This paper principally focuses on the morphological differences,spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province in China.Using satellite images of Xuzhou City taken in 2007 a...This paper principally focuses on the morphological differences,spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province in China.Using satellite images of Xuzhou City taken in 2007 and 2008 and models of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the morphological pattern of rural settlements,and finds significant characteristics.First,rural settlements in Xuzhou City are significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution;meanwhile,there is significant variation in the geographical density distribution.Second,the scale of rural settlements in Xuzhou City is larger than the average in Jiangsu Province,and the histogram of the scale data is more even and more like a gamma distribution.There are a significant high-value cluster in the scale distribution,and local negative correlation between the scale and density distribution of rural settlements in Xuzhou City.Third,the morphology of rural settlements in Xuzhou City shows relative regularity with good connection and integrity,but the spatial variation of the morphology is anisotropic.Finally,according to the characteristics of density,scale,and form of rural settlements,the rural settlements of Xuzhou City are divided into three types:A high-density and point-scattered type,a low-density and cluster-like type and a mass-like and sparse type.The research findings could be used as the scientific foundation for rural planning and community rebuilding,particularly in less-developed areas.展开更多
The study examined the growth pattern of settlements in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria between 1984 and 2011;and predicted the future growth pattern of settlements in the study area. Both primary and secondary da...The study examined the growth pattern of settlements in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria between 1984 and 2011;and predicted the future growth pattern of settlements in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary sources of data include Global Positioning System (GPS), Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries of 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2011. Secondary data included administrative map and population data of the study area. Descriptive statistics and geospatial technique were used to analyse the data collected. The results showed a random pattern of settlement distribution in the study area. Results revealed that settlements covered about 0.52% of the total land area in 1984;1.32% in 2000;and 3.78% in 2011. Whereas linear pattern of growth characterised the periods between 1984 and 1990;clustering, infilling, and fringes were the patterns of growth that characterised the periods between 1990 and 2011. The study predicted that, at an average 1.2% of annual growth rate, settlements will occupy about 44.37% of the total land area by 2031. The study concluded that settlements in the study area varied in the patterns of distribution;the area was dominated by indigenous settlements type with overconcentration of social and economic infrastructures in few centres.展开更多
Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environm...Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human,cannot be considered out of the environment.According to this approach in archaeology,environmental factors have an important role in assessing settlements in each period.In addition to the recognition of the degree of environmental impact,this approach makes the degree of adaptation of the habitats with the dominant environmental conditions possible.As geospatial tools become more powerful,GIS archaeology has evolved as well,making it possible to visualize ancient settlements and analyze changes in the use of space over time.By incorporating historic map data,physical details of an area’s landscape and known information about past inhabitants,archaeologists can accurately predict the positions of sites with cultural,historical relevance.In this research Iron Age III(800-550 B.C)sites in the west and northwest of Isfahan were studied via GIS.The area studied is one of the most important but unknown areas of archaeological research due to its location in the center of the Iranian plateau and a link between the north-west and the south-west of the country.The environmental characteristics of the studied area have attracted the attention of humans since ancient times.Therefore,it was considered necessary to conduct archaeological excavations.To achieve this goal,the area was first studied archaeologically.As a result of this survey,approximately 50 ancient sites were identified which included the statistical population used for analysis.The effect of environmental variables including altitude,slope(percentage and direction),climate,geological structure,distances and proximity to water resources,land use and proximity to communication paths on the distribution of settlements in the study area was investigated.Through analytical-descriptive method,the factors affecting the formation and distribution of the establishment patterns of the period in question were examind.After analyzing the information and maps,the results indicated that among all the factors,three environmental factors were the most important in the formation of ancient settlements of the Iron Age III era in the west and northwest of Isfahan:factors relating to water resources,proximity to communication paths,and slope percentage and direction.展开更多
Bangladesh is enriched with beautiful traditional indigenous cultures.Different indigenous peoples with their distinctive existences also considerably create an enhance values and lifestyles to the socio-cultural sect...Bangladesh is enriched with beautiful traditional indigenous cultures.Different indigenous peoples with their distinctive existences also considerably create an enhance values and lifestyles to the socio-cultural sectors of Bangladesh[1].Habitually,these indigenous communities have been comparable to live a large combined family to shear their lifestyles[2].Presently the country has 45 indigenous communities who are living in different locations.All indigenous people within this country have their own style to build their settlements with special techniques to keep them safe and sound from all types of natural and environmental vulnerabilities and also enhance their knowledge of construction techniques and lifestyle.Rakhain is one of them with very small number of people are still living in different regions within the country which have their own system of building techniques.Study found that for several hundreds of years Rakhains are strictly following their indigenous prescription of house and settlement pattern.Although like other indigenous people of this country,they have mountains of problems,such as forced land occupation,lack of security and minority characteristics.Above all,forced political separation has gradually drowned them in the abysmal pit of marginal destiny.This has turned them into exiles in their own land.As a result,many of them are being forced to leave the country and as a result they misplaced their native knowledge and technique to construct.Thus,this study will initially focus on to search for the distinctiveness of their settlement pattern and building construction techniques and lifestyle.Again,in view of their problems,knowledge and experiences concerning archetype,built and house pattern,this study will finally explain how Rakhains accumulate their every distinctiveness from history and for present and future invention.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41071116)Humanity and Social ScienceFoundation of Ministry of Education(No.09YJC790225,11YJA630008)
文摘This paper principally focuses on the morphological differences,spatial pattern and regional types of rural settlements in Xuzhou City of Jiangsu Province in China.Using satellite images of Xuzhou City taken in 2007 and 2008 and models of exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) and spatial metrics,the paper conducts a quantitative analysis of the morphological pattern of rural settlements,and finds significant characteristics.First,rural settlements in Xuzhou City are significantly agglomerated in terms of their spatial distribution;meanwhile,there is significant variation in the geographical density distribution.Second,the scale of rural settlements in Xuzhou City is larger than the average in Jiangsu Province,and the histogram of the scale data is more even and more like a gamma distribution.There are a significant high-value cluster in the scale distribution,and local negative correlation between the scale and density distribution of rural settlements in Xuzhou City.Third,the morphology of rural settlements in Xuzhou City shows relative regularity with good connection and integrity,but the spatial variation of the morphology is anisotropic.Finally,according to the characteristics of density,scale,and form of rural settlements,the rural settlements of Xuzhou City are divided into three types:A high-density and point-scattered type,a low-density and cluster-like type and a mass-like and sparse type.The research findings could be used as the scientific foundation for rural planning and community rebuilding,particularly in less-developed areas.
文摘The study examined the growth pattern of settlements in Oke-Ogun area of Oyo State, Nigeria between 1984 and 2011;and predicted the future growth pattern of settlements in the study area. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Primary sources of data include Global Positioning System (GPS), Landsat TM and ETM+ imageries of 1984, 1990, 2000, and 2011. Secondary data included administrative map and population data of the study area. Descriptive statistics and geospatial technique were used to analyse the data collected. The results showed a random pattern of settlement distribution in the study area. Results revealed that settlements covered about 0.52% of the total land area in 1984;1.32% in 2000;and 3.78% in 2011. Whereas linear pattern of growth characterised the periods between 1984 and 1990;clustering, infilling, and fringes were the patterns of growth that characterised the periods between 1990 and 2011. The study predicted that, at an average 1.2% of annual growth rate, settlements will occupy about 44.37% of the total land area by 2031. The study concluded that settlements in the study area varied in the patterns of distribution;the area was dominated by indigenous settlements type with overconcentration of social and economic infrastructures in few centres.
文摘Humans are always effect to their surroundings,which makes it possible to create habitable environments and create habitat patterns that fit the surrounding environment.The interaction between human being and environment either in the form of human effect on the environment or the environment effect on the human,cannot be considered out of the environment.According to this approach in archaeology,environmental factors have an important role in assessing settlements in each period.In addition to the recognition of the degree of environmental impact,this approach makes the degree of adaptation of the habitats with the dominant environmental conditions possible.As geospatial tools become more powerful,GIS archaeology has evolved as well,making it possible to visualize ancient settlements and analyze changes in the use of space over time.By incorporating historic map data,physical details of an area’s landscape and known information about past inhabitants,archaeologists can accurately predict the positions of sites with cultural,historical relevance.In this research Iron Age III(800-550 B.C)sites in the west and northwest of Isfahan were studied via GIS.The area studied is one of the most important but unknown areas of archaeological research due to its location in the center of the Iranian plateau and a link between the north-west and the south-west of the country.The environmental characteristics of the studied area have attracted the attention of humans since ancient times.Therefore,it was considered necessary to conduct archaeological excavations.To achieve this goal,the area was first studied archaeologically.As a result of this survey,approximately 50 ancient sites were identified which included the statistical population used for analysis.The effect of environmental variables including altitude,slope(percentage and direction),climate,geological structure,distances and proximity to water resources,land use and proximity to communication paths on the distribution of settlements in the study area was investigated.Through analytical-descriptive method,the factors affecting the formation and distribution of the establishment patterns of the period in question were examind.After analyzing the information and maps,the results indicated that among all the factors,three environmental factors were the most important in the formation of ancient settlements of the Iron Age III era in the west and northwest of Isfahan:factors relating to water resources,proximity to communication paths,and slope percentage and direction.
文摘Bangladesh is enriched with beautiful traditional indigenous cultures.Different indigenous peoples with their distinctive existences also considerably create an enhance values and lifestyles to the socio-cultural sectors of Bangladesh[1].Habitually,these indigenous communities have been comparable to live a large combined family to shear their lifestyles[2].Presently the country has 45 indigenous communities who are living in different locations.All indigenous people within this country have their own style to build their settlements with special techniques to keep them safe and sound from all types of natural and environmental vulnerabilities and also enhance their knowledge of construction techniques and lifestyle.Rakhain is one of them with very small number of people are still living in different regions within the country which have their own system of building techniques.Study found that for several hundreds of years Rakhains are strictly following their indigenous prescription of house and settlement pattern.Although like other indigenous people of this country,they have mountains of problems,such as forced land occupation,lack of security and minority characteristics.Above all,forced political separation has gradually drowned them in the abysmal pit of marginal destiny.This has turned them into exiles in their own land.As a result,many of them are being forced to leave the country and as a result they misplaced their native knowledge and technique to construct.Thus,this study will initially focus on to search for the distinctiveness of their settlement pattern and building construction techniques and lifestyle.Again,in view of their problems,knowledge and experiences concerning archetype,built and house pattern,this study will finally explain how Rakhains accumulate their every distinctiveness from history and for present and future invention.
