighboringregion using the visco-elasticity finite element model and the new published displacement rate result. Main contents include the simulation of maximum shear stress and its varying rate, the maximum shear strain and its varyingrate, the shear strain energy density and its varying rate. In view of the high inhomogeneous distribution characterof seismicity in space and time in Chinese mainland and its neighboring area, the normalized background energyvalue was given by means of normalized treatment to the earthquake energy release in the eastern and westernparts of Chinese mainland. And the comparison of the simulation result with the actual seismicity was made. Thefesults show that the simulation values can explain well the earthquake distribution character of Chinese mainlandand its neighboring area.

The stress field variation caused by faulting and the prediction for seismic risk

The stress field caused by faulting has an effect on the stability of the neighboring faults, and the study on the fault interaction has a close relation with the prediction of seismic risk. Stress field caused by the rectangle fault in the semi-infinite elastic medium is calculated on the basis of the elastic dislocation theory. The result shows that most of the successive large earthquakes, in the southwestern part of China and North China, occurred in the increasing area of shear stress S(xy) and the decreasing area of normal stress S(yy) The increasing of earthquake occurrence probability has a function relation with the increasing of stress. Earthquake triggering is resulted from the increasing of shear stress and the decreasing of normal stress. An activation coefficient A, of the earthquake is defined to express the change of seismic activity. The concrete risk region can be obtained through space scanning of At value. Finally, the fault interaction in a large scope is discussed in this paper.

Seismicity and stress field in Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu regions

According to the seismic data (mb≥5. 0) from 1977 to 1991 and the focal mechanisms of 68 earthquakes from 1961 to 1991, the characters of seismicity and stress field in Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu regions are discussed in this paper, and the paper suggests that: ① The Tokara Channel fault belt is a fault belt with seismicity, cutting through lithosphere. ② The different stress state in the both subducting slabs on the both sides of Tokara Channel fault belt are caused by the difference of subducting depth of the both slabs. ③ The seismicity and stress field in the Okinawa Trough and Ryukyu regions are related not only to the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate but also to the self-expanding action of Okinawa Trough.

Ambient tectonic shear stress field in Southern California and seismic hazard regions

ccording to the fracture mechanics rupture model of earthquakes put forward by us, several equations to compute tectonic ambient shear stress value τ0 have been derived [equations (1), (2), (3), (5)].τ0 values for intermediate and small earthquakes occurred in Chinese mainland and Southern California have been calculated by use of these equations. The results demonstrate that the level and distribution of τ0 are closely related to the location where large earthquakes will occur, i.e. the region with higher level of τ0 will be prone to occur large earthquakes and the region with lower level will usually occur small earthquakes. According to the spatial distribution of τ0 , the seismic hazard regions or the potential earthquake source regions can in some degree be determined. According to the variation of τ0 with time, the large earthquake occurrence time can be roughly estimated. According to the distribution of τ0 in Southern California and variation with time, three high stress level regions are determined, one (Goldfield area) of them is the present seismic hazard region.

A Discussion on Correlations of Plate Motion with Seismic Anisotropy and Stress Field in Plate Boundary Zones

In many parts of the global plates,including subduction zones,mid-ocean ridges and even the interior of the continental plates,seismic anisotropy has a certain correlation with image of absolute plate motion( APM),or is in accord with the predominant direction of the intraplate stress field. In our study,a statistical analysis is done on the correlations of plate motion with seismic anisotropy as well as a stress field within nine plate boundaries which contain major subduction zones in the globe. Results indicate that absolute or relative plate motion( RPM) controls the seismic anisotropy and stress field of the plate boundary,which is especially obvious for the RPM. It can also be inferred that the correlation of RPM is better than that of APM. Because of the complexity of subduction mechanism and diversity of controlling factors at plate boundaries containing subduction zones,the correlation becomes much complex. Sources of anisotropy at various depths show different characteristics,and stress state is controlled by many factors,thus further discussions on the correlations are required.

Recent tectonic stress field and major earthquakes of the Bohai Sea basin

渤海位于北华北新生代裂陷盆地的东部，是一个晚第四纪形成的内陆海盆．渤海盆地活动断裂发育，地震活动强烈，交会于渤海中部的NE向营口潍坊断裂带北段、庙西北一黄河口一临邑断裂带及NW向北京一蓬莱断裂带是主要的活动构造带，将海区分成4个次级新构造区，成为现代应力场作用的构造基础．综合研究38个震源机制解和75个井区应力场等资料，以及构造应力场二维数值模拟计算结果表明，渤海及其邻区现代构造应力场的压应力方向为NE60°～90°，张应力为SN—NW30°；以水平和近水平应力作用为主；不同构造区主应力方向存在一定的差异．现今渤海地区地壳发育以NNE-NE和NW-WNW走向的共轭剪切破裂为特征，是控制地震活动的主要构造．

Analysis of the Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake's Co-seismic Stress and Displacement Change by Using the Finite Element Method

The variation of in situ stress before and after earthquakes is an issue studied by geologists. In this paper, on the basis of the fault slip dislocation model of Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake, the changes of co-seismic displacement and the distribution functions of stress tensor around the Longmen Shan fault zone are calculated. The results show that the co-seismic maximum surface displacement is 4.9 m in the horizontal direction and 6.5 m in the vertical direction, which is almost consistent with the on-site survey and GPS observations. The co-seismic maximum horizontal stress in the hanging wall and footwall decreased sharply as the distance from the Longmen Shan fault zone increased. However, the vertical stress and minimum horizontal stress increased in the footwall and in some areas of the hanging wall. The study of the co-seismic displacement and stress was mainly focused on the long and narrow region along the Longmen Shan fault zone, which coincides with the distribution of the earthquake aftershocks. Therefore, the co-seismic stress only affects the aftershocks, and does not affect distant faults and seismic activities. The results are almost consistent with in situ stress measurements at the two sites before and after Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake. Along the fault plane, the co-seismic shear stress in the dip direction is larger than that in the strike direction, which indicates that the faulting mechanism of the Longmen Shan fault zone is a dominant thrust with minor strike-slipping. The results can be used as a reference value for future studies of earthquake mechanisms.

Recent tectonic stress field and major earthquakes of the Bohai Sea basin

The Bohai Sea basin is located in the east to the Cenozoic rift basin of North China. It is a inner-land sea basin formed during Late Quaternary time. In this basin there are numerous active faults and many major earthquakes have occurred. Its major active tectonic zones are the northern section of the NE trending Yingkou-Weifang fault zone, Miaoxibei-Huanghekou-Linyi fault zone, and NW striking Beijing-Penglai fault zone, which intersect at the center of the Bohai Sea basin. These tectonic zones subdivide the sea area into four secondary neotectonic areas, which are subject to the recent tectonic stress field. Using the data of 38 focal plane solutions and 75 drill stress measurements, and the result of numerical modeling, we analyze the recent tectonic stress field of this region. Our result shows that this stress field is characterized by dominant horizontal or nearly horizontal stress. Its compres-sive stress is in the direction NE60~90, and the tensional stress is in NS-NW30. There are some differences of principal stress between secondary tectonic areas. A remarkable feature of the Bohai Sea basin is a conjugate shear rupture zone, which develops in the crust and is the major seismogenic structure.

Relationship between regional stress field variation and earthquake activities from GPS data

The relationship between the earth stress field, earth surface displacement field and the gravity variation is deduced. Algorithms based on the boundary element method to compute the earth stress variation using the earth surface displacement is discussed. The stress field variation in Jiashi region, Xinjiang, China is obtained from the GPS data observed in 1997 and 1998, respectively, and the relationship among the local stress field variation, seismic activities and fault tectonic activities is discussed.

The dependence of response spectrum on the tectonic ambient shear stress field

It has been analyzed the influence of the tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum based on the previous theory. Based on the prediction equation BJF94 presented by the famous American researchers, CLB20, a new prediction formula is proposed by us, where it is introduced the influence of tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum. BJF94 is the prediction equation, which mainly depends on strong ground motion data from western USA, while the prediction equation SEA99 is based on the strong ground motion data from exten-sional region all over the world. Comparing these two prediction equations in detail, it is found that after BJF94′s prediction value lg(Y) minus 0.16 logarithmic units, the value is very close to SEA99′s one. This case demonstrates that lg(Y) in extensional region is smaller; the differences of prediction equation are mainly owe to the differences of tectonic ambient shear stress value. If the factor of tectonic ambient shear stress value is included into the pre-diction equation, and the magnitude is used seismic moment magnitude to express, which is universal used around the world, and the distance is used the distance of fault project, which commonly used by many people, then re-gional differences of prediction equation will become much less, even vanish, and it can be constructed the uni-versal prediction equation proper to all over the world. The error in the earthquake-resistant design in China will be small if we directly use the results of response spectrum of USA (e.g. BJF94 or SEA99).

陕西凤翔井水位和区域应力场变化与地震活动性关系研究

陇县-宝鸡断裂带的北段闭锁程度较强,但关于其南段的闭锁性研究较少。承压含水层的观测井被认为是灵敏的“体应变计”,井水位的上升或下降变化往往能反映区域应力处于拉张或挤压状态。陕西凤翔井位于陇县-宝鸡断裂的中南段。基于对凤翔井水位在2013-2023年期间变化趋势的分析,利用气压系数和M_2波潮汐因子等滑动拟合,计算了不排水条件下,该井含水层的孔隙度、固体骨架的体积压缩系数和水的体积压缩系数。通过该井水位变化量和含水层垂向应力变化量的关系式,定量分析了该井周边地区构造应力场的时序特征。结合区域内GNSS基线和面应变变化,以及2013年以来的地震活动,综合分析认为,该区域的应力场变化分为两个阶段:(1) 2013-2017年,凤翔井水位下降,垂向应力减弱,处于拉张环境,地震频次较低;(2) 2017-2023年,凤翔井水位趋于平稳,垂向应力在零值上下波动,拉张减弱并逐渐转变为应力积累增强阶段,地震频次有所增加。综合近十年凤翔井水位、垂向应力、 GNSS基线和面应变以及地震活动性分析可知,陇县-宝鸡断裂带中南段应力积累较弱,形变量较小,处于相对稳定的状态。

江汉-洞庭盆地地震精定位及活动性特征

利用江汉-洞庭盆地及其周缘有历史记载以来至2021年的地震资料,分析地震时空特征,通过双差定位法对788个地震进行精定位,获得深部地质构造与地震的关系,并采用P波初动法计算ML≥2.8地震的震源机制解,分析区域构造应力场特征。结果表明,地震在空间上分布较为不均,盆地边界地震活动性强于盆地内部,在时间上地震活动存在明显的平静与活跃交替的周期性规律;精定位后的地震在宁乡、石门、远安-当阳、南漳-荆门和鄂州-黄石等5个地区呈NW和NE向丛集条带状分布,且这些地区的地震成因与断裂构造活动密切相关;盆地震源机制解以逆断型为主,P轴优势方位为近EW向,倾伏角近水平,T轴方位以近SN和NE向为主,倾伏角较高。印度洋板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致青藏高原内部形成近EW向拉张应力场,对江汉-洞庭盆地产生东向推挤,加之菲律宾海板块NWW向和太平洋板块西向俯冲运动,导致江汉-洞庭盆地形成近EW向挤压的应力场格局,使得区域断裂构造易发生垂直差异运动,进而导致江汉-洞庭盆地及其周缘地震的孕育和发生。

腾冲及邻区构造应力场与地震活动性研究

以云南腾冲及邻区为研究区域,使用FM_(S)I 方法进行应力场反演;在此基础上,进行了断层滑动趋势和地震活动性分析。结果表明:腾冲及邻区的震源机制主要以走滑型为主,最大应力主轴σ1沿 NNE—SSW 向,最小主应力轴σ_(3)沿 NWW 向,并且最大、最小主应力轴都是近水平向。研究区域具有较强滑动趋势的断层走向范围主要为40°—80°、160°—200°、220°—260°、340°—360°;断层倾角为50°—70°,这与该地区的构造背景相符。结合该地区的断层分布分析认为,腾冲火山区附近的大盈江断裂、龙川江断裂、龙陵—瑞丽断裂未来可能具有较明显地震活动趋势。2000—2021年该区域发生了7次4.0级及以上的中强地震,且2012年之前研究区域内地震活动较多,4.0级及以上地震事件大部分都发生在2011年前后;其间,2次中强地震活动均发生在滑动趋势较强的断层周边。

M油田碳酸盐岩裂缝研究与含水动态分析

M油田为陆上推覆构造背景下的白垩系厚碳酸盐岩储层。复杂的生产历史及微裂缝的发育导致水淹规律比较复杂,因而在后续开发方案动态调整中,需要准确判别开发过程中水淹规律以及水进趋势。利用三维地震多方位角数据分析预测储层裂缝,结合目标地层构造形态与受力变形特征,分析地层裂缝参数以及应力场空间分布,研究储层裂缝发育特征,综合解释碳酸盐岩油藏内部流体运移方向与水驱强弱关系,判别开发过程中油田的水淹规律以及水进趋势。生产动态分析表明,目标储层内注入水流动趋势和水驱速度主要受井点周边的裂缝发育程度和裂缝方向控制。基于对地震各向异性和构造应力场的综合裂缝分析研究,明确了目标层段的裂缝发育强弱、裂缝方向和裂缝联通特征,对各个注水井的不同效率做了进一步解释。如果注水井位于裂缝不发育的区域或水进与裂缝方向垂直,水驱速度则比较稳定,周边受效井效果比较好;反之,受效井含水上升就比较快。裂缝发育特征与含水动态关联分析为后续井位的调整与开发方案的优化提供了具体指导。

邢台震区应力场特征及M_(L)3.5以上地震的发震背景分析

邢台老震区构造背景复杂,发育多组断裂,属构造较不稳定地带,且区域中小地震频发。2017年至2021年发生6次M_(L)3.5以上地震,其中有两次M L4以上地震。本文基于搜集的震源机制解资料,反演区域现今地壳应力场,模拟震源机制与地壳应力场的关系,计算地壳应力场在地震发震断层面上的相对剪应力和相对正应力,分析地震的发震背景。结果表明,6次M_(L)3.5以上地震中,有2次震源机制节面接近应力场的最大剪应力节面,有4次震源机制节面远离应力场的最大剪应力节面。说明地震不是完全按照震源机制节面上具有最大剪应力的破裂方向发生,有时可能发生在某些薄弱带上。因此,在进行地震预测时,不能只关注最大剪应力破裂方向,还应多关注其边缘的地质薄弱带,这一结果可能会为后续分析该区域的地震危险性,研究地震孕育机制及动力学过程提供一定的参考依据。

断裂应力场数值模拟及活动性分析

旨在通过数值模拟方法研究某区域的地应力场特征及其与断裂活动性之间的关系,进而分析该区域的地震危险性。通过建立一个三维模型,模拟了研究区断裂构造及岩体的实际情况,并采用特殊的处理方法来模拟非贯穿性断裂。模拟结果显示,断裂应力集中发生在断裂交会部位、端部及枢纽位置。北面平原区应力集中现象较为明显,而南面基岩区整体为受压区域,应力集中现象不明显。此外,研究了北面平原区地震多发的原因。该研究的结论对区域工程建设选址及规划具有一定的指导作用,有助于优化工程设计,降低地震灾害风险。

辽南地区断裂带的断层土壤气地球化学特征及其对区域应力调整的指示

辽南地区历史中强地震活动频繁,尤其是金州断裂与海城河断裂,近代曾发生多次中强地震。对辽南地区金州断裂不同区段与海城河断裂开展多期次构造地球化学土壤气浓度观测,可为查明断层活动状态、区域应力调整与分析地震活动规律及特征起到至关重要的作用。文中对辽南地区2条活动断裂的6条剖面进行了多期跨断层土壤气Rn、CO_(2)与H_(2)浓度观测。测量结果表明,同一剖面、不同期次断层土壤气的浓度变化趋势基本一致,但断层不同区段的土壤气浓度变化存在一定差异,分析认为不同区段的断层性质及地质地貌等特征是造成这种差异性的主要原因之一。各剖面土壤气浓度的时空变化特征显示,金州断裂与海城河断裂土壤气浓度空间变化特征在一定范围内主要受地质构造、地下介质结构与地壳垂直速率变化等因素控制,土壤气浓度的时间变化特征主要与断裂活动性质、地震活动及区域应力调整作用有关。研究结果表明,多期次构造地球化学观测方法可有效反映断层活动状态,对区域应力调整具有良好的指示意义,是进行监视断层活动与地震监测预测的一种有效手段。