Evaluation of the International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model with on-road remote sensing measurements

Intemational Vehicle Emissions （IVE） model funded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency （USEPA） is designed to estimate emissions from motor vehicles in developing countries. In this study, the IVE model was evaluated by utilizing a dataset available from the remote sensing measurements on a large number of vehicles at five different sites in Hangzhou, China, in 2004 and 2005. Average fuel-based emission factors derived from the remote sensing measurements were compared with corresponding emission factors derived from IVE calculations for urban, hot stabilized condition. The results show a good agreement between the two methods for gasoline passenger cars＇ HC emission for all 1VE subsectors and technology classes. In the case of CO emissions, the modeled results were reasonably good, although systematically underestimate the emissions by almost 12%-50% for different technology classes. However, the model totally overestimated NOx emissions. The IVE NOx emission factors were 1.5-3.5 times of the remote sensing measured ones. The IVE model was also evaluated for light duty gasoline truck, heavy duty gasoline vehicles and motor cycles. A notable result was observed that the decrease in emissions from technology class State II to State I were overestimated by the IVE model compared to remote sensing measurements for all the three pollutants. Finally, in order to improve emission estimation, the adjusted base emission factors from local studies are strongly recommended to be used in the IVE model.

Integrated Evaluation Model for Eco-Environmental Quality in Mountainous Region Based on Remote Sensing and GIS

Based on Remote Sensing （RS）, Geographic Information System （GIS）, and combining Principal Component Analysis, this paper designed a numerical integrated evaluation model for mountain eco-environment on the base of grid scale. Using this model, we evaluated the mountain eco-environmental quality in a case study area-the upper reaches of Minjiang River, and achieved a good result, which accorded well with the real condition. The study indicates that, the integrated evaluation model is suitable for multi-layer spatial factor computation, effectively lowing man＇s subjective influence in the evaluation process; treating the whole river basin as a system, the model shows full respect to the circulation of material and energy, synthetically embodies the determining impact of such natural condition as water-heat and landform, as well as human interference in natural eco-system; the evaluation result not only clearly presents mountainous vertical distribution features of input factors, but also provides a scientific and reliable thought for quantitatively evaluating mountain eco-environment.

Integrated Evaluation of Ecological Security at Different Scales Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Zhongxian County, the Three Gorges Area, China

Based on related literature and this research, an ecological security evaluation from the pixel scale to the small watershed or county scale was presented using remote sensing data and related models. With the driver-pressure, state and exposure to pollution-response （DPSER） model as a basis, a conceptual framework of regional ecological evaluation and an index system were established. The extraction and standardization of evaluation indices were carried out with GIS techniques, an information extraction model and a data standardization model. The conversion of regional ecological security results from the pixel scale to a small watershed or county scale was obtained with an evaluation model and a scaling model. Two conceptual scale conversion models of regional ecological security from the pixel scale to the county scale were proposed： 1） scale conversion of ecological security regime results from plxel to small watershed; and 2） scale conversion from pixel to county. These research results could provide useful ideas for regional ecological security evaluation as well as ecological and environmental management.

Pulsed Eddy Current Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation:A Review

Pulsed eddy current （PEC） non-destructive test- ing and evaluation （NDT＆E） has been around for some time and it is still attracting extensive attention from researchers around the globe, which can be witnessed through the reports reviewed in this paper. Thanks to its richness of spectral components, various applications of this technique have been proposed and reported in the lit- erature covering both structural integrity inspection and material characterization in various industrial sectors. To support its development and for better understanding of the phenomena around the transient induced eddy currents, attempts for its modelling both analytically and numeri- cally have been made by researchers around the world. This review is an attempt to capture the state-of-the-art development and applications of PEC, especially in the last 15 years and it is not intended to be exhaustive. Future challenges and opportunities for PEC NDT＆E are also presented.

Establishing evaluation index system for desertification of Keerqin sandy land with remote sensing data

Keerqin sand land is located in the transitional terrain between the Northeast Plain and Inner Mongolia （42°41′-45°15′N, 118°35′-123°30′ E） in Northeast China and it is seriously affected by desertification. According to the configuration and ecotope of the earths surface, the coverage of vegetation, occupation ratio of bare sandy land and the soil texture were selected as evaluation indexes by using the field investigation data. The evaluation index system of Keerqin sandy desertification was established by using Remote Sensing data. and the occupation ratio of bare sandy land was obtained by mixed spectrum model. This index system is validated by the field investioation data and results indicate that it is suitable for the desertification evaluation of Keerqin.Foundation Item： This study is supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30371192）

Enhanced air-coupled impact echo technique by phase analysis of signals from multiple sensors

This paper presents an air-coupled impact echo(IE)technique that relies on the phase spectrum of the collected data to find the frequencies corresponding to the reflections from delaminations.The proposed technique takes advantage of the fact that the IE compression wave is not a propagating wave,but it is the 1st order symmetrical(S1)mode Lamb wave at zero group velocity(S1-ZGV).Therefore,it searches the phase spectra of the data collected by multiple sensors to locate the frequency corresponding to the lowest phase difference.As a result,the technique reduces the effect of propagating waves,including the direct acoustic wave and ambient noise.It is named the Constant Phase IE(CPIE).The performance of the CPIE is experimentally compared with the regular amplitude spectrum-based IE technique and two other multisensor IE techniques.The CPIE shows a performance advantage,especially in a noisy environment.

Recent developments in photoacoustic imaging and sensing for nondestructive testing and evaluation

Photoacoustic(PA)imaging has been widely used in biomedical research and preclinical studies during the past two decades.It has also been explored for nondestructive testing and evaluation(NDT/E)and for industrial applications.This paper describes the basic principles of PA technology for NDT/E and its applications in recent years.PA technology for NDT/E includes the use of a modulated continuous-wave laser and a pulsed laser for PA wave excitation,PA-generated ultrasonic waves,and all-optical PA wave excitation and detection.PA technology for NDT/E has demonstrated broad applications,including the imaging of railway cracks and defects,the imaging of Li metal batteries,the measurements of the porosity and Young’s modulus,the detection of defects and damage in silicon wafers,and a visualization of underdrawings in paintings.

A COLLABORATIVE SPECTRUM SENSING SCHEME USING FUZZY COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION IN COGNITIVE RADIO

Cognitive Radio(CR) is a promising technology to solve the challenging spectrum scarcity problem.However, to implement CR, spectrum sensing is the groundwork and the precondition.In this paper, a collaborative spectrum sensing scheme using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation is proposed.The final sensing decision of the proposed scheme is based on the combination of distributed sensing results of different Secondary Users(SUs).To improve the reliability of the sensing decision, the combination procedure takes into account the credibility of each SU, which is evaluated using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The effect of the presence of malicious SUs and malfunctioning SUs on the performance of the proposed scheme is also investigated.The efficiency of the scheme is validated through analysis and simulation.

Discovery of β-nitrostyrene derivatives as potential quorum sensing inhibitors for biofilm inhibition and antivirulence factor therapeutics against Serratia marcescens

Quorum sensing(Qs)inhibition has emerged as a promising target for directed drug design,providing an appealing strategy for developing antimicrobials,particularly against infections caused by drug-resistant pathogens.In this study,we designed and synthesized a total of 33β-nitrostyrene derivatives using 1-nitro-2-phenylethane(NPe)as the lead compound,to target the facultative anaerobic bacterial pathogen Serratia marcescens.The QS-inhibitory effects of these compounds were evaluated using S.marcescens NJ01 and the reporter strain Chromobacterium violaceum CV026.Among the 33 newβ-nitrostyrene derivatives,(E)-1-methyl-4-(2-nitrovinyl)benzene(m-NPe,compound 28)was proven to be a potent inhibitor that reduced biofilm formation of S.marcescens NJ01 by 79%.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM)results revealed that treatment with m-NPe(50μg/ml)not only enhanced the susceptibility of the formed biofilms but also disrupted the architecture of biofilms by 84%.m-NPe(50μg/ml)decreased virulence factors in S.marcescens NJ01,reducing the activity of protease,prodigiosin,and extracellular polysaccharide(EPs)by 36%,72%,and 52%,respectively.In S.marcescens 4547,the activities of hemolysin and EPs were reduced by 28%and 40%,respectively,outperforming the positive control,vanillic acid(VAN).The study also found that the expression levels of QS-and biofilm-related genes(flhD,fimA,fimC,sodB,bsmB,pigA,pigC,and shlA)were downregulated by 1.21-to 2.32-fold.Molecular dynamics analysis showed that m-NPe could bind stably to SmaR,Rhll,RhiR,LasR,and CviR proteins in a 0.1 M sodium chloride solution.Importantly,a microscale thermophoresis(MST)test revealed that SmaR could be a target protein for the screening of a quorum sensing inhibitor(QSl)against S.marcescens.Overall,this study highlights the efficacy of m-NPe in suppressing the virulence factors of S.marcescens,identifying it as a new potential Qsl and antibiofilm agent capable of restoring or improving antimicrobial drug sensitivity.

Standardized Evaluation of Camera-based Driver State Monitoring Systems

Driver state sensing technologies, such as vehicular systems, start to be widely considered by automotive manufacturers. To reduce the cost and minimize the intrusiveness towards driving, the majority of these systems rely on the in-cabin camera(s) and other optical sensors. With their great capabilities in detecting and intervening of driver distraction and inattention,these technologies may become key components in future vehicle safety and control systems. However, to the best of our knowledge,currently, there is no common standard available to objectively compare the performance of these technologies. Thus, it is imperative to develop one standardized process for evaluation purposes.In this paper, we propose one systematic and standardized evaluation process after successfully addressing three difficulties:1) defining and selecting the important influential individual and environmental factors, 2) countering the effects of individual differences and randomness in driver behaviors, and 3) building a reliable in-vehicle driver head motion tracking tool to collect ground-truth motion data. We have collected data on a large scale on a commercial driver state-sensing platform. For each subject, 30 to 40 minutes of head motion data was collected and included variables, such as lighting conditions, head/face features,and camera locations. The collected data was analyzed based on a proposed performance measure. The results show that the developed process can efficiently evaluate an individual camerabased driver state sensing product, which builds a common base for comparing the performance of different systems.

REMOTE SENEING APPLICATION IN COUNTY-LEVEL LAND CLASSIFICATION AND LAND EVALUATION IN ARID AND SEMI-ARID ZONES——SHENMU COUNTY,SHAANXI PROVINCE AS A CASE STUDY

1. Backgrounds Land classification and evaluation are necessary foundments for county-level deci-sions of land use planning and economic development. On the bases of physical conditions,the targets of land classification and land evaluation adhere to particular principles andmethodologies are to find out the quality, quantity and spatial distribution regularities of re-gional structure of land, and to obtain relevant information of land suitabilities and

Quality evaluation of land reclamation in mining area based on remote sensing

Several deficiencies exist in the present evaluation of land reclamation quality in mining areas.These include the absence of an established set of evaluation index systems and standard acceptance criteria,as well as the use of traditional sam-pling techniques,which are costly and in eficiency,and time-consuming.Compared with the traditional sampling survey methods,remote sensing has the advantages of a wide detection range,diverse information collection,multiple data-acquiring strategies,high speed,and short cycle.In this study,we used the Xinzhuang coal mining field in Yongcheng,Henan Province as an example to extract information and invert surface parameters using remote sensing techniques,based on national and local reclamation regulations and standards.Subsequently,using remote sensing,we constructed an index system for evaluating land reclamation quality in three aspects:reclaiming project quality,soil quality,and ecological benefits.Through the grading standards of evaluation indicators and quantitative remote sensing models,we determined the extracted information on the area of indicators,roads,ditches,soil moisture,organic matter,and ecological benefits after reclamation.Based on this,we established a quality evaluation model for mining land reclamation using an improved index and method.The evaluation units were divided,and the weight of the evaluation index was determined using the analytic hierarchy process and data envelopment analysis(AHP-DEA)method.The land reclamation quality in the study area was comprehensively evaluated,field accuracy was verified,and the results were analyzed.The results show that,except for the removal of roads,houses,and fishponds in the study area,all 13 evaluation units achieved a score of 60 points or higher.The quality of reclamation met the standards,and the evaluation results were consistent with the conclusions of the field investigation and project acceptance report,demonstrating the reliability and feasibility of the method developed in this study.The research results will provide technical support for the scientific evaluation of land reclamation quality.

Evaluation of Uncertainty in Measuring the Content of CaM V35S Promoter in Genetically Modified Soybean,GTS40-3-2,by Real-time Quantitative PCR

[ Objective ] This study aimed to investigate the major contributors to the measurement uncertainty in quantitative analysis of genetically modified ingreclients and improve the quality of quantitative detection of genetically modified components. [ Method] The content of CaMV35S promoter （parameter） in GTS40- 3-2 soybean powder samples was measured to estimate the measurement uncertainty preliminarily. [ Result] Type A uncertainty （uA） ＇ type B uncertainty （uB） and combined standard uncertainty （Uc） were 0.0 004, 0.002 and 0.002, respectively. At a confidence level ofp = 95% and freedom degree of Voff = 3 251, coverage factor k = 1.96, expanded uncertainty U = 0.004. The final measurement result was C = 0.028 ± 0. 004, which was dose to the conventional true value （0.03）. Thus, the measurement uncertainty was relatively small, indicating a high quality of measurement. In this study, uncertainty evaluation indicated that the deviation of micro liquid transfer made the greatest contribution to the measurement uncertainty. [ Cludusion ] The deviation of micro liquid transfer should be reduced to im- prove the quality of measurement.

Net Present Value Method: A Method Recommended by ISO 15686-5 for Economic Evaluation of Building Life Cycle Costs

The publication of ISO 15686-5 is significant for studies related to the life-cycle costs of buildings. Among the many economic evaluation methods, the NPV method is recommended for use by this standard. This study explains the concept and method of PV, and then provides an explanation of the concept and method of NPV, and points out the limitations in the practical application of the method.

基于FDM-AHP的婴儿摇椅五感设计研究

五感体验是人类感受外部世界并建立多维认知的重要途经,婴儿时期是感官通道发育的黄金期,此研究基于五感理论探索更为科学有效的婴儿摇椅的创新设计。研究依据五感理论梳理市场已有的婴儿摇椅,得出初步的产品设计要素;采用模糊德尔菲法(FDM)对初步得出的设计要素进行筛选,建立五感设计层次模型;利用层次分析法(AHP)确定筛选后的设计要素对婴儿五感发育的综合权重。构建婴儿摇椅的五感设计模型,对婴儿摇椅进行创新设计,并使用模糊综合评价法对设计方案进行评估。此研究将五感理论融入婴儿摇椅的研究中,旨在促进婴儿感官通道健康发育,为婴儿成长带来正向积极的引导。

阿尔金地区“天空地深”一体化找矿勘查评价体系应用实践——以阿亚克-瓦石峡南为例

阿尔金地区属中高山地形,地势陡峭,海拔一般在2 000 m以上,比高大于300 m。高山区切割较深,地表基本无植被,基岩裸露较好。长期以来,因极端恶劣的交通条件,矿产勘查开发受到严重制约。新一轮找矿突破行动主攻昆仑-阿尔金,对高寒山区、工作空白区探索绿色、低成本、高效率的勘查评价技术方法势在必行,在此背景下逐渐形成适应阿尔金地区“天空地深”一体化找矿勘查评价体系[1]。该体系中“天”指遥感技术应用,即采用高清卫片结合谷歌地图等影像资料识别解译伟晶岩脉,圈定伟晶岩脉集中分布区域;“空”指无人机技术应用,即采用航空摄影及三维建模对地表伟晶岩延伸情况进行圈定;“地”指地面传统找矿手段应用,即采用路线地质调查、填图、槽探及采样分析等手段对无人机圈定的伟晶岩脉进行地面查证,圈定含矿伟晶岩脉;“深”指深部钻探手段应用,即采用便携式钻机了解含矿伟晶岩脉深部延伸及品位变化情况。该体系的应用可精准锁定找矿靶区,圈定矿(化)体,对矿区进行勘查评价,极大提高了找矿勘查效率,缩短找矿周期,在地形切割强烈的阿尔金地区值得广泛运用。

Safety evaluation for railway vehicles using an improved indirect measurement method of wheel–rail forces

The wheel-rail force measurement is of great importance to the condition monitoring and safety evaluation of railway vehicles. In this paper, an improved indirect method for wheel-rail force measurement is proposed to evaluate the running safety of railway vehicles. In this method, the equilibrium equations of a suspended wheelset are derived and the wheel-rail forces are then be obtained from measured suspension and inertia forces. This indirect method avoids structural modifications to the wheelset and is applicable to the long-term operation of railway vehicles. As the wheel-rail lateral forces at two sides of the wheelset are difficult to separate, a new derailment criterion by combined use of wheelset derailment coefficient and wheel unloading ratio is proposed. To illustrate its effectiveness, the indirect method is applied to safety evaluation of rail- way vehicles in different scenarios, such as the cross wind safety of a high-speed train and the safety of a metro vehicle with hunting motions. Then, the feasibility of using this method to identify wheel-rail forces for low-floor light rail vehicles with resilient wheels is discussed. The values identified by this method is compared with that by Simpack simulation for the same low-floor vehicle, which shows a good coincidence between them in the time domain of the wheelset lateral force and the wheel-rail vertical force. In addition, use of the method to determine the high-frequency wheel-rail interaction forces reveals that it is possible to identify the high-frequency wheel-rail forces through the accelerations on the axle box.

Characterization and Evaluation of Natural Resources for Land Use Diversification Planning: A Case Study in a Block of Meghalaya Using RS &GIS Technique

Characterization and evaluation of land resources of Mawryngkneng block was carried out using IRS-P6 LISS III and LISS-IV data. Five major physiographic units namely structural hills, denudational hills, plateau and intermontane valley were identified. Visual interpretation of satellite data indicated that 32.2% of the total geographical area (TGA) is under dense forest followed by wastelands (28.8%), open forest (16.1%), cultivated area (13.6%), built up area (8.2%) and water body (0.9%). Ten soil series were tentatively identified and the soils belonged to 2 orders (Ultisols and Alfisols), 3 sub orders (Udult, Udalf and Humult), 6 great groups, 8 sub groups. The soils are moderately acidic, deep to very deep and texture varies from sandy clay loam to clay. The soils are very rich in organic carbon. The availability of nitrogen is medium to high and phosphorus availability is low to medium whereas potassium availability is low in the entire study area. The soils were grouped into land capability class II & III and the soils were moderately to marginally suitable for orange and marginally suitable for pine apple. An action plan with suggested land use and interventions has been prepared by using all land resource information generated under the study. The action plan includes areas for afforestation, intensive cultivation in the existing cropped areas with soil conservation measures like mulching, zero tillage etc. and orange and pine apple plantation in open scrub lands which are cultivable wastelands. This might help the farmers and the planner in better management of land resources for sustained productivity.

Research and application of flood damage evaluation information system

The fast evaluation method of flood damages was explored with the combination of high technologies, such as remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS), namely the land classification and extraction of flood areas were accomplished in RS image processing software, ENVI, the flood damages information system, digital terrain model and flood damages evaluation information system were developed on GIS platform GeoMedia. The problem of the combination of multi-source data was addressed, furthermore, the problems of how to build the flood damages evaluation model and the inundating elevation model were deeply probed, the calculating formulas were also given. Case study result shows that the evaluation models are correct and data are reliable, we can use it to evaluate real-time flood damages and provide evidences for decision-making of leaders, moreover, it is of great instructive significance to the research of flood damages evaluation theories.

A Fault-Tolerant Cooperative Spectrum Sensing Algorithm over Cognitive Radio Network Based on Wireless Sensor Network

A serious threat to cognitive radio networks that sense the spectrum in a cooperative manner is the transmission of false spectrum sensing data by malicious sensor nodes. SNR fluctuations due to wireless channel effects complicate handling such attackers even further. This enforces the system to acquire authentication. Actually, the decision maker needs to determine the reliability or trustworthiness of the shared data. In this paper, the evaluation process is considered as an estimation dilemma on a set of evidences obtained through sensor nodes that are coordinated in an underlying wireless sensor network. Then, a likelihood-based computational trust evaluation algorithm is proposed to determine the trustworthiness of each sensor node's data. The proposed procedure just uses the information which is obtained from the sensor nodes without any presumptions about node’s reliability. Numerical results confirm the effectiveness of the algorithm in eliminating malicious nodes or faulty nodes which are not necessarily conscious attackers.