Study on the Physical Process and Seismogenic Mechanism of the Yangbi MS 6.4 Earthquake in Dali,Yunnan Province

The Ms 6.4 earthquake occurred on May 21,2021 in Yangbi County,Dali Prefecture,Yunnan Province,which was the largest earthquake after the 2014 Jinggu Ms 6.6 earthquake,in western Yunnan.After the earthquake,the rapid field investigation and earthquake relocation reveal that there was no obvious surface rupture and the earthquake did not occur on pre-existing active fault,but on a buried fault on the west side of Weixi–Qiaohou–Weishan fault zone in the eastern boundary of Baoshan sub-block.Significant foreshocks appeared three days before the earthquake.These phenomena aroused scholars'intensive attention.What the physical process and seismogenic mechanism of the Yangbi Ms 6.4 earthquake are revealed by the foreshocks and aftershocks?These scientific questions need to be solved urgently.

Study on the pattern and mode of vertical crustal deformation during the seismogenic process of intraplate strong earthquakes

In this paper,the data of vertical crustal deformations associated with the Xingtai,Haicheng,Tangshan and Datong strong earthquakes in North China Block have been processed,analyzed and studied.The result shows that the seismogenic processes of strong earthquakes are accompanied by an evolution of crustal deformation as follows: ① The area of crustal deformation anomaly should be large in radius and extensive in range. ② There are both the 'field' and 'source' of crustal deformation anomaly,with the 'source' existing inside the'field' but differing from the 'field' distinctly. ③ The evolution process includes a number of steps.Firstly, movements in the 'field region transform from the normal state to an anomalous state to start the formation of field precursors.Secondly,movements in the 'source' region become outstandingly remarkable. Thirdly,anomalies in the 'field' region that surrounds the 'source' become increasingly intense.Fourthly,the 'source' region enters a state of immobilized-movement.Finally,an earthquake occurs. ④ There are usually one or more areas where the anomaly field forms a special pattern,mostly a four-quadrant distribution.The area which is'activated' first but becomes 'immobilized' afterwards often coincides with the source area.⑤ The appearance of an obviously immobilized area inside the obviously activated area is a precursory feature which suggests that an earthquake is impending.⑥ The longer the duration of immobilized-movement,the higher the magnitude of earthquake would be.The above might be the basic mode of vertical crustal deformation during the seismogenic process of strong intraplate earthquakes.

Relocation and seismogenic structure of the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence

On January 10, 1998, an earthquake of ML=6.2 occurred in the border region between the Zhangbei County and Shangyi County of Hebei Province. This earthquake has been the most significant event occurred in the northern China in the recent years. Historical seismicity in the Zhangbei-Shangyi region was very low. In the epicentral area no active fault capable of generating a moderate earthquake like this event was found. The earthquake locations of the main shock and its aftershocks of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence given by several agencies and authors were diverse and the resulted hypocentral distribution revealed no any dominant horizontal lineation. To study the seismogenic structure of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake, in this paper the main shock and its aftershocks with ML3.0 of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence were relocated using the master event relative relocation algorithm. The relocated results show that the epicentral location of the main shock was 41.145癗, 114.462癊, which was located 4 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of the main shock. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 15 km. The hypocenters of the aftershocks distributed in a nearly vertical N20E-striking plane and its vicinity. The relocated results of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a nearly N-S- to NNE-SSW-striking fault with right-lateral and reverse slip, and that the occurrence of this event was associated with the horizontal and ENE-oriented compressive tectonic stress, which was compatible with the tectonic stress field in the northern China.

Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Bridgetown-Barbados, Employing Subduction Interface Characteristic Earthquakes

A new probabilistic seismic hazard analysis was performed for the city of Bridgetown, Barbados, West Indies. Hazard computations have been performed using the standard Cornell-McGuire approach based on the definition of appropriate seismogenic sources and expected maximum magnitudes, the authors take into consideration the possibility of large subduction interface earthquakes of magnitude 8.0-9.0 beneath the Barbados accretionary prism via application of a characteristic model and slip rates. The analysis has been conducted using a standard logic-tree approach. Uniform hazard spectra have been calculated for the 5% of critical damping and the horizontal component of ground motion for rock site conditions setting 5 return periods （95, 475, 975, 2,475 and 4,975 years） and spectral accelerations for 34 structural periods ranging from 0 to 3 s. The disaggregation results suggest that the magnitude-distance pair that dominates the hazard yields M 7.4 and 8.6 and a distance of 42.5 km in the Interface Subduction Zone beneath Barbados for the 475 and 975 years RP （return period）, respectively. An event with an M 8.0 at a distance of 107.5 km in the Intraplate Subduction Zone is the second scenario that dominates the hazard for both 475 and 975 years RP.

21世纪全球三次M_W9.0左右地震的孕育过程研究

系统分析了21世纪以来全球范围内发生的三次M_W9.0左右地震的孕育过程.验证了实际地震孕育过程与岩石力学实验揭示的应力积累过程和后续的临界状态(或亚失稳阶段)特征具有一致性.研究中利用视应力和b值分析构造应力动态变化,以描述地震活动与地球自转之间的相关性的统计检验参量P值评价震中及其附近地区地壳介质的临界状态.得到的结果显示,三次M_W9.0左右地震前震中及附近地区构造应力都表现出明显而连续的增加过程,持续6~10年左右.通过对应力增长期间震中附近较大区域内的b值下降幅度空间扫描,发现震前在破裂区及其附近存在一个b值下降幅度高值区,其相对下降幅度比其他地区都大,反映的是这个地区的应力增加幅度比其他地区都大.低P值(<5%)表示地震活动与地球自转之间的相关性显著,即,与地球自转相关的地震活动所在区域地壳介质处于临界状态.P值随时间变化表明,一般低P值在震前约4年内出现.在P值达到最低值期间,低P值(<2%)在空间上的分布与未来强震震中关联性较好.低P值区是极不稳定区,初始破裂一般在其内及附近发生,这是完全可以理解的.文中也给出了其他一些类似的震例结果.本研究所得结果不仅对利用岩石力学实验研究地震孕育过程,利用实验结果指导地震预测研究具有现实意义,同时对实际地震震情判定也具有重要意义.

2023年12月18日甘肃积石山M 6.2地震的前兆异常和孕震过程

为了寻找确切的地震前兆异常,在2023年12月18日甘肃积石山M 6.2地震后,对甘肃省临夏地震台观测资料进行分析,发现临夏台所处地块从2023年1月10日起就处在构造应力的作用下,地块内裂隙张开,吸纳空气,导致钻孔与地面气压差ΔP负异常;从2月22日起,自然电位差ΔV和单极电阻率ρK相继出现异常变化;从3月16日起,开始了小幅度的预滑活动Xpo,并于8月11日前后达到峰值Xpm。预滑活动使临夏台所处地块内多个小裂隙快速张开,并吸纳气体,导致钻孔气压在12月6日起出现多个负气压脉冲G P,这些异常现象直到震后才结束。震前十几个小时的临震预滑活动使得积聚在孕震断层上的应力进一步加大,克服了断层面上的摩擦力,导致孕震断层失稳破裂,发生了积石山M 6.2地震。鉴于观测到的预滑活动和前兆异常发生的时间、空间都与积石山M 6.2地震有较好的相关性,推测临夏台震前观测到的地块预滑活动、气压差变化、气压脉冲、自然电位差和单极电阻率变化可能是M 6.2地震的前兆异常。前兆异常时空演化过程表明,积石山M 6.2地震的孕震过程分4个阶段。因此,关注震前地块预滑活动和各类前兆异常,对预测未来破坏性地震和研究孕震过程有一定的前兆意义。

九寨沟7.0级地震孕育过程中的地震学特征

以2017-08-08四川九寨沟7.0级地震为研究对象,使用地震前震中附近10个台站宽频带地震仪数据计算地面运动速度的排列熵,讨论地面运动排列熵的时空变化与大地震孕育之间的关系。结果表明,2017-07下旬,震中附近排列熵出现两次异常变化,幅度最大的一次出现在2017-07末。10个台站均存在熵减过程,其中马尔康台(MEK)、舟曲台(ZHQ)和迭部台(DBT)的排列熵下降幅度较大,熵值分别为0.75、0.76和0.79,与均值相比分别下降12%、12%和10%。多个台站熵值的降低表明,地壳运动中有序振动信号的占比增大。震中东北部和西南部低值区的空间演变图像也表明,熵值异常变化与此次大地震的形成有关。结合以往研究结果认为,青藏高原地块的东移与华北地块和华南地块的阻挡导致此次地震的能量积累,受阻后的中下地壳物质上涌和侧挤引发九寨沟7.0级地震。

The ultra-low-frequency magnetic disturbances associated with earthquakes

The ultra-low-frequency （ULF） electromagnetic emission is recently recognized as one of the most promising candidates for short-term earthquake （EQ） prediction. This paper reviews previous convincing evidence on the presence of ULF emissions before three major EQs. Then, we present further statistical study on the ULF occurrence, our networks of ULF monitoring in different spatial scales in Japan and finally we present several signal processings to identify the seismogenic emissions by showing latest results for recent large EQs.

Relocation of the 1998 Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence using the double difference earthquake location algorithm

On January 10, 1998, at 11h50min Beijing Time (03h50min UTC), an earthquake of ML=6.2 occurred in the border region between the Zhangbei County and Shangyi County of Hebei Province. This earthquake is the most significant event to have occurred in northern China in the recent years. The earthquake-generating structure of this event was not clear due to no active fault capable of generating a moderate earthquake was found in the epicentral area, nor surface ruptures with any predominate orientation were observed, no distinct orientation of its aftershock distribution given by routine earthquake location was shown. To study the seismogenic structure of the Zhangbei- Shangyi earthquake, the main shock and its aftershocks with ML3.0 of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence were relocated by the authors of this paper in 2002 using the master event relative relocation technique. The relocated epicenter of the main shock was located at 41.145癗, 114.462癊, which was located 4 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of this event. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 15 km. Hypocenters of the aftershocks distributed in a nearly vertical plane striking 180~200 and its vicinity. The relocated results of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a NNE-SSW-striking fault with right-lateral and reverse slip. In this paper, a relocation of the Zhangbei-Shangyi earthquake sequence has been done using the double difference earthquake location algorithm (DD algorithm), and consistent results with that obtained by the master event technique were obtained. The relocated hypocenters of the main shock are located at 41.131癗, 114.456癊, which was located 2.5 km to the NE of the macro-epicenter of the main shock. The relocated focal depth of the main shock was 12.8 km. Hypocenters of the aftershocks also distributed in a nearly vertical N10E-striking plane and its vicinity. The relocated results using DD algorithm clearly indicated that the seismogenic structure of this event was a NNE-striking fault again.

青海玛多7.4级地震发震断裂继承性及新生性探讨

2021年5月22日青海省果洛州玛多县发生7.4级强烈地震,地表破裂发育,裂缝具断续分布特征,破裂带走向自中西段的NWW到东段转为EW,最终转为NEE向。然而,目前学术界对发震断裂有不同认识,区域地质资料显示,玛多—甘德断裂、昆仑山口—江措断裂均走向NW,倾向NE,但玛多7.4级地震地表破裂在空间位置上与玛多—甘德断裂,昆仑山口—江措断裂均不甚吻合,且地震震源机制解揭示发震断裂南倾,也与昆仑山口—江措的倾向相反,地表破裂表明发震断裂应属一条走向近EW、倾向南的未出露隐伏断裂。为进一步揭示玛多大地发震断裂特征及活动机制,在野外地质调查基础上,采用LiDAR扫描、InSAR解译、地质力学分析和数值模拟方法进行深入研究。结果表明,NW向断裂(玛多—甘德断裂、昆仑山口—江措断裂)在NEE—SWW向区域应力场作用下,在左旋错动过程中于瓶颈处受阻,在江措断裂北部产生应力集中带,东段因瓶颈部位受阻,产生近EW向的新生性地表破裂,出现鱼尾式地表破裂现象,发震断裂不是玛多—甘德断裂或昆仑山口—江措断裂,而是一条走向NNW,斜切昆仑山口—江措断裂小角度相交的隐伏断层。发震断裂走向上继承了既有断裂展布,研究成果为进一步活动断裂防震设计提出了新的借鉴。

基于甘肃气枪主动源的“地下云图”构建

在陆地气枪主动源技术系统不断发展的基础上,使用地震层析成像和计算机图像处理技术,把地震波物理参数(地震波速度和v P/v S)演化过程以气象云图的形式表现出来,达到“看图识天气”的目的。利用地震波速“地下云图”的结果开展地震孕育过程和机理研究,深入了解强震发生前后震源区地震波速度和波速比的时空演化表征,总结提取具有普适性的地震学前兆参数及其指标,对进一步提高地震预测预报效能有着重要科学意义。

2022年泸定M6.8地震前地震活动参数变化研究

2022年9月5日四川泸定发生M6.8地震,为研究泸定地震孕震区的应力变化,选取b值、小震调制比和丛集率这3个参数,对泸定地震前的区域地震活动状态进行计算研究。结果显示:泸定及周边区域几次强震发生前,区域地震活动均存在持续时间较长的低b值时段,且在低b值状态下震前短期内出现小震高丛集、高调制比的现象;鲜水河断裂带的地震活动状态分析显示,此次泸定地震前该断裂带存在持续时间近10个月的低b值状态,且短期内出现丛集率升高、调制比高值现象。通过对比分析,认为泸定地震是鲜水河断裂带构造运动的结果。综合分析认为,结合应力场背景和构造条件研究地震活动b值、固体潮调制比和丛集率的时空变化有助于理解大地震的孕育演化过程。

2023年2月5日三水ML4.0级矿山地震震相特征与发震构造

2023年2月5日广东三水发生了ML4.0级地震,佛山、广州、深圳等地区有感,有感范围广泛,且震中位于盐矿开采区,因此特别引人关注。通过收集震中800 km范围内质量较高的342个测震记录和410个强震记录,经过人工仔细分析,识别出了967个震相,统计分析发现:所有台站记录都在Sg波之前有丰富的高频成份,有75个台站记录中在Sg波之后出现了周期变化(周期在1.1~1.5 s之间)、毛刺少、振动规则的短周期面波,其持续时间大致在5~20 s之间;面波振幅整体随震中距增大而减小,但在部份台站存在突然增大数倍的现象,最大峰值的视速度约为2.85 km/s,在垂直向比较明显,符合Rg面波的特征;用深度震相sPn测定的震源深度约为3.8±0.39 km,重新修订的震中位置为:经度112.958 3°N,纬度23.271 6°E;初动呈四象限分布,确定的发震构造为走向334.90°,倾角54.04°,滑动角-18.84°,错动类型以左旋走滑为主,兼少量正断。综合分析认为,这是由长期的抽取卤水采盐活动引起的。采空区的应力变化导致矿体的应力分布发生调整,沿F7断层的应力超过了其承载能力,在区域应力主控制下使上盘发生破裂和滑动,从而引发了与采矿活动密切相关的矿山地震。

2019年10月2日贵州沿河M_(S)4.9地震震害特征及发震构造分析

贵州沿河M_(S)4.9地震发生在历史地震强度较低的上扬子地块凤冈SN向隔槽式褶皱变形区.通过地震地质背景分析、震害调查、震源机制解、断层调查和库区水位变化情况等,得到主要认识如下:由于震源深度浅、灾区老旧自建房抗震性能差,导致本次地震直接经济损失严重;本次地震主震的机制解为节面Ⅰ:走向61°/倾角35°/滑动角135°,节面Ⅱ:走向190°/倾角66°/滑动角63°,表现为走向NE、逆冲兼平移型运动方式;结合等震线走向及震中主要断层性质,判断NE向沿河断层为本次地震主震的发震构造,并进一步推测此次地震为水库诱发断层活化引起的地震.

流体地质作用与资源环境效应--基于第八届流体地球科学与矿产资源及环境灾害学术研讨会的综述

基于第八届流体地球科学与矿产资源及环境灾害学术研讨会的主要交流成果,从侧面综述了近几年地质流体的形成演化与矿产资源的富集分布及环境灾害研究进展和发展趋势。从深部地质作用与矿产资源,地质流体研究的物理化学技术,流体地球化学特征与地震活动,地热资源的赋存特征和发展现状,地质资源的成藏特征、主控因素以及富集规律,流体地球科学与地理自然环境等6个方面对本次学术研讨会主要交流成果进行了总结。结果表明:①油气和矿产资源的生成和演化机制、富集和运移机制以及勘探和开发技术的发展依然是目前流体地球科学领域研究的重点,且研究内容也更加注重资源产生和演化的历史与机制;②利用多样化且更精确的新技术对地质条件更加复杂、埋藏更深及勘探和开采难度更大的新领域进行拓展研究是当前的主要趋势;③目前中国极端自然灾害风险的不确定性受全球气候变化等自然、经济、社会因素的影响,表现出增长趋势,破坏性地震正处于频发时期,自然灾害的突发性、异常性和复杂性同时也表现出增长趋势,因此,提升中国自然灾害防治能力刻不容缓。

The seismogenic structures and migration characteristics of the 2021 Yangbi M6.4 Earthquake sequence in Yunnan,China

We constructed a more complete earthquake catalog in the 2021 Yangbi M6.4 focal area by re-scanning the continuous waveforms integrated with deep learning and template matching techniques,to explore the seismogenic structures of the Yangbi mainshock and its nucleation process.The new catalog has three times the number of earthquakes than the CENC catalog,and the magnitude completeness has dropped from 1.1 to 0.5.The distribution of earthquakes indicates a broom-shaped structure consisting of several oblique secondary faults and a strike-slip main fault which strikes to 315°with 80°dipping to NE.The earthquakes extend along the fault strike about 27 km in width and 2-13 km at depth and have noticeable variations on seismicity in the mainshock’s north and south.Compared with the north,the south has denser and higher magnitude aftershocks and also has a seismic gap probably weakened by the fluid at the depth range of about 5-6 km.The foreshocks were mainly active in the 8-kilometer-long fault zone south of the mainshock,which show a steady drop in b-values over time and a migration pattern toward the epicenter of two steep jumps,stagnation,and then acceleration which finally triggered the mainshock.While in the north,seldom foreshock occurred,and the aftershocks were delayed triggered 3 hours after the mainshock,and sparsely scattered shallow at depth and small in magnitude.To summarize,the northern part of the Yangbi seismogenic fault is thought to be relatively locked,whereas the southern part has a weakening zone and promotes pre-slip.The nucleation mechanism of the mainshock and its onset at the junction of the locked and pre-slip zones may be a combination of pre-slip and cascade triggering.

张北-尚义地震序列的重新定位和发震构造

1998年1月10日在北京西北约180 km的河北省张北县和尚义县交界地区发生的ML=6.2地震是华北地区近年的重要地震事件.历史上这一地区的地震活动水平不高,迄今在地表未发现有明显活动的断裂.张北-尚义地震发生后,不同机构给出的主震定位结果不尽相同,他们所给出的余震分布也没有显示出优势的展布方向.因此,张北-尚义地震的发震构造亟待研究.本文应用相对定位方法,对张北-尚义地震序列的主震和ML≥3.0余震重新精确定位.得出:张北-尚义地震序列的主震震中位置为41.145N、114.462E,位于宏观震中的北东方向约4 km处,震源深度15 km;余震震源分布在与震源机制解给出的走向为180～200的节面一致的、接近于竖直的平面内及其附近.张北-尚义地震序列的重新精确定位的结果清楚地表明了张北-尚义地震的发震构造是一近南-北向～北北东向的断层.这次地震是在与华北地区构造应力场方向一致的﹑近水平的。

鲁甸M_S 6.5地震发震断层地表破裂特征、相关古地震的发现和年代测定

鲁甸MS6.5级地震发生后,余震分布呈现两个优势方向,其发震断层是NE向的昭通—鲁甸断裂,还是NW向的次级断裂,引起了广泛的讨论。详细的野外调查发现,从龙头山镇南东方向的谢家营盘—光明村—王家坡一线N22°W^N55°W走向断续展布长约8km地表破裂带,呈左行右阶排列,伴有30~35cm左右的走滑分量,局部走滑分量达40~60cm,表明此次地震的发震构造为北西走向的包谷垴—小河断裂。探槽工程揭露出发震构造光明村—小垭口段4次古地震事件;8个炭屑样品的14 C测年分析表明,事件E1可能发生在9190—8870BC,E2为1000BC至900AD,E3为910—1240AD,最新一次事件E4为2014年鲁甸MS6.5级地震。该研究表明,云南地区6.5级强震可以产生地表破裂并可能在地质记录中留下遗迹。结合本次地表破裂特征,影像几何不连续以及探槽剖面揭露出古地震断面信息容易隐形等特征表明,包谷垴—小河断裂在历史活动中强度不大,属中强地震发震构造。

汶川地震的发震构造与破裂机理

通过对汶川地震同震地表破裂、余震分布、地壳形变等的考察以及震前构造变形的研究,提出了汶川地震孕育和发生的多单元组合模型,认为川西高原、龙门山和四川盆地岩石圈结构及性质的差异造成了它们在变形方式和应力积累上的差异,其共同作用导致了龙门山断裂带应力的高度积累和突发释放,形成了汶川特大地震。龙门山断裂带具有高摩擦强度和高角度铲型逆冲结构,使得其不仅不易发生变形(但能积累很高的应力)形成震前的"滑动亏损带",而且不易发生微破裂形成震前的"地震空区"。当应力积累超过龙门山断裂带的强度时,就突发破裂形成巨大地震,同震变形和能量释放主要发生在龙门山断裂带,补偿震前的"滑动亏损"、填满震前的"地震空区"。汶川地震发震断裂的高角度铲型逆冲结构对于汶川地震的孕育和发生起着重要的控制作用,断裂面上位移加速导致的正应力下降是高角度铲型逆冲断裂发生破裂的重要原因。

丽江地震序列的震源机制、发震应力场和破裂特征

丽江７０级地震震区位于我国西南地区现代构造应力场空间分布的复杂地区，区域应力场主压应力优势方位为南南东。震区位于可能受到多种构造动力源作用的特定构造运动环境中。获得了主震和２２个ＭＬ≥４０级余震的震源机制Ｐ波初动解，分析表明，主震发震应力场为北３°东，与震区区域应力场主压应力优势方位有一个小角度的偏差。主震的发震应力不仅有水平应力的作用，同时还有显著的垂直应力的作用。在余震序列发展中震区呈现出应力场分布的复杂图象。地质资料表明，震区处在北西、北东和北北西———北北东向三条较大规模构造断裂所围限的三角形断块内。推测主震发生在北西向边界断裂与断块内近南北向断裂的交汇部位，并且自交汇点分别向此两断裂两侧破裂，形成震源的两次破裂过程。主震的破裂错动以正倾滑动为主，兼具左旋剪切错动分量。余震主要发生在三角形断块内。