On Development of Agricultural Machinery Operating Service in Chongqing

Development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing takes on rapid increase in number of service organizations,diversified service methods,improvement in service level,and constant service income. However,there are some problems,including unreasonable composition and small scale of service organization,imbalanced development of four service methods,low service level,and low operating income of agricultural machinery households. To accelerate development of agricultural machinery operating service in Chongqing,it is recommended to take following measures: adjusting subsidy for purchase and operation of agricultural machinery; improving fiscal and taxation and financial system; speeding up infrastructure construction,establishing agricultural machinery information network,and improving organizational form and methods of agricultural machinery operating service.

Thoughts on Participation of Supply and Marketing Cooperative System in Agricultural Social Service

Agricultural social service is an important field in the development of modern agriculture. At present,agricultural social service should be based on the extension of the agricultural industrial chain and value chain. The supply and marketing system has important opportunity to participate in social services. It should be based on deep reform of supply and marketing system,rural industrial poverty alleviation,sustainable agricultural ecological development,development of farmers' cooperative organizations,and increase of organization efficiency. It is recommended to undertake works in construction of platform of supply of agricultural products,commercialization of agricultural technology services,scale development of community-supported agriculture,and market based agricultural social capital. Through improving the team system of supply and marketing system,it is recommended to create platform-based flattening environment and create cooperative ecology in PPP mode to guarantee.

Study on Agricultural Socialized Service System in Guangdong Province

This paper analyzed the current situation of the construction of agricultural socialized service system in Guangdong Province and summarizes five typical services,namely the public service," company + base + farmer "," company + research institute + base +farmer"," specialized cooperative + farmer",and " government + enterprise + farmer".In view of the existing problems in the construction of agricultural socialized service system in Guangdong Province,it came up with recommendations including making proper top level design,strengthening the construction efforts,actively cultivating service entities,improving the structure of information service system,and establishing and improving rural financial system.

Nonfarm employment, agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency:An empirical study based on China's major wheat-producing areas

Based on the cross-sectional data of the survey conducted in China's main wheat producing areas at the end of 2019,this paper uses the translog production function model to estimate agricultural technical efficiency,and studies the relationship between nonfarm employment,agricultural machinery service purchase and agricultural production efficiency.The results show that the household non-agricultural employment ratio and non-agricultural income have a significant positive impact on the purchase of agricultural machinery services.In addition to the effect of scale efficiency,non-agricultural employment does not have a significant impact on agricultural technical efficiency,and labor transfer does not have a significant negative impact on agricultural production.

Regional Differences in the Demand for Agricultural Socialized Service

With the gradual deepening of China's agricultural modernization,establishing a sound agricultural socialized service system is of great significance to improving the efficiency of resource use and achieving sustainable agricultural development. On the basis of the micro survey data on China's 12 provinces,we analyze the intensity of demand for agricultural socialized service in different regions as well as the main factors influencing farmers' demand willingness. The results show that there are regional differences in farmers' demand for agricultural socialized service,and among multiple factors affecting the demand willingness of agricultural socialized service,farmers' individual characteristics,household economic characteristics and farmers' social communication behavior have varying degrees of impact on farmers' choice of service.

农业社会化服务对长江经济带农业生态效率的影响——基于劳动力和资本要素配置视角

农业社会化服务是实现农业生产绿色转型的重要途径。文章基于2009—2021年长江经济带110个地级市面板数据对农业生态效率进行测算,并采用固定效应模型、中介效应模型和门槛效应模型探究农业社会化服务对农业生态效率的影响及内在机制。研究发现:长江经济带农业生态效率总体上呈“U”型变化趋势,上游农业生态效率高于中游、下游及总体区域;农业社会化服务对农业生态效率具有显著的促进作用,且可以通过优化劳动力和资本要素配置间接提升农业生态效率。门槛检验进一步表明,农业社会化服务对农业生态效率的影响呈现边际效应递增的非线性特征。由此,长江经济带应加快完善农业社会化服务体系,以促进农业生态效率提升。

基于Web Services的分布式农业机械信息共享系统

农机信息体系在加强农机管理、科研、生产和用户之间的信息交流,农机新技术、新机具推广应用,农机销售和作业服务市场中发挥着重要的作用。采用Web Services技术为基础,进行分布式的农机数据共享信息管理系统,节约了系统的建设成本,并提高了系统的可用性和实时性。

Influence of Cooperatives’Socialized Services on Agricultural Households’Chemical Fertilizer and Pesticide Use Intensity-Based on the Evidence from Two Counties,Hubei,China

Abuse of chemical fertilizer and pesticide will not only impair the quality of agricultural products,but also damage the agricultural ecological environment.From the perspective of cooperatives’socialized services,this paper studies agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use behavior,attempting to provide references for the government’s formulation of relevant policies and cooperatives’adjustment of their operation strategies.The survey data of 518 agricultural households in Zigui County and Badong County,Hubei Province,China are used to examine the influence of cooperatives and their socialized services on agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity via propensity score matching.Research reveals that:(1)Joining cooperatives has a significantly negative influence on agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity,and the average treatment effect is-341.505 yuan mu^(-1).(2)Agricultural materials supply services and technical support services can significantly bring down agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity,and the average treatment effect is-225.966 yuan mu^(-1)and-163.580 yuan mu^(-1),respectively.While the influence of agricultural products sale services on chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity is not significant.(3)Grouped investigation is carried out by age,education years and planting scale,and the influence of socialized services on agricultural householders’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity is obviously varied among different groups.The influence of agricultural materials supply services on agricultural households who are elder,with smaller education years and small planting scale is significant;the influence of technical support services on agricultural households who are younger,with higher education years and small planting scale is significant;the influence of agricultural products sale services on agricultural households who are elder is significant.It is necessary to improve the percentage of agricultural households joining cooperatives,increase the supply level of cooperatives’socialized services,and make socialized services of cooperatives more targeted.All this can contribute to further reduction of agricultural households’chemical fertilizer and pesticide use intensity.

Research on the Development of Rural Family Farm: A Case Study of Shandong Province in China

In recent years, the rural family farms in Shandong Province of China have been developing very fast. They have achieved remarkable economic effects on improving the technical and equipment level of agricultural production, farmers’ professional quality, the efficiency of land production and farmers’ income-increase, etc. However, there also exist the problems of non-smooth land transfer, unclear farm recognition-standard, more difficult loan-financing, imperfect social service and so on. This paper suggests that measures should be taken to deepen the reform of the rural land system, perfect the land transfer mechanism, clarify the family farms confirmed standards, improve the family farms and financing system, perfect the socialized service system, and thus create a relaxed environment and conditions for the development of family farms in order to promote its healthy development.

农业社会化服务对农业碳排放的影响及其空间特征

农业碳排放是中国实现“双碳”目标和高质量发展的重要议题,农业社会化服务充当了衔接小农与现代农业的重要角色,能显著抑制农业碳排放的增加。本文以2007—2021年省级面板数据为基础,综合利用因子测算法、拉开档次法、双向固定效应模型、中介效应模型、空间计量分析等方法测算中国各省份(除中国香港、中国澳门、中国台湾外)农业碳排放和农业社会化服务水平,检验了农业社会化服务对农业碳排放的影响机制、影响路径、空间溢出效应和效应溢出范围。研究发现:1)从总体上来看,随时间推移各地区农业碳排放量整体呈先上升后下降的趋势,而农业社会化服务水平则逐年提高,并对农业碳排放表现出显著抑制作用,但这种作用存在显著的地区差异性,呈由东向西逐渐减弱的态势;2)在农业社会化服务抑制农业碳排放的不同路径中,农地流转和农业经营规模均能发挥部分中介效应,分别达到总效应的13%和18%;3)从空间效应上来看,邻近地区的农业社会化服务作用具有空间溢出效应,并显著地抑制本地农业碳排放,其空间溢出效应随经济距离的增加而增强,2 d以上经济距离的空间溢出效应可达全部溢出效应的26.2%。基于以上结果,地方政府应因地制宜建设农业社会化服务体系;适度提高农地流转,降低农业经营规模,完善土地全程托管服务;发挥地区产业优势,鼓励跨区农业社会化服务,加强地区间经济一体化合作,推动资源的跨区高效配置。

北京甘薯产业发展现状·问题和对策建议

北京作为甘薯的主要集散地,其市场供给及科研导向对我国甘薯市场有重要影响。从种植规模、区域布局、生产效益、科技支撑、市场需求及产业化情况等方面分析了北京甘薯产业发展现状。针对甘薯种苗繁育体系、贮藏技术、机械化程度、产后加工等方面存在的问题,提出健全脱毒种薯和良种繁育技术体系,加强甘薯产业关键核心技术研究与推广,提升甘薯产业的价值增值能力等对策建议。

华池县农业植保社会化服务的探索与实践

农业植保社会化服务,是增强农业防灾减灾能力,适应农业绿色发展和提高农作物病虫害绿色防控覆盖率的需要。为了提升农业植保社会化服务能力,规范农作物病虫害防治,基于多年实践和相关文献,在阐述农业植保社会化服务及其现实意义的基础上,分析了华池县农业植保社会化服务现状,总结出了农业植保社会化服务的发展经验:培育服务主体,提升服务水平;健全管理机制,增强服务能力;扩大宣传,提高农户认识;强化培训,提高服务质量;加大政策扶持,提升防控力度等,以上经验有利于拓展农业植保服务的范围和深度,促进县域农业植保社会化服务快速发展。

农业机械化、农机服务与粮食生产技术效率——基于人口老龄化视角

基于随机前沿生产函数和多值处理效应模型,使用黑龙江省47个村粮食种植农户样本数据,研究农机服务对老龄农户和非老龄农户粮食生产技术效率的影响。结果表明:当前黑龙江省农户粮食生产平均技术效率为57.2%,总体水平偏低,技术损失较大,存在一定的提升空间;非老龄农户更能从现有的农机服务中获益,农机服务未带来老龄农户技术效率的显著提高,但使得老龄农户留在农业生产之中,形成互补关系;在播种和收获环节,农机服务对技术效率的正向影响受到人口老龄化的抑制,原因在于老龄农户倾向于投入劳动替代农机服务,在不同地块之间转移劳作的成本更高。在发展农机服务、扩大服务经营规模的同时,应考虑农业经营主体的经营特征,完善土地流转机制,促进农业适度规模经营与农机服务协调发展。

新型农业经营体系建设:实践成效、现实问题与政策取向

如何重新布局中国农业经营体系,进而实现中国特色农业现代化、完成农业强国建设,是刻不容缓的大事。新型农业经营体系是实现农业强国中“经营体系强”的基础,也是实现中国重要农产品稳产保供、农民收入提高等目标的重要依托。当前,在新型农业经营主体的培育、多种形式规模经营的发展和社会化服务的支撑方面有了显著成效。现实来看,新型农业经营体系建设还面临着小农户与现代农业衔接不够充分、新型经营主体发展受阻、规模经营发展不充分不平衡、社会化服务体系有待拓展等问题,需要立足系统化思维继续推进改革,持续为小农户这一主体力量引入现代要素,培育高质量经营主体,发展多种形式适度规模经营,健全完善社会化服务以完善新型农业经营体系,夯实农业强国的经营基础。

数字时代农业社会化服务市场决策的机理与实证研究

通过建立静态离散博弈模型,并在可观测决策结果为参与者博弈均衡的假设下,根据中国家庭追踪调查数据库的样本数据,对数字时代农业社会化服务市场决策进行机理与实证分析。结果表明:农业社会化服务市场决策不仅是各类农业经营主体利润最大化的经济选择,更是市场参与者的博弈均衡;农业社会化服务的规模效应和收入效应驱动了专业农户的市场进入决策,但市场进入壁垒呈现明显的正向规模性偏好;在数字时代,潜在进入者间的“数字鸿沟”制约了服务市场发展中数字技术和农业技术的协同效应。因此,在农业社会化服务市场发展过程中,应以数字化农业社会化服务平台为重点,发展服务市场“金融”功能,提升服务主体数字化素养,营造服务市场公平竞争环境,形成服务供需均衡、政策有效的农业社会化服务体系。

粮食安全视角下数字技术对粮食单产的影响机制

采用熵权法测度数字技术,理论分析并实证检验数字技术对粮食单产的影响机制和作用路径,以考察数字技术何以影响粮食单产。研究发现:从总体上看,数字技术可以有效提升粮食单产水平,并且这种促进作用在一系列的稳健性检验下仍然显著。从异质性来看,数字技术在粮食非主产区对粮食单产的促进作用更强。从作用机制来看,农业社会化服务水平、田间管理水平与农业机械化水平是数字技术提高粮食单产的重要渠道,农业经营规模在数字技术赋能粮食单产的过程中具有正向调节作用。从门槛效应来看,数字技术作用于粮食单产的过程中存在农村教育水平门槛。拓展分析表明,农业现代化政策有助于数字技术提高粮食单产能力。

农业职业院校提升社会服务能力助力乡村振兴战略的思考与探索

职业院校特别是农业职业院校为中国“三农”发展输送大量的农业高素质技术技能人才,是服务乡村振兴战略的重要力量。当前在国家“双高计划”建设和职业本科教育发展的背景下,农业职业院校存在服务意识不强、管理机制落后、创新基础薄弱等问题,在提升服务发展水平上面临着诸多的困难,应抓好顶层设计,完善管理机制,加强校企合作,将教学和科研的力量融入进社会服务中,促进社会服务能力快速提升,为乡村振兴战略提供助力。

中国农业的服务化转型和农业新质生产力的成长

新质生产力是生产力要素及其质态组合的革命性升级,强调科技创新向产业创新加快转化。通过健全便捷高效的农业社会化服务体系,培育农业生产性服务业,推进农业服务化转型,可以显著促进农业节本增效提质降险、加快农业绿色低碳转型、促进科技等创新要素植入农业产业链供应链、有效化解“谁来种地、如何种地”问题,是发展农业新质生产力的重要途径。以发展农业新质生产力为导向推进农业服务化转型,要重点健全面向小农户的农业社会化服务体系,将农业生产性服务业打造成现代农业的战略性新兴产业。要注意坚持创新导向、竞争优先、优势互补、网络联动,推动多元服务主体分层分类和融合共生;注意聚焦支持粮食和重要农产品生产的关键领域、薄弱环节,聚焦支持创新驱动、实践探索和公平竞争,聚焦支持增强本土根植性和抗风险能力,持续优化农业要素市场和营商环境,以农业社会化服务高质量发展为农业新质生产力顺利成长提供全方位全要素支撑。

社会化服务推动农业强国建设的机理、实践与策略

社会化服务是实现中国式农业现代化的必要条件,也是加快建设农业强国的重要推力。在理论上,社会化服务主要通过规模经营、要素引进、产业拓展推动农业强国建设。实践上,以山西为代表的社会化服务政策推广已具备一定成效。现阶段社会化服务推动农业强国建设还存在服务覆盖不充分、服务专业性有待提高、服务成本居高不下、公益性服务不完善等问题。社会化服务推动农业强国应从拓展服务供给、引入现代要素、优化政策措施、壮大集体经济四个方面继续发力,从而实现社会化服务覆盖层次的扩大、服务水平的提升、服务成本的降低、公益服务的完善,进一步推动农业强国建设。

社会化服务、劳动监督与中国农业生产率

农业生产具有生产周期长、投入与产出关系不明确、劳动监督难等特征。基于委托-代理理论,利用4省2968个地块2期微观调研数据,实证分析了社会化服务与农业生产率的关系、异质性情形以及劳动监督的作用。结果表明,农业社会化服务有助于提高农业生产率,农业社会化服务支出占比每提高1个单位,农业生产率将增加6.6%。异质性结果表明,对于耕地和收割等标准化程度高的环节,服务的采纳有助于农业生产率的提升,而病虫害防治这一标准化程度低的环节,服务的采纳对农业生产率不产生影响;相较于规模户,采用社会化服务并没有推动小农户从中受益;与种植水稻相比,从事玉米种植时,社会化服务对农业生产率的提升作用更大。劳动监督在服务对农业生产率的影响中发挥了积极作用。