Pistachio nut cream is a new product that was produced by mixing powdered sugar, roasted pistachio nut, defatted powdered milk, lecithin, vanilla and margarine. Pistachio nut cream was stored at 4 and 20 °C in se...Pistachio nut cream is a new product that was produced by mixing powdered sugar, roasted pistachio nut, defatted powdered milk, lecithin, vanilla and margarine. Pistachio nut cream was stored at 4 and 20 °C in sealed jars. Nut creams were analyzed by chemical analysis such as peroxide values （meq kgt）, total and free fatty acidity （%）, moisture content （%）, pH, 2-tiobarbutric acid and browning indices. Sensory evaluations of the cream were examined according to the color, odour, texture, taste, aroma and feelings by the panelists. Samples containing 10% and 15% pistachio nut that were stored at 4 °C were better and more acceptable with respect to the chemical properties of pistachio nut cream compared to the nut cream samples that were stored at 20 °C.展开更多
Background:In contrast with the negligible contribution of the forest understorey to the total aboveground phytobiomass of a forest,its share in annual litter production and nutrient cycling may be more important.Whet...Background:In contrast with the negligible contribution of the forest understorey to the total aboveground phytobiomass of a forest,its share in annual litter production and nutrient cycling may be more important.Whether and how this functional role of the understorey differs across forest types and depends upon overstorey characteristics remains to be investigated.Methods:We sampled 209 plots of the FunDivEUROPE Exploratory Platform,a network of study plots covering local gradients of tree diversity spread over six contrasting forest types in Europe.To estimate the relative contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling,we sampled non-lignified aboveground understorey biomass and overstorey leaf litterfall in all plots.Understorey samples were analysed for C,N and P concentrations,overstorey leaf litterfall for C and N concentrations.We additionally quantified a set of overstorey attributes,including species richness,proportion of evergreen species,light availability(representing crown density)and litter quality,and investigated whether they drive the understorey’s contribution to carbon and nutrient cycling.Results and conclusions:Overstorey litter production and nutrient stocks in litterfall clearly exceeded the contribution of the understorey for all forest types,and the share of the understorey was higher in forests at the extremes of the climatic gradient.In most of the investigated forest types,it was mainly light availability that determined the contribution of the understorey to yearly carbon and nutrient cycling.Overstorey species richness did not affect the contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling in any of the investigated forest types.展开更多
致密含水气藏具有低压、低孔、低渗、非均质性强、含气饱和度低以及孔喉细小等储层特征。为了研究提高配产对致密含水气藏气井开发效果的影响,对比分析了提高配产前后不同提高配产比例和不同液气比气井的压力、单井最终可采储量(EUR)及...致密含水气藏具有低压、低孔、低渗、非均质性强、含气饱和度低以及孔喉细小等储层特征。为了研究提高配产对致密含水气藏气井开发效果的影响,对比分析了提高配产前后不同提高配产比例和不同液气比气井的压力、单井最终可采储量(EUR)及阶段累产气等开发参数。研究结果表明:1)提高配产比例及气井液气比越大,气井EUR下降幅度也越大;当气井提高配产比例大于50%或液气比大于5 m^(3)/(×10^(4) m ^(3))时,EUR下降比例可达40%。2)致密含水储层应力敏感程度增幅7%~12%,且含水饱和度越高,应力敏感程度越强,渗透率急剧降低。3)生产压差增大,参与流动的地层水增多,近井地带更易积液且积液范围将扩展至地层中部,造成采收率大幅下降。4)井筒内液滴回落,流体侵入储层容易引起近井地带水锁,造成气相渗流能力大幅下降。该研究成果对同类型含水气藏科学合理开发有指导意义。展开更多
文摘Pistachio nut cream is a new product that was produced by mixing powdered sugar, roasted pistachio nut, defatted powdered milk, lecithin, vanilla and margarine. Pistachio nut cream was stored at 4 and 20 °C in sealed jars. Nut creams were analyzed by chemical analysis such as peroxide values （meq kgt）, total and free fatty acidity （%）, moisture content （%）, pH, 2-tiobarbutric acid and browning indices. Sensory evaluations of the cream were examined according to the color, odour, texture, taste, aroma and feelings by the panelists. Samples containing 10% and 15% pistachio nut that were stored at 4 °C were better and more acceptable with respect to the chemical properties of pistachio nut cream compared to the nut cream samples that were stored at 20 °C.
基金the framework of the FunDivEUROPE project and has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007–2013)under grant agreement n°265171.Dries Landuyt was supported by a postdoctoral fellowship of the Research Foundation-Flanders(FWO).Kris Verheyen was supported by the ERC Consolidator Grant 614839 that is linked with the project PASTFORWARD.
文摘Background:In contrast with the negligible contribution of the forest understorey to the total aboveground phytobiomass of a forest,its share in annual litter production and nutrient cycling may be more important.Whether and how this functional role of the understorey differs across forest types and depends upon overstorey characteristics remains to be investigated.Methods:We sampled 209 plots of the FunDivEUROPE Exploratory Platform,a network of study plots covering local gradients of tree diversity spread over six contrasting forest types in Europe.To estimate the relative contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling,we sampled non-lignified aboveground understorey biomass and overstorey leaf litterfall in all plots.Understorey samples were analysed for C,N and P concentrations,overstorey leaf litterfall for C and N concentrations.We additionally quantified a set of overstorey attributes,including species richness,proportion of evergreen species,light availability(representing crown density)and litter quality,and investigated whether they drive the understorey’s contribution to carbon and nutrient cycling.Results and conclusions:Overstorey litter production and nutrient stocks in litterfall clearly exceeded the contribution of the understorey for all forest types,and the share of the understorey was higher in forests at the extremes of the climatic gradient.In most of the investigated forest types,it was mainly light availability that determined the contribution of the understorey to yearly carbon and nutrient cycling.Overstorey species richness did not affect the contribution of the understorey to carbon and nutrient cycling in any of the investigated forest types.
文摘致密含水气藏具有低压、低孔、低渗、非均质性强、含气饱和度低以及孔喉细小等储层特征。为了研究提高配产对致密含水气藏气井开发效果的影响,对比分析了提高配产前后不同提高配产比例和不同液气比气井的压力、单井最终可采储量(EUR)及阶段累产气等开发参数。研究结果表明:1)提高配产比例及气井液气比越大,气井EUR下降幅度也越大;当气井提高配产比例大于50%或液气比大于5 m^(3)/(×10^(4) m ^(3))时,EUR下降比例可达40%。2)致密含水储层应力敏感程度增幅7%~12%,且含水饱和度越高,应力敏感程度越强,渗透率急剧降低。3)生产压差增大,参与流动的地层水增多,近井地带更易积液且积液范围将扩展至地层中部,造成采收率大幅下降。4)井筒内液滴回落,流体侵入储层容易引起近井地带水锁,造成气相渗流能力大幅下降。该研究成果对同类型含水气藏科学合理开发有指导意义。
