The major Quaternary faults in the Tehran-Semnan region can be classified based on their strikes into three sets: northeast-southwest, northwest-southeast and east-west. In this paper, we use a model to evaluate fault...The major Quaternary faults in the Tehran-Semnan region can be classified based on their strikes into three sets: northeast-southwest, northwest-southeast and east-west. In this paper, we use a model to evaluate fault movement potential (FMP). Their theoretical model is based on the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress field. The results show that The Mosha, Emam Zadeh Davood and Pourlcan-Vardij fault zones have high FMP (0.9 or 90%) and the Parchin fault zone has very low FMP (0.0 - 0.1) in the area.展开更多
In this study, to identify and analyze facies of depositional environment and depositional model of Qom Formation, stratigraphic Saran Section (southwest of Semnan) was selected. Qom Formation in Saran section include...In this study, to identify and analyze facies of depositional environment and depositional model of Qom Formation, stratigraphic Saran Section (southwest of Semnan) was selected. Qom Formation in Saran section includes about 380 meters of conglomerate at the base, chalk, limestone, marl, and shale. Petrographic studies with facies analysis have led to the identification of 12 microfacies, these microfacies have been deposited in four facies groups including tidal flat, lagoon, barrier and open marine. Study of horizontal and vertical facies changes and their comparison with recent and ancient environments reveals that Qom Formation in this section relates to shallow marine environment and its facies were deposited in a shelf carbonate platform and are comparable with contemporary shelf platforms such as Florida and old shelf platforms such as Mozduran. The most important diagenetic processes affecting the studied section include micritization, bioturbation, cementation, dissolution, neomorphism, fracturing, mechanical and chemical compaction, hematitization and dolomitization. These processes have formed in marine, meteoric and burial diagenetic environments.展开更多
Ecological design is defined as any form expression that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes. Ecological design is an integrative ecologically responsible design d...Ecological design is defined as any form expression that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes. Ecological design is an integrative ecologically responsible design discipline. Layout of climate is one of the basics for the ecological design of Semnan. In this regards, the ecological design and the architecture of the city of Semnan are the means through which the city reinvents its identity and its structure and renews its face. Creating of healthy and restful occupant environments for human becomes one of the main infrastructure challenges upon modern ecological design and architecture which provides human health. Undoubtedly, there are also reasons for being optimistic upon the level of physical and mental wellbeing of individuals, reducing the incidence of diseases, and/or might reduce their total fuel consumption with adverse health effects, and environmental pollution. In the climate-related topics, the architecture of the building is considered with the climatic conditions of each region, which will result in more human comfort and energy saving in order to control the environmental conditions. The purpose of this research is to identify and review the architectural style and ecological design of the city in accordance with the climate and the climate guidelines that can be used in the areas of stability, comfort, beauty, health, energy efficiency, and the use of important climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, ...) extracted from the data bank of the Semnan Synoptic Station (1965-2005) and the Terjung Environmental Indexes. The thermal comfort conditions of the private and public bodies of Mahani and Givoni were reviewed and analyzed for the establishment of the buildings and seasons of the year. The results show that the weather is very cool at night in the months of March and October which are acceptable on the day in comfort area, and June, July and August are acceptable at the level of comfort in the city in the months of November to March in the day and October to March and in the months of April and May. Also, in the area of energy consumption, buildings should be placed in the east-west axis;long openings in the north and south of the building should be reduced to the sun.展开更多
Semnan province is one of the vast provinces of the country that has a variety of topographical and clamatorial conditions. This province plays a key role in industrial, agricultural and animal husbandry activities. T...Semnan province is one of the vast provinces of the country that has a variety of topographical and clamatorial conditions. This province plays a key role in industrial, agricultural and animal husbandry activities. The study of its climate potential with respect to its natural limitations like lack of water resources, soil types, droughts and desertification problems has been considered as a necessity in the province annual planning. In this study, the climatic regionalization of the province is done through using empirical and quantitative methods on climatic data of meteorological stations of the area in statistical period of 1982-2005. Methods of Koppen empirical, De Martonne, Emberger and Dr Karimi have divided the province into 3, 2, 4 and 6 climactic types, respectively. Using principle components and the cluster analysis on 14 climatic elements of 21 stations, 5 climatic types have been specified for the province. Based on this method, temperature, its Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), precipitation and its type, and humidity contribute a great deal to the climate of the Semnan Province. The main results of this identification of 5 climatic types include hot & dry, dry & hot semi-dry, dry & cold semi-dry, mountainous, and Caspian climate.展开更多
Continental ichnology has been taking an ever increasing importance in stratigraphy. In this paper, Continental Trace Fossils in Semnan area have been studied. Semnan Province is one of the 31 provinces which is locat...Continental ichnology has been taking an ever increasing importance in stratigraphy. In this paper, Continental Trace Fossils in Semnan area have been studied. Semnan Province is one of the 31 provinces which is located in the north of Iran. In the East of Semnan City, Quaternary deposits occupy about 93% of the surface area, of which the Alluvial represents one of the most important geomorphological features in the area. Nevertheless, the outspread ichnological studies in Semnan City have received lesser attention in Continental Trace Fossils. Based on the systematic ichnology, 6 trace fossils are distinguished, namely Celliforma isp, Coprinisphaera isp, Palaeophycus tubularis, planolithes isp, Tombownichnus plenus, and Skolithos isp. The existence of Rhizoliths along with the tetrapod footprints and the survey of lithofacies all indicate that the trace fossils are related to Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. Based on ichnological and sedimentary facies analysis, the Continental Trace Fossils, in the study area, are located in the flood plain, point bar, and playa environment.展开更多
According to the world tourism organization (WHO) in 2005, the number of tourists has increased up to 36 times. In a way that it has maximized from 25 million in 1950 to 1018 million in 2010. The sustainable tourism, ...According to the world tourism organization (WHO) in 2005, the number of tourists has increased up to 36 times. In a way that it has maximized from 25 million in 1950 to 1018 million in 2010. The sustainable tourism, thus, because of making a balance between different environmental, economic, cultural and social dimensions of the tourism development, plays a considerable role in protection of species diversity, and benefits the tourism activists in order to reduce its destructive impact on the environment and the local cultures and being kept for the future generations. Accordingly, the present research first examines the relationship between tourism, sustainable development and the ecology, for measurement of different aspects of the industry effect on the environment. Secondly, the present study uses from some parameters like the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures, the average relative humidity, the average maximum and minimum temperatures in day and at night in the Semnan station as well as using the common diagram in the experimental methods like Olegi to assess day and night Climatourism in the region. Finally, on the basis of the performed analysis, the strengths and weak points of tourist attractions for the protection of the environment are considered.展开更多
Water availability and soil physicochemical properties are the most important factors for the establishment and growth of plant seedlings in arid and desert areas. Improving water use efficiency and soil properties ar...Water availability and soil physicochemical properties are the most important factors for the establishment and growth of plant seedlings in arid and desert areas. Improving water use efficiency and soil properties are two major factors for sustainable development in these regions. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effectiveness of biological hydrogel (b), PLANTBAC vegetation layer (PB), sand (sa) and barley straw (st) with inter-row system on some soil properties, including N, Cl, Zn, Fe, clay, silt and sand percentages, ρb?and water use efficiency under the cultivation of Nitraria schoberi. This experiment was tested in a split plot design with 3 replications and 10 observations in 2015 during 2 years at Semnan province’s Natural Resources Research Station. Data analysis was carried out in SAS software version 9.1.3. According to the results, the highest amount of Cl was obtained at non-micro catchment by straw and sand treatments, as well as at micro catchment by PB treatments. The highest amount of Zn was obtained at non-micro catchment by straw treatment (1.106). The results of mulch effect on Fe showed that four mulch treatments did not have significant difference with the control. Also, the highest amount of total N content was observed at micro catchment by hydrogel treatment. There was not any significant difference among environment and clay, silt and sand treatments and about plant establishment and, all four mulch treatments had significantly higher moisture content and establishment than the control. The results of mulch effect on water use efficiency showed that there was a significant difference between all four mulch treatments (P 0.01) and the control. The highest water use efficiency occurred in sand treatment (0.243), and the lowest was under straw mulches (0.154). Thus, considering the effects of different types of mulch on soil properties and considering the price of each, the availability and area conditions, they can be used to establish plants in desert areas, and therefore, restore these areas.展开更多
文摘The major Quaternary faults in the Tehran-Semnan region can be classified based on their strikes into three sets: northeast-southwest, northwest-southeast and east-west. In this paper, we use a model to evaluate fault movement potential (FMP). Their theoretical model is based on the relationship between fault geometrical characteristics and regional tectonic stress field. The results show that The Mosha, Emam Zadeh Davood and Pourlcan-Vardij fault zones have high FMP (0.9 or 90%) and the Parchin fault zone has very low FMP (0.0 - 0.1) in the area.
文摘In this study, to identify and analyze facies of depositional environment and depositional model of Qom Formation, stratigraphic Saran Section (southwest of Semnan) was selected. Qom Formation in Saran section includes about 380 meters of conglomerate at the base, chalk, limestone, marl, and shale. Petrographic studies with facies analysis have led to the identification of 12 microfacies, these microfacies have been deposited in four facies groups including tidal flat, lagoon, barrier and open marine. Study of horizontal and vertical facies changes and their comparison with recent and ancient environments reveals that Qom Formation in this section relates to shallow marine environment and its facies were deposited in a shelf carbonate platform and are comparable with contemporary shelf platforms such as Florida and old shelf platforms such as Mozduran. The most important diagenetic processes affecting the studied section include micritization, bioturbation, cementation, dissolution, neomorphism, fracturing, mechanical and chemical compaction, hematitization and dolomitization. These processes have formed in marine, meteoric and burial diagenetic environments.
文摘Ecological design is defined as any form expression that minimizes environmentally destructive impacts by integrating itself with living processes. Ecological design is an integrative ecologically responsible design discipline. Layout of climate is one of the basics for the ecological design of Semnan. In this regards, the ecological design and the architecture of the city of Semnan are the means through which the city reinvents its identity and its structure and renews its face. Creating of healthy and restful occupant environments for human becomes one of the main infrastructure challenges upon modern ecological design and architecture which provides human health. Undoubtedly, there are also reasons for being optimistic upon the level of physical and mental wellbeing of individuals, reducing the incidence of diseases, and/or might reduce their total fuel consumption with adverse health effects, and environmental pollution. In the climate-related topics, the architecture of the building is considered with the climatic conditions of each region, which will result in more human comfort and energy saving in order to control the environmental conditions. The purpose of this research is to identify and review the architectural style and ecological design of the city in accordance with the climate and the climate guidelines that can be used in the areas of stability, comfort, beauty, health, energy efficiency, and the use of important climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, ...) extracted from the data bank of the Semnan Synoptic Station (1965-2005) and the Terjung Environmental Indexes. The thermal comfort conditions of the private and public bodies of Mahani and Givoni were reviewed and analyzed for the establishment of the buildings and seasons of the year. The results show that the weather is very cool at night in the months of March and October which are acceptable on the day in comfort area, and June, July and August are acceptable at the level of comfort in the city in the months of November to March in the day and October to March and in the months of April and May. Also, in the area of energy consumption, buildings should be placed in the east-west axis;long openings in the north and south of the building should be reduced to the sun.
文摘Semnan province is one of the vast provinces of the country that has a variety of topographical and clamatorial conditions. This province plays a key role in industrial, agricultural and animal husbandry activities. The study of its climate potential with respect to its natural limitations like lack of water resources, soil types, droughts and desertification problems has been considered as a necessity in the province annual planning. In this study, the climatic regionalization of the province is done through using empirical and quantitative methods on climatic data of meteorological stations of the area in statistical period of 1982-2005. Methods of Koppen empirical, De Martonne, Emberger and Dr Karimi have divided the province into 3, 2, 4 and 6 climactic types, respectively. Using principle components and the cluster analysis on 14 climatic elements of 21 stations, 5 climatic types have been specified for the province. Based on this method, temperature, its Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), precipitation and its type, and humidity contribute a great deal to the climate of the Semnan Province. The main results of this identification of 5 climatic types include hot & dry, dry & hot semi-dry, dry & cold semi-dry, mountainous, and Caspian climate.
文摘Continental ichnology has been taking an ever increasing importance in stratigraphy. In this paper, Continental Trace Fossils in Semnan area have been studied. Semnan Province is one of the 31 provinces which is located in the north of Iran. In the East of Semnan City, Quaternary deposits occupy about 93% of the surface area, of which the Alluvial represents one of the most important geomorphological features in the area. Nevertheless, the outspread ichnological studies in Semnan City have received lesser attention in Continental Trace Fossils. Based on the systematic ichnology, 6 trace fossils are distinguished, namely Celliforma isp, Coprinisphaera isp, Palaeophycus tubularis, planolithes isp, Tombownichnus plenus, and Skolithos isp. The existence of Rhizoliths along with the tetrapod footprints and the survey of lithofacies all indicate that the trace fossils are related to Coprinisphaera ichnofacies. Based on ichnological and sedimentary facies analysis, the Continental Trace Fossils, in the study area, are located in the flood plain, point bar, and playa environment.
文摘According to the world tourism organization (WHO) in 2005, the number of tourists has increased up to 36 times. In a way that it has maximized from 25 million in 1950 to 1018 million in 2010. The sustainable tourism, thus, because of making a balance between different environmental, economic, cultural and social dimensions of the tourism development, plays a considerable role in protection of species diversity, and benefits the tourism activists in order to reduce its destructive impact on the environment and the local cultures and being kept for the future generations. Accordingly, the present research first examines the relationship between tourism, sustainable development and the ecology, for measurement of different aspects of the industry effect on the environment. Secondly, the present study uses from some parameters like the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures, the average relative humidity, the average maximum and minimum temperatures in day and at night in the Semnan station as well as using the common diagram in the experimental methods like Olegi to assess day and night Climatourism in the region. Finally, on the basis of the performed analysis, the strengths and weak points of tourist attractions for the protection of the environment are considered.
文摘Water availability and soil physicochemical properties are the most important factors for the establishment and growth of plant seedlings in arid and desert areas. Improving water use efficiency and soil properties are two major factors for sustainable development in these regions. Therefore, this research aimed to study the effectiveness of biological hydrogel (b), PLANTBAC vegetation layer (PB), sand (sa) and barley straw (st) with inter-row system on some soil properties, including N, Cl, Zn, Fe, clay, silt and sand percentages, ρb?and water use efficiency under the cultivation of Nitraria schoberi. This experiment was tested in a split plot design with 3 replications and 10 observations in 2015 during 2 years at Semnan province’s Natural Resources Research Station. Data analysis was carried out in SAS software version 9.1.3. According to the results, the highest amount of Cl was obtained at non-micro catchment by straw and sand treatments, as well as at micro catchment by PB treatments. The highest amount of Zn was obtained at non-micro catchment by straw treatment (1.106). The results of mulch effect on Fe showed that four mulch treatments did not have significant difference with the control. Also, the highest amount of total N content was observed at micro catchment by hydrogel treatment. There was not any significant difference among environment and clay, silt and sand treatments and about plant establishment and, all four mulch treatments had significantly higher moisture content and establishment than the control. The results of mulch effect on water use efficiency showed that there was a significant difference between all four mulch treatments (P 0.01) and the control. The highest water use efficiency occurred in sand treatment (0.243), and the lowest was under straw mulches (0.154). Thus, considering the effects of different types of mulch on soil properties and considering the price of each, the availability and area conditions, they can be used to establish plants in desert areas, and therefore, restore these areas.
