Net water vapour exchange over a mixed needle and broad-leaved forest in Changbai Mountain during autumn

Water vapour and CO2 fluxes were measured by the eddy-covariance technique above a mixed needle and broad-leaved forest with affiliated meteorological measurements in Changbai Mountain as part of China's FLUX projects since late August in 2002. Net water vapour exchange and environmental control over the forest were examined from September 1 to October 31 in 2002. To quantify the seasonal dynamics, the transition period was separated into leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages according to the development of leaf area. The results showed that (a) seasonal variation of water vapour exchange was mainly controlled by net radiation (Rn) which could account for 78.5%, 63.4% and 56.6% for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stages, respectively, while other environmental factors' effects varied evidently; (b) magnitude of water vapour flux decreased remarkably during autumn and daily mean of water vapour exchange was 24.2 mg m-2 s-1 (100%), 14.8 mg m-2 s-1 (61.2%) and 10.3 mg m-2 s-1 (42.6%) for leafed, leaf falling and leafless stage, respectively; and (c) the budget of water vapour exchange during autumn was estimated to be 87.1 kg H2O m-2, with a mean of 1427.2 g H2O d-1' varying markedly from 3104.0 to 227.5 g H2O m-2d-1.

Evaluation of ocean tide loading effects on GPS-estimated precipitable water vapour in Turkey

Global Positioning System （GPS） has been widely used to estimate the total zenith tropo- spheric delay （ZTD） and precipitable water vapour （PWV） for weather prediction and at- mospheric research as a continuous and all-weather technique. However, estimations of ZTD and PWV are subject to effects of geophysical models with large uncertainties, particularly imprecise ocean tide models of inland seas in Turkey. In this paper, GPS data from Jan. 1, 2010 to Dec. 31, 2011 are processed using GAMIT/GLOBK at four co-located GPS stations （ISTN, ERZR, SAMN, and IZMI） with Radiosonde from the Turkish Met-Office together with several nearby IGS stations. Four widely used ocean tide models are adopted to evaluate their effects on GPS-estimated PWV, such as IERS recommended FES2004, NAO99b, CSR4.0 and GOT00. Five different strategies are taken without ocean tide model and with four ocean tide models, respectively, which are used to evaluate ocean tide models effects on GPS-estimated PWV through comparing with co-located Radiosonde. Results showed that ocean tide models have greatly affected the estimation of the pre- cipitable water vapour at stations near coasts. The ocean tide model FES2004 gave the best results when compared to Radiosonde with ＋2.12 mm in PWV at stations near coastline. While other ocean tides models agree each other at millimeter level in PWV. However, at inland GPS stations, ocean tide models have less effect on GPS-estimated PWV.

Water Vapour Solubility in Tundish Slags

In the present work,the solubility of water vapour in tundish slag has been studied in the temperature range from 1 400 C to 1 600 C by a thermogravimetric technique.The water vapour capacity of the slags was calculated and compared with the data from earlier studies.The results confirm that the solubility of water vapour in slags increases with increasing water vapour pressure.The relation between the two parameters obeys Sievert’s law.For slags with optical basicities from 0.5 to 0.8,a regression equation was obtained to express the relation between the water vapour capacity and optical basicity of slags.A tundish slag system with the desired properties can be designed according to the correlations between the optical basicity and various capacities of slags.

Analysis of water vapour flux between alpine wetlands underlying surface and atmosphere in the source region of the Yellow River

An underlying wetland surface comprises soil, water and vegetation and is sensitive to local climate change. Analysis of the degree of coupling between wetlands and the atmosphere and a quantitative assessment of how environmental factors influence latent heat flux have considerable scientific significance. Using data from observational tests of the Maduo Observatory of Climate and Environment of the Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, CAS, from June 1 to August 31, 2014, this study analysed the time-varying characteristics and causes of the degree of coupling(Ω factor)between alpine wetlands underlying surface and the atmosphere and quantitatively calculated the influences of different environmental factors(solar radiation and vapour pressure deficit) on latent heat flux. The results were as follows:(1) Due to diurnal variations of solar radiation and wind speed, a trend developed where diurnal variations of the Ω factor were small in the morning and large in the evening. Due to the vegetation growing cycle, seasonal variations of the Ω factor present a reverse "U" trend. These trends are similar to the diurnal and seasonal variations of the absolute control exercised by solar radiation over latent heat flux. This conforms to the Omega Theory.(2) The values for average absolute atmospheric factor(surface factor or total) control exercised by solar radiation and water vapour pressure are 0.20(0.02 or 0.22) and 0.005(-0.07 or-0.06) W/(m2·Pa), respectively. Generally speaking, solar radiation and water vapour pressure deficit exert opposite forces on latent heat flux.(3) At the underlying alpine wetland surface, solar radiation primarily influences latent heat flux through its direct effects(atmospheric factor controls). Water vapour pressure deficit primarily influences latent heat flux through its indirect effects(surface factor controls) on changing the surface resistance.(4) The average Ω factor in the underlying alpine wetland surface is high during the vegetation growing season, with a value of 0.38, and the degree of coupling between alpine wetland surface and atmosphere system is low. The actual measurements agree with the Omega Theory. The latent heat flux is mainly influenced by solar radiation.

Soil-water characteristics of Gaomiaozi bentonite by vapour equilibrium technique

Soil-water characteristics of Gaomiaozi(GMZ)Ca-bentonite at high suctions(3–287MPa)are measured by vapour equilibrium technique.The soil-water retention curve(SWRC)of samples with the same initial compaction states is obtained in drying and wetting process.At high suctions,the hysteresis behaviour is not obvious in relationship between water content and suction,while the opposite holds between degree of saturation and suction.The suction variation can change its water retention behaviour and void ratio.Moreover,changes of void ratio can bring about changes in degree of saturation.Therefore,the total change in degree of saturation includes changes caused by suction and that by void ratio.In the space of degree of saturation and suction,the SWRC at constant void ratio shifts to the direction of higher suctions with decreasing void ratio.However,the relationship between water content and suction is less affected by changes of void ratio.The degree of saturation decreases approximately linearly with increasing void ratio at a constant suction.Moreover,the slope of the line decreases with increasing suction and they show an approximately linear relationship in semi-logarithmical scale.From this linear relationship,the variation of degree of saturation caused by the change in void ratio can be obtained.Correspondingly,SWRC at a constant void ratio can be determined from SWRC at different void ratios.

中国雪都阿尔泰山暖区暴雪水汽特征分析

为进一步做好中国雪都阿勒泰山冬季冰雪旅游暴雪预报预警服务,利用阿尔泰山固态降水数据、NCEP/NCAR再分析和GDAS数据,应用天气学诊断和不同水汽分析方法对2021年阿尔泰山区3次暴雪过程环流背景和水汽特征进行分析。结果表明:①3次暴雪过程均为新疆北部典型的暖区暴雪过程。②欧拉方法分析表明,该区水汽主要源于大西洋及其沿岸,阿尔泰山西边界为水汽输入,东边界和南边界为水汽输出,中、低层的水汽输入量与暴雪量关系密切,水汽通量散度辐合区位于对流层低层。③HYSPLIT(拉格朗日)方法分析表明,水汽源地主要来自北冰洋、欧洲,其次是中亚和加拿大,与上述结论明显不同;对暴雪区综合贡献较大的是对流层低层的水汽。④构建了阿尔泰山区暴雪过程水汽贡献模型,700 hPa及以上水汽自源地到达关键区后主要从偏西(西南)路径输入暴雪区,700 hPa以下水汽到达关键区后,在环流合适时主要从东南路径输入暴雪区,但从偏西(西南)和西北路径输入暴雪区的水汽也不容忽视;水汽主要在对流层低层聚集,并辐合抬升。

昆仑山北坡“6·14”极端暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统特征分析

在全球变暖的背景下,昆仑山北坡极端暴雨频发且影响巨大,由于对其的观测和研究相对匮乏,使得该区域暴雨监测和预报难度大。理解其发生机理和关键影响系统是提高其监测预报的有效途径,对该区域防灾减灾意义重大。利用高时空分辨率的气象观测资料、GPS/Met大气可降水量(PWV)资料、风云卫星资料(FY-2H)和ERA5再分析资料,对2021年6月14—17日昆仑山北坡一次极端暴雨过程进行大尺度环流背景场和中尺度对流系统特征分析。结果表明:(1)此次暴雨过程,暴雨站数多、累积降水量大、局地性强并且极端性强,在和田地区出现3个极端暴雨中心,分别发生了短时强降水和连续性降水。其中短时强降水过程持续时间短,最大小时雨强达29.4 mm;连续性降水持续时间达3 d,小时雨强小于5 mm。本次极端暴雨发生的有利环流背景是双体型南亚高压在对流层高层维持,中亚低涡形成发展。在高低空急流共同作用下,高层强辐散、低层辐合促进大气垂直运动发展,500 hPa偏南气流、700 hPa切变线以及850 hPa偏东气流相互配合为暴雨提供有利动力配置。(2)对流层中层以西南路径和西南+南方路径水汽输送为主,低层主要以低空偏东急流携带水汽输送为主,中低层水汽输送路径形成耦合,促进本次极端暴雨的发展加强。极端暴雨发生前持续的水汽输送和强的水汽通量辐合中心,使得暴雨区大气可降水量(PWV)在降水前出现显著增湿聚集过程,PWV达30 mm。(3)列车效应型+合并加强型中尺度对流云团不断在暴雨站点上空生成发展并移过,是触发短时强降水的直接影响系统,站点位于对流云团黑体亮温(TBB)梯度最大处。中-β和中-α尺度对流云团发展维持以及涡旋状中尺度对流云带的持续覆盖,是导致暴雨站点发生连续性降水的关键系统。

低温烟气脱硝催化剂研究进展

在燃煤、水泥以及垃圾焚烧处理厂等工况中,烟气中含有的水汽和SO_(2)在低温条件下极易使催化剂中毒失活。因此如何解决低温抗水汽及SO_(2)中毒成为一个亟待解决的关键技术难题。首先分析了NH_(3)-SCR脱硝催化剂在工业低温环境中所面临的技术难点,包括水汽中毒和SO_(2)中毒的机制,然后详细阐述了近年来提高催化剂抗水抗硫性能的研究策略。包括设计疏水涂层,利用元素协同作用改善催化剂表面电子结构等,以抑制SO_(2)的吸附和氧化;设计酸性位点和氧化还原活性位点,以促进硫酸氢铵盐分解;添加牺牲剂,以提高催化剂的稳定性。最后,对提高抗中毒策略进行了总结与展望,旨在为低温高效、抗中毒能力强、使用寿命长的低温烟气脱硝催化剂设计与制备提供启示。

汶川县2023年7月13日强降水天气过程分析

本文利用自动站观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,结合高空天气图和卫星云图,对汶川县2023年7月13日出现的一次强降水过程进行分析。结果表明:此次强降水天气过程发生在副热带高压外围的大气环境中,是川西高原低槽和副高外围西南暖湿气流共同作用导致的。相对湿度高、偏南气流水汽输送强等为强降水提供了充足的水汽条件,较强的上升运动和垂直抬升为强降水提供了有利的动力条件,较高的不稳定能量为强降水提供了良好的热力条件。

利用蒸发热板法测试纺织品的保湿性能

介绍了纺织品保湿性能的测试方法——蒸发热板法。该方法模拟微气候,测试湿阻和相对湿度。以评价纺织品的保湿性能。结果表明,化纤织物的湿阻和相对湿度与天然纤维织物差异不大,但是涂层织物的湿阻和相对湿度明显比一般织物偏大,市场上的保湿功能纺织品的相对湿度没有明显提升。在实验过程中,温湿度传感器的方向对相对湿度结果的影响较大,朝向亲水透气薄膜,相对湿度明显升高。此外,不同厂家的亲水透气薄膜性能差异较大,应统一亲水透气膜的水分率范围,以确保检测结果的准确性和一致性。

广西东南部“海葵”残涡特大暴雨成因分析

利用各种常规气象资料、ERA5再分析资料等对2023年9月“海葵”残涡造成广西东南部特大暴雨的成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)华南地区处于200 hPa南亚高压东南侧的辐散区,500 hPa副热带高压减弱东退,西风槽东移引导弱冷空气南下,有利于“海葵”残涡长时间维持在广西东南部上空,冷暖空气交汇激发对流,产生特大暴雨。(2)低层季风气流加强,在广西东南部有西南风和东南风的辐合,充足的水汽输送到“海葵”残涡东侧堆积,中高层辐散、低层辐合的良好配置促进了上升运动发展,为特大暴雨的发生提供有利条件。(3)对流单体后向传播形成“列车效应”,回波质心低,抬升凝结高度低,以高效率的暖云降水为主,超低空急流对强降水的出现具有指示作用。

Energy and Water Balance at Soil-Air Interface in a Sahelian Region

The aim of this work is an improvement of the parameterization of the soil moisture in the scheme of the Land Surface Process Model (LSPM) for applications over desert areas. In fact, in very dry conditions, the water vapour flux plays an important role in the evaporation processes and influences the underground profiles of humidity and temperature. The improved version of soil moisture parameterization in the LSPM scheme has been checked by using the data taken from the database of the field experiment HAPEX-Sahel (Hydrology-Atmosphere Pilot Experiment in the Sahel, 1990-1992). Model simulations refer to three dif- ferent stations located in Niger (Fallow, Millet and Tiger sites) where input data for LSPM and observations were simultaneously available. The results of simulations, taking into account the water vapour flux in the soil model LSPM, seem to compare better with the observed behaviour of soil moisture and turbulent heat fluxes than those overlooking the water vapour flux, confirming the great importance of the water vapour in such dry conditions.

Forests,atmospheric water and an uncertain future: the new biology of the global water cycle

Theory and evidence indicate that trees and other vegetation influence the atmospheric water-cycle in various ways.These influences are more important, more complex, and more poorly characterised than is widely realised.While there is little doubt that changes in tree cover will impact the water-cycle, the wider consequences remain difficult to predict as the underlying relationships and processes remain poorly characterised. Nonetheless, as forests are vulnerable to human activities, these linked aspects of the water-cycle are also at risk and the potential consequences of large scale forest loss are severe. Here, for non-specialist readers, I review our knowledge of the links between vegetation-cover and climate with a focus on forests and rain(precipitation). I highlight advances, uncertainties and research opportunities. There are significant shortcomings in our understanding of the atmospheric hydrological cycle and of its representation in climate models. A better understanding of the role of vegetation and tree-cover wil reduce some of these shortcomings. I outline and il ustrate various research themes where these advances may be found.These themes include the biology of evaporation, aerosols and atmospheric motion, as well as the processes that determine monsoons and diurnal precipitation cycles. A novel theory—the ‘biotic pump’—suggests that evaporation and condensation can exert a major influence over atmospheric dynamics. This theory explains how high rainfall can be maintained within those continental land-masses that are sufficiently forested. Feedbacks within many of these processes can result in non-linear behaviours and the potential for dramatic changes as a result of forest loss(or gain): for example, switching from a wet to a dry local climate(or visa-versa). Much remains unknown and multiple research disciplines are needed to address this: forest scientists and other biologists have a major role to play.New ideas, methods and data offer opportunities to improve understanding. Expect surprises.

Preparation and Phase Transformation Behavior of Boehmite via Heat Treatment in Water Vapor

Boehmite was prepared under heat treatment in water vapour, and the phase transformation of gibbsite heat-treated at various temperatures was investigated. The sample was characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry and differential thermalanalysis (TG-DTA), fourier transform infrared (FTIR),and BET surface area.Effect of temperature on preparation was studied in the range of 155°–195°.With the increase in temperature, transformation of gibbsite into crystalline boehmites took place as indicated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The shape of the grains in the prepared sample was cube-like morphology.In water vapour gibbsite transform into boehmite by a dissolution - precipitation mechanism.

Vapour and Solution Uptake Properties of Starch and Cellulose Biopolymers

This study was aimed at gaining further insight on the role of hydration in adsorption processes of biopolymer/adsorbate systems using complementary methods (electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, calorimetry, and solvent/vapour adsorption isotherms). Cellulose and starch-based materials were used as the adsorbents, whereas water (liquid and vapour), ethanol and p-nitrophenol (PNP) in aqueous solution were the adsorbate systems. The biopolymer/water systems had higher uptake capacity overall, where starch materials showed higher uptake capacity than cellulose among the various solvents. The secondary and tertiary structure of the biopolymers was a key factor affecting their uptake capacity, as evidenced by the enhanced adsorption properties of starch over cellulose, along with higher uptake of amylose (AM) versus amylopectin (AP) in starch biopolymers. EMI results also confirmed that AM starch had higher adsorption toward water than ethanol. The textural properties and surface chemistry of the biopolymers were probed using dye adsorption (PNP at pH 8.5) in aqueous solution that showed parallel trends with water vapour adsorption isotherms. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) revealed that the heat of adsorption in AP differed from that of AM since the biopolymer tertiary structure governs the accessibility of biopolymer adsorption sites. The role of branching in AP and amorphous domains in AM/AP composites are inferred to play a key role in hydration-driven allosterism known for such biopolymer/water vapour adsorption processes.

Photosynthetic Water Use Efficiency of Heritage and Modern Potatoes under Limited and Unlimited Water Environments

Photosynthetic capacity for heritage (Taewa) and modern potato cultivars were compared at different water and nitrogenregimes in the glasshouse and field. The glasshouse was 2*2*4 factorial design with two irrigation: 100% ET and 60% ET;two applied N: 50 kg N ha-1 and 200 kg N ha-1, two Taewa (Moe Moe, Tutaekuri) and two modern potatoes (Moonlight, Agria). The 2009/2010 field experiment was a split-plot, with irrigation and rain-fed regimes as the main treatments: four potatoes above were sub-treatments. The 2010/2011 field experiment was a split-split-plot, with three water regimes as the main treatments: three cultivars (Moe Moe, Tutaekuri, and Agria) were subplots;two N rates were sub-sub-treatments. Gaseous exchange was measured by CIRAS-2 at different days from emergence. Leaf water potential was measured using pressure chamber method. Taewa achieved high photosynthetic WUE in glasshouse and 2010/2011 experiment by maintaining high An, low gs and low Ci compared to modern cultivars (p The An, gs and T increased with irrigation and N increase while decreasing Ci (p < 0.01). Water stress significantly increased VPD resulting in low An and photosynthetic WUE in Moonlight in the glasshouse. The leaf water potential for Taewa was very tolerant while modern potatoes were weakened by water stress. The study indicated that Taewa can be scheduled at partial irrigation without more detrimental effects on photosynthetic capacity while modern potatoes need full irrigation to avoid detrimental effects on photosynthetic capacity.

2021年8月西南地区东部降水异常偏多的水汽条件分析

2021年8月西南地区东部降水量为1961年以来同期第2多,比历史最多的1998年仅差0.9 mm,极为异常。利用西南地区东部118个气象台站1961—2021年夏季8月逐日降水资料及ERA5逐月高度场、纬向风、经向风、比湿和水汽场等再分析资料,采用拉格朗日水汽轨迹模式和现代统计诊断方法,分析了2021年8月西南地区东部降水出现异常偏多的主要水汽输送条件和水汽来源、造成降水异常的大气环流特征等。结果表明:2021年8月西南地区东部水汽的净流入主要来自于对流层中、低层,以低层的水汽贡献最大;2021年8月水汽输送路径有一定的独特性,以低层来自于我国东部地区的水汽路径的轨迹数量最多,与以往水汽主要轨迹和贡献来自南部路径的特征有所不同。2021年8月西南地区东部降水异常偏多与大气环流异常紧密相关,主是体现在500 hPa高度场上乌拉尔山附近和鄂霍次克海阻高异常偏强、中纬度低值系统(东北低涡等)异常活跃、印度低压偏弱和和西太副高异常西伸且强度偏强;大气环流系统引导下有利的水汽输送造成了西南地区东部降水的异常偏多。印度洋海温的持续偏暖可能是维持2021年8月西太副高持续偏强、偏西的重要外强迫因子;而同期鄂霍次克海阻塞高压的异常偏强可能与西北太平洋海温的异常偏暖有关,并对西南地区降水偏多起到了积极的作用。

燃烧诱导快速相变研究综述

随着燃烧及爆炸相关内容的深入发展,一种新的爆炸模式进入了人们视野,即燃烧诱导快速相变(combustion-induced Rapid Phase Transition,cRPT)。对于cRPT的研究旨在发掘出除爆燃、爆轰之外的第三种爆炸模式,将为能量的获取提供更多有效途径。在总结cRPT的发展历程的基础上,综合详尽地叙述了cRPT的演化过程、突出特点、影响因素及应用价值,旨在为燃烧诱导快速相变现象更广泛的研究与应用提供参考。

基于卫星观测安徽淮北地区水汽分布特征研究

为合理评估水汽资源,利用大气红外探测仪(AIRS)和先进微波探测器(AMSU)联合反演的2006―2015年AIRSL2标准反演产品AIRX2RETV006,研究了安徽淮北地区水汽分布和变化特征,重点分析了该地区整层大气可降水量和若干层累积水汽月均值、季均值的年际变化,以及水汽和温度的关系。研究发现:从2006年到2015年这10年间,淮北地区月平均整层大气可降水量呈现逐年减小的趋势。1000~850、850~500和500~100hPa层累积水汽和整层大气可降水量四季分布一致,呈现夏季>秋季>春季>冬季。四季整层大气可降水量与三层累积水汽年际变化也呈现出较高的一致性,表现为夏季逐年变化相对较大,呈线性减小趋势;秋季次之,除500~100hPa层外,在2006至2011年期间呈现逐年线性增大趋势;春、冬两季年际变化相对较小,且无明显的线性关系。