How do lateral septum projections to the ventral CA1 influence sociability?

Social dysfunction is a risk factor for several neuropsychiatric illnesses.Previous studies have shown that the lateral septum(LS)-related pathway plays a critical role in mediating social behaviors.Howeve r,the role of the connections between the LS and its downstream brain regions in social behavio rs remains unclea r.In this study,we conducted a three-chamber test using electrophysiological and chemogenetic approaches in mice to determine how LS projections to ventral CA1(vCA1)influence sociability.Our res ults showed that gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)-e rgic neuro ns were activated following social experience,and that social behavio rs were enhanced by chemogenetic modulation of these neurons.Moreover,LS GABAergic neurons extended their functional neural connections via vCA1 glutamatergic pyramidal neurons,and regulating LSGABA→vCA1Gluneural projections affected social behaviors,which were impeded by suppressing LSprojecting vCA1 neuronal activity or inhibiting GABAAreceptors in vCA1.These findings support the hypothesis that LS inputs to the vCA1 can control social prefe rences and social novelty behaviors.These findings provide new insights rega rding the neural circuits that regulate sociability.

Activation of medial septum cholinergic neurons restores cognitive function in temporal lobe epilepsy

Cognitive impairment is the most common complication in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal scle rosis.There is no effective treatment for cognitive impairment.Medial septum cholinergic neurons have been reported to be a potential target for controlling epileptic seizures in tempo ral lobe epile psy.However,their role in the cognitive impairment of temporal lobe epilepsy remains unclear.In this study,we found that patients with temporal lobe epile psy with hippocampal sclerosis had a low memory quotient and severe impairment in verbal memory,but had no impairment in nonverbal memory.The cognitive impairment was slightly correlated with reduced medial septum volume and medial septum-hippocampus tra cts measured by diffusion tensor imaging.In a mouse model of chronic temporal lobe epilepsy induced by kainic acid,the number of medial septum choline rgic neurons was reduced and acetylcholine release was reduced in the hippocampus.Furthermore,selective apoptosis of medial septum cholinergic neurons mimicked the cognitive deficits in epileptic mice,and activation of medial septum cholinergic neurons enhanced hippocampal acetylcholine release and restored cognitive function in both kainic acid-and kindling-induced epile psy models.These res ults suggest that activation of medial septum cholinergic neurons reduces cognitive deficits in temporal lobe epilepsy by increasing acetylcholine release via projections to the hippocampus.

Role of Surgery on Growth of Tricuspid Valve in Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum:Mid-Term Results of Modified Right-Ventricular Overhauling Procedure

Objectives:To access the effectiveness of our modified right-ventricular overhauling procedure on tricuspid valve(TV)growth in patients with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum(PAIVS).Methods:We retrospectively reviewed 21 patients with PAIVS who underwent modified right ventricular overhauling(mRVoh)between 2008 and 2019 at two institutions.Our mRVoh consisted of wide resection of hypertrophied infundibular and trabecular muscle,peeling off fibrotic endocardial tissue in the right ventricle(RV)cavity,surgical pulmonary valvotomy,and Blalock-Taussig shunt or banding of ductus arteriosus under cardiopulmonary bypass.The TV annulus sizes were measured and analyzed using echocardiography before and after mRVoh.Results:No mortalities were observed during a median follow-up of 3 years(interquartile range:1.3–4.7 years)of follow-up were noted.mRVoh was performed at a median age of 163.5 days(range:21–560 days),including seven neonates and two infants(<60 days).During follow-up,the median TV annular z-score increased significantly from−2.24 to−1.15 before and after mRVoh(p=0.004).In ten patients with a prior history of percutaneous interventions for RV outflow tract(RVOT)widening at least 6 months before mRVoh,the TV annular z-score significantly changed during the period after mRVoh(−2.03 to−1.61,p=0.028)compared with the period before mRVoh(−2.51→–2.03,p=0.575)after percutaneous intervention only.Conclusions:mRVoh in PAIVS patients was positively associated with TV annular growth,and it was more effective than percutaneous RVOT widening interventions without mRVoh.

Catatonia: Cavum Septum Pellucidum and Vergae, a Cause or a Coincidence?

Background: Many studies in the 20th century have reported an association between Schizophrenia and Catatonia. Structural brain abnormalities have also been found in many psychotic illnesses, including schizophrenia and there are findings of association of large ventricles with chronic and deteriorating psychosis. It is possible that a large ventricular system may increase the likelihood of catatonia with a chronic course. Cavum Septum Pellucidum (CSP) and Cavum Vergae (CV) are structural abnormalities that have been associated with Schizophrenia. This is a case report of the presence of persistent CSP and CV in a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia with catatonia. Conclusion: Although there are several reports of the findings of a persistent large CSP and CV in patients with Schizophrenia, it is questionable whether the CSP and CV are the cause of the Catatonia or their occurrence is a mere coincidence.

Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 modu⁃lates depression-like behaviors via hippocam⁃pal CA3 pyramidal neurons afferent to dorso⁃lateral septum

OBJECTIVE Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5(TGR5)is recognized as a promising target for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome;its expression has been demonstrat⁃ed in the brain and is thought to be neuroprotec⁃tive.Here,we hypothesize that dysfunction of central TGR5 may contribute to the pathogene⁃sis of depression.METHODS In well-established chronic social defeat stress(CSDS)and chronic restraint stress(CRS)models of depression,we investigated the functional roles of TGR5 in CA3 pyramidal neurons(PyNs)and underlying mech⁃anisms of the neuronal circuit in depression(for in vivo studies,n=10;for in vitro studies,n=5-10)using fiber photometry;optogenetic,chemoge⁃netic,pharmacological,and molecular profiling techniques;and behavioral tests.RESULTS Both CSDS and CRS most significantly reduced TGR5 expression of hippocampal CA3 PyNs.Genetic overexpression of TGR5 in CA3 PyNs or intra-CA3 infusion of INT-777,a specific agonist,protected against CSDS and CRS,exerting sig⁃nificant antidepressant-like effects that were mediated via CA3 PyN activation.Conversely,genetic knockout or TGR5 knockdown in CA3 facilitated stress-induced depression-like behav⁃iors.Re-expression of TGR5 in CA3 PyNs rather than infusion of INT-777 significantly improved depression-like behaviors in Tgr5 knockout mice exposed to CSDS or CRS.Silencing and stimula⁃tion of CA3 PyNs→somatostatin-GABAergic(gamma-aminobutyric acidergic)neurons of the dorsolateral septum circuit bidirectionally regulat⁃ed depression-like behaviors,and blockade of this circuit abrogated the antidepressant-like effects from TGR5 activation of CA3 PyNs.CON⁃CLUSION TGR5 can regulate depression via CA3 PyNs→somatostatin-GABAergic neurons of dorsolateral septum transmission,suggesting that TGR5 could be a novel target for developing antidepressants.

Low grade chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum

Chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum is extremely rare. In some cases, it may be diff icult to preoperatively differentiate low grade chondrosarcoma from benign cartilaginous tumors such as chondroma. We report a case of low grade chondrosarcoma of the nasal septum with characteristic radiologic f indings. Characteristic radiologic f indings such as calcif ications on computed tomography scan and a ring-and-arc pattern on enhanced T1 weighted image were useful in the preoperative diagnosis of low grade chondrosarcoma of the septum. Awareness of radiologic f indings of low grade chondrosarcoma can help to make an accurate diagnosis and perform appropriate excision, leading to successful local control.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement in membranous interventricular septum aneurysm with left ventricular outflow tract extension

We report a challenging case of a 81-year-old male with history of severe calcific aortic valve stenosis and aneurysmal membranous interventricular septum. The presence of anomalies in the sub-annular area can lead to valve malpositioning and its consequences. Transcatheter aortic valve implantation(TAVR) in patients with aneurysm of the perimembranous interventricular septum extending into the left ventricular outflow tract has not been previously reported. This case describes a successful transfemoral TAVR with an Edwards SAPIEN XT valve(Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, United States) with such anomaly.

Lateral rectus muscle recession and the vertical palpebral fissure height: to do or not to do inter-muscular septum dissection?

In this study, we aimed to evaluate changes of vertical palpebral fissure height （VPFH） after unilateral lateral rectus muscle recession. Twenty-five and twenty-six patients who were candidates for lateral rectus muscle recession were assigned into “with” and “without” intermuscular septum dissection study arms. The VPFH was measured at one-day before surgery and in two weeks and three months, postoperatively. Three months after surgery, significant increase of VPFH was observed in both groups （Paired t-test; P=0.005）. Also, less widening of VPFH was observed in “with intermuscular septum dissection” group （Change in VPFH in “with intermuscular septum dissection” vs “without intermuscular septum dissection” groups： 0.48 mm vs 1.34 mm; ANCOVA test; P〈0.001）. However, such results were not observed two weeks post-operatively （Change in VPFH in “with intermuscular septum dissection” vs “without intermuscular septum dissection” groups： -0.28 mm vs 0.28 mm; ANCOVA test; P=0.302）. Intermuscular septum dissection is recommended in lateral rectus muscle recession to partially prevent the undesirable increment of VPFH.

Valvuloplasty of fetal pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and hypoplastic right heart: Mid-term follow-up results

Objective:This study aimed to analyze and evaluate the results of mid-term follow-up after fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty(FPV)in fetuses with pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum(PA/IVS).Methods:From August 31,2018,to May 31,2019,seven fetuses with PA/IVS and hypoplastic right heart were included in this study.All underwent echocardiography by the same specialist and were operated on by the same team.Intervention and echocardiography data were collected,and changes in the associated indices noted during follow-up were analyzed.Results:All seven fetuses successfully underwent FPV.The median gestational age at FPV was 27.54 weeks.The average FPV procedural time was 6 min.Persistent bradycardia requiring treatment occurred in 4/7 procedures.Finally,five pregnancies were successfully delivered,and the other two were aborted.Compared to data before fetal cardiac interventions(FCI),tricuspid valve annulus diameter/mitral valve annulus diameter(TV/MV)and right ventricle diameter/left ventricle diameter(RV/LV)of all fetuses had progressively improved.The maximum tricuspid regurgitation velocity decreased from 4.60 m/s to 3.64 m/s.The average follow-up time was 30.40±2.05 months.During the follow-up period,the diameter of the tricuspid valve ring in five children continued to improve,and the development rate of the tricuspid valve was relatively obvious from 6 months to 1 year after birth.However,the development of the right ventricle after birth was relatively slow.It was discovered that there were individual variations in the development of the right ventricle during follow-up.Conclusion:The findings support the potential for the development of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve in fetuses with PA/IVS who underwent FCI.Development of the right ventricle and tricuspid valve does not occur synchronously during pregnancy.The right ventricle develops rapidly in utero,but the development of tricuspid valve is more apparent after birth than in utero.

Hysteroscopic septum resection in patients with recurrent abortions and infertility

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the achievement of pregnancy as well as the reproductive outcome after hysteroscopic septum resection in women with recurrent abortions or infertility. Design: retrospective, clinical trial. Setting: University hospitals. Patient(s): Fourty women with a diagnosis of uterine septum who had a history of pregnancy loss or infertility. They were randomized into two groups. Group I includes 18 infertile women and group II includes 22 recurrent miscarriage women. Intervention(s): Hysteroscopic metroplasty was performed on all patients in both groups. Result(s): 40 patients who were diagnosed with a partial septate uteri had hysteroscopic septum resection and were divided into two groups: Group I (18 patients) presented with infertility and Group II (22 patients) with recurrent abortions. The mean post-operative follow up period was 24 months. Group I, 12 patients (66.6%) and Group II, 17 patients (77.2%) achieved pregnancy, with respective abortion rates of 2 (11.1%) and 4 (18.1%). Conclusion(s): Using hysteroscopy to perform metroplasty on septate uteri makes the procedure safer, easier, and less complicated. This procedure is recommended for all cases diagnosed with an uterine septum.

Influence of ginsenoside on expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and receptor tyrosine kinase B in the medial septum of aged rats

BACKGROUND： It has beenshown that ginsenoside, the effective component of ginseng, can enhance expression of choline acetyl transferase, as well as brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and its receptor tyrosine kinase B （TrkB）, in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. OBJECTIVE： To qualitatively and quantitatively verify the influence of ginsenoside on expression of BDNF and its receptor, TrkB, in the medial septum of aged rats, and to provide a molecular basis for clinical application. DESIGN~ TIME AND SETTING： A contrast study, which was performed in the Department of Anatomy, China Medical University, and the Department of Anatomy, Shenyang Medical College between December 2005 and May 2007. MATERIALS： Thirty-five, healthy, female, Sprague Dawley rats were selected for this study. Ginsenoside （81% purity） was provided by Jilin Ji＇an Wantai Chinese Medicine Factory; anti-BDNF antibody, anti-TrkB antibody, and their kits were provided by Wuhan Boster Company. METHODS： A total of 35 rats were divided into three groups： young （four months old）, aging （26 months old）, and ginsenoside. Rats in the ginsenoside group were administered ginsenoside （25 mg/kg/d） between 17 months and 26 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to measure expression of BDNF and TrkB in the medial septum of aged rats, and the detected results were expressed as gray values. RESULTS： （1） Qualitative detection： using microscopy, degenerative neurons were visible in the medial septum in the aging group. However, neuronal morphology in the ginsenoside group was similar to neurons in the young group. （2） Quantitative detection： the mean gray value of BDNF-positive and TrkB-positive products in the aging group were significantly higher than in the young group （t = 3.346, 4.169, P 〈 0.01）; however, the mean gray value in the ginsenoside group was significantly lower than in the aging group （t = 2.432, 2.651, P 〈 0.01）. CONCLUSION： Ginsenoside can increase expression of BDNF and TrkB in the medial septum and delay the natural degeneration in aged rats.

Implantation of Lumenless Pacing Leads at the Inter-atrial Septum and Right Ventricular Outflow Tract with Deflectable Catheter-sheath

Current permanent right ventricular and right atrial endocardial pacing leads are implanted utilizing a central lumen stylet. Right ventricular apex pacing initiates an abnormal asynchronous electrical activation pattern, which results in asynchronous ventricular contraction and relaxation. When pacing from right atrial appendage, the conduction time between two atria will be prolonged, which results in heterogeneity for both depolarization and repolarization. Six patients with Class Ⅰ indication for permanent pacing were implanted with either single chamber or dual chamber pacemaker. The SelectSecure 3830 4-French （Fr） lumenless lead and the SelectSite C304 8.5-Fr steerable catheter-sheath （Medtronic Inc., USA） were used. Pre-selected pacing sites included inter-atrial septum and right ventricular outflow tract, which were defined by ECG and fluoroscopic criteria. All the implanting procedures were successful without complication. Testing results （mean atrial pacing threshold： 0.87 V; mean P wave amplitude： 2.28 mV; mean ventricular pacing threshold： 0.53V; mean R wave amplitude： 8.75 mV） were satisfactory. It is concluded that implantation of a 4-Fr lumenless pacing lead by using a streerable catheter-sheath to achieve inter-atrial septum or right ventricular outflow tract pacing is safe and feasible.

Assessment of Atrial Septum Morphology by Live Three-dimensional Echocardiography

To evaluate the morphology of atrial septum by the live three-dimensional echocardiography （L3DE） and its value of clinical application, L3DE was performed in 62 subjects to observe the morphological characteristics and dynamic change of the overall anatomic structure of atrial septum. The study examined 49 patients with atrial septal defect （ASD）, including 3 patients with atrial septal aneurysm, and 10 healthy subjects. ASD in the 35 patients was surgically confirmed. The maximal diameters of ASD were measured and the percentages of area change were calculated. The parameters derived from L3DE were compared with intraoperative measurements. The results showed that L3DE could directly and clearly display the morphological features of overall anatomic structure of normal atrial septum, repaired and artificially-occluded atrial septum, atrial septal aneurysm. The defect area in ASD patients changed significantly during cardiac cycle, which reached a maximum at end-systole and a minimum at end-diastole, with a mean change percentage of 46.6%, ranging from 14.8% to 73.4%. The sizes obtained from L3DE bore an excellent correlation with intraoperative findings （r=0.90）. It is concluded that L3DE can clearly display the overall morphological features and dynamic change of atrial septum and measure the size of ASD area accurately, which is important in the decision to choose therapeutic protocols.

Study of BMPR IA downstream genes related to ventricular septum defect

Cardiac-specific deletion of the receptor IA of bone morphogenetic protein, ALK3, by Cre recombinase driven under the a-MHC promoter is lethal in mid-gestation with defects in the interventricular septum. Analysis of expression of the ALK3 downstream genes is important to identify the signaling pathway for interventricular septum development. The model mice with ALK3 gene knockout via a-MHC-Cre/lox P system were bred. The mRNA expression level of control group was compared with that of test group. ALK3 downstream genes were screened using PCR-select cDNA subtraction and microarray. It was found that the mice with ALK3 gene knockout produced heart defects involving the interventricular septum. The expression of some genes such as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase and the transcription factor Pax-8 etc was downregulated in the test group. The box protein Pax-8 gene expression was downregulated by 7.1 times in the test group and expressed specifically in the embryonic heart (11.5 days). Furthermore, the expression of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase of Focal Adhesion Kinase subfamily (PTK) and beta subtype protein 14-3-3 was upregulated in the a-MHC-Cre+/-ALK3 F/-mice. PTK gene expression was up-regulated by 3.7 times in the test group. These data provided support that ALK3 gene played an important role during heart development. The platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase and Pax-8 genes could be important ALK3 downstream genes in the BMP signaling pathway during interventncular septum development. PTK and beta subtype protein 14-3-3 might be regulatory factors in this pathway.

Exogenous Urocortin 1 Alters the Respiratory Exchange Ratio after Administration into the Lateral Septum

Previous reports have suggested that hypothalamic urocortin 1 (Ucn1) exerts inhibitory control on energy metabolism as direct paraventricular nucleus injections dose-dependently decrease the respiratory energy exchange ratio (RER). Other evidence indicates that Ucn1 injections into the lateral septum may alter metabolic function. Consequently, the present study was designed to further characterize the effects of lateral septal Ucn1 signaling on eating and energy metabolism of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Ucn1 was infused at the onset of the nocturnal cycle at doses of 10 - 100 pmol. In both females and males the peptide elicited a reliable suppression of food intake and significantly lowered RER over a 4 h postinjection period. The decrease in RER is consistent with enhanced lipid oxidation. Overall these findings suggest that, similar to the paraventricular nucleus, the lateral septum is a critical site of action in mediating the effects of Ucn1 on food intake and energy substrate utilization.

Donepezil rescues the medial septum cholinergic neurons via nicotinic ACh receptor stimulation in olfactory bulbectomized mice

Olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) causes cognitive dysfunction by degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum. Here, we define an involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) in neuroprotective effect of donepezil in the septum neurons of OBX mice. Neuroprotective effects on the medial septal cholinergic neurons were assessed after chronic donepezil administration in OBX mice. We also measured Akt and ERK phosphorylation to define the neuroprotective mechanism of donepezil. We found that treatment with donepezil (1 - 3 mg/kg) for 15 consecutive days completely rescued cholinergic neurons in the OBX mice with concomitant improved memory. Reduction of both protein kinase B (Akt) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation were restored by chronic donepezil administration (1 - 3 mg/kg) in OBX mouse medial septum. Both phosphorylated Akt and ERK immunoreactivities were localized in cell bodies of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive cholinergic cells in the medial septum. Enhancement of Akt and ERK phosphorylation seen following donepezil administration was totally blocked by pre-administration of mecamylamine (10 μM), a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. Donepezil increases phosphorylation of Akt and ERK via nAChR stimulation in the medial septum cholinergic neurons. The Akt and ERK stimulation by donepezil is associated with its ability of neuroprotection in the medial septum and memory improvement.

The Adult Ventricular Septum;A Unique Portion of the Left and Right Ventricle

The ventricular septum separates the right and left ventricles and thus is part of both ventricles.It is directed obliquely backward to the right,and curved with the convexity toward the right ventricle;it must be emphasized that the total cardiac septum has a complex,longitudinal twist and does not lie in any single plane.Its upper and posterior part,is thin and fibrous,and is termed the membranous ventricular septum.The greater portion of the septum is thick and muscular and constitutes the muscular ventricular septum.The ventricular septum consists of two layers,a thin layer on the RV side and a thicker layer on the LV side[1].The major septal arteries tend to run between these two layers.

Management of ductal spasm in a neonate with pulmonary atresia and an intact ventricular septum during cardiac catheterization:A case report

BACKGROUND Ductal spasm is a rare but life-threatening complication of cardiac catheterization in neonates with pulmonary atresia and an intact ventricular septum.In patients with ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow,ductal spasm may lead to refractory hypoxemia and severe hemodynamic instability,which need to be treated in perfect order.CASE SUMMARY We present a male infant with a gestational age of 39 wk,and his fetal echocardiography showed pulmonary atresia.At 28 d of age,transcatheter pulmonary valvuloplasty with balloon dilatation was performed.Two hours after the operation,the patient's pulse oxygen saturation continued to decrease.The patient was then transferred to receive cardiac catheterization.During catheterization,the invasive blood pressure and pulse oxygen saturation suddenly decreased,and repeated aortography revealed partial occlusion of the ductus arteriosus.It no longer changed when pulse oxygen saturation rose to 51%after approximately 20 min of maintenance therapy.Therefore,a ductal stent was used for implantation.Hemodynamics and hypoxemia were improved.CONCLUSION We should know that ductal spasm may occur during pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum cardiac catheterization.Understand the pathophysiology of ductal-dependent pulmonary blood flow and make comprehensive perioperative preparations essential to deal with hemodynamic disorders caused by ductal spasm.

Rectangular Microstrip Antenna Using Inductive Septums for Dual Band Operation with a New Resonant Mode

A novel rectangular microstrip antenna on conventional dielectric substrate with centrally loaded inductive septums are proposed for dual band operation. The proposed antenna has been thoroughly investigated and the results are presented in the paper. The conventional patch antenna fabricated on common substrates always resonates at its dominant TM10 mode which produces the radiation field along its broadside direction. In the present investigation, the same microstrip antenna is designed on conventional substrate with centrally located inductive septums beneath the patch, with a view to develop a new resonant mode which will produce radiation like dominant TM10 mode. The speciality of the proposed antenna is to excite a new resonant mode with good impedance bandwidth while the traditional dominant TM10 mode is kept unaltered. A thorough quantitative analysis is presented to justify the reason of generation of new resonant mode along with the traditional dominant TM10 mode. An easy and handful formulation has been established for calculation of the frequency for new resonant mode as a function of antenna parameters and the gap between the septums. The proposed idea has been verified through a commercial software package for a patch operating in C band and an excellent agreement is revealed.

Arrhythmic Risk in Paediatric Patients Undergoing Surgical Repair for Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum

Introduction:While previous studies only focused on the arrhythmic risk associated with specific correction strategies,this study evaluates this risk in a large cohort of paediatric patients with all phenotypes of PA-IVS after surgical repair.Methods:In this single centre observational cohort study,we retrospectively evaluated 165 patients with a diagnosis of PA-IVS and we excluded those with an exclusively percutaneous treatment,patients lost or with insufficient follow-up and those affected by other arrhythmic syndromes.Surgical history and clinical outcomes were reviewed.Results:86 patients were included in the study(54 male[62.8%],mean age 16.4±6.1 years),with median follow-up from definitive repair of 12.8 years(6.4–18.9 years).They underwent three different final repairs:23 patients(26.7%)univentricular palliation,43(50%)biventricular correction,and 20(23.3%)one and a half ventricle correction.Thirteen patients(15%)developed arrhythmia:6 patients(all the subgroups)sinus node disfunction(SND);2(biventricular repair)premature ventricular complexes;2(one and a half ventricle repair)non-sustained ventricular tachycardia;1(biventricular repair)intra-atrial re-entrant tachycardia;1(one and a half ventricle repair)supraventricular tachyarrhythmia;1(biventricular repair)atrial fibrillation.Three patients with SND needed a pacemaker implantation.Only Fontan circulation showed an association with SND,while the other two groups heterogeneous types of arrhythmias.Conclusions:The low arrhythmic risk is related to surgical repair,it does not appear to be associated with native cardiomyopathy,and it appears to increase with length of follow up.Continuous follow-up in specialized centres is necessary to make an early diagnosis and to manage the potential haemodynamic impact at medium-long term.