Spatial-temporal differentiation and influencing factors of rural settlements in mountainous areas: an example of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Southwestern China

Rural settlement is the basic spatial unit for compact communities in rural area. Scientific exploration of spatial-temporal differentiation and its influencing factors is the premise of spatial layout rationalization. Based on land use data of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture(hereinafter referred to as Liangshan Prefecture) in Sichuan Province, China from 1980 to 2020, compactness index, fractal dimension, imbalance index, location entropy and the optimal parameters-based geographical detector(OPGD) model are used to analyze the spatial-temporal evolution of the morphological characteristics of rural settlements, and to explore the influence of natural geographical factors, socioeconomic factors, and policy factors on the spatial differentiation of rural settlements. The results show that:(1) From 1980 to 2020, the rural settlements area in Liangshan Prefecture increased by 15.96 km^(2). In space, the rural settlements are generally distributed in a local aggregation, dense in the middle and sparse around the periphery. In 2015, the spatial density and expansion index of rural settlements reached the peak.(2) From 1980 to 2020, the compactness index decreased from 0.7636 to 0.7496, the fractal dimension increased from 1.0283 to 1.0314, and the fragmentation index decreased from 0.1183 to 0.1047. The spatial morphological structure of rural settlements tended to be loose, the shape contour tended to be complex, the degree of fragmentation decreased, and the spatial distribution was significantly imbalanced.(3) The results of OPGD detection in 2015 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2371) > traffic accessibility(0.2098) > population(0.1403) > regional GDP(0.1325) > elevation(0.0987) > poverty alleviation(0). The results of OPGD detection in 2020 show that the influence of each factor is slope(0.2339) > traffic accessibility(0.2198) > population(0.1432) > regional GDP(0.1219) > poverty alleviation(0.0992) > elevation(0.093). Natural geographical factors(slope and elevation) are the basic factors affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements, and rural settlements are widely distributed in the river valley plain and the second half mountain area. Socioeconomic factors(traffic accessibility, population, and regional GDP) have a greater impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements, which is an important factor affecting the spatial distribution of rural settlements. Policy factors such as poverty alleviation relocation have an indispensable impact on the spatial distribution of rural settlements. The research results can provide decisionmaking basis for the spatial arrangement of rural settlements in Liangshan Prefecture, and optimize the implementation of rural revitalization policies.

Impact of human settlements quality on urban vitality based on multisource data:A case study of Shahekou District,Dalian,China

Urban geography has always been concerned about the influence of human settlements on urban vitality,but few studies reveal the influence of human settlements on urban vitality at a micro-scale.This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics of human settlements’quality and urban vitality at the micro-scale using Geodetectors and geographic weighted regression to analyze the relationship between human settlements and urban vitality.The results are shown as follows:there is still a significant development space for human settlements quality in Shahekou District,with obvious spatial dependence characteristics and significant gaps between various systems;the urban vitality of Shahekou District has obvious timeliness,and the urban vitality undergoes significant changes over time,which is related to the human settlements quality.The spatial distribution presents a single core spatial distribution structure with strong relative stability.The spatial distribution of cold and hot spots shows a pattern of“high in the north and low in the south,high in the east and low in the west”,with an increasing trend from southwest to northeast;the reachability of public transport has a significant impact on urban vitality.Its synergy with other variables is the leading force forming the spatial distribution of urban vitality.The environmental system,support system and social system are the significant factors affecting the urban vitality of Shahekou District.

Spatial Protection and Development of Traditional Mountain Settlements from the Perspective of Self-organization : A Case Study of Anju Ancient Town in Tongliang District, Chongqing

Through literature research, field research and urban design analysis methods, based on the self-organization theory, the evolution characteristics of the settlement space of Anju Ancient Town with significant characteristics of traditional mountain settlements were analyzed, and then its internal and external influencing factors were summarized. Finally, appropriate protection and development strategies were proposed, such as reasonably planning functional zones, breaking through the single structure, and creating a good living cultural environment. The innovation of this study is that it integrates the self-organization theory into the cognition of traditional mountain settlement space, and discusses the connection between the mountain settlement space and the traditional regional context under the modern development concept, so as to seek the benign protection and reasonable development of traditional mountain settlement space.

Spatiotemporal Interaction Between Rural Settlements and Cultivated Land in Karst Mountainous Area,China

Settlements and cultivated land are important production and living spaces in promoting rural revitalization.However,few studies have explored the relationship between rural settlements and cultivated land from spatiotemporal interaction perspective.This paper analyzed the spatiotemporal conversion and the interactive mechanism between rural settlements and cultivated land in a karst mountainous area(Qixingguan District of Guizhou Province)with fragile ecological environment in China during 2009–2018.The results showed that the expansion of rural settlements and the loss of cultivated land coexisted in Qixingguan District.Only 2.68%of the new cultivated land was reclaimed from rural settlements,whereas 85.45%of the new rural settlements occupied cultivated land.Six spatial expansion modes of rural settlements when occupying cultivated land were identified.Among these six modes,the area of the edge-expansion&along traffic roads(EA)mode accounted for 52.75%.The occupation by rural settlements made the cultivated land landscape more fragmented.The area ratio index of cultivated land to rural settlements(ARICR)of Qixingguan District averaged 18.75in 2009 and 17.21 in 2018,respectively.The ARICR reduced in all township administrative regions.Cultivated land with suitable slope condition for farming or without rocky desertification was more likely to be occupied by rural settlements.The probability of cultivated land occupied by rural settlements increased with the decrease of the distance to traffic roads,towns,and old rural settlements.The better the economic and social development of the township administrative regions,the more the ARICR decreased,while the richer the agricultural resources and the better the rural development of the township administrative regions,the less the ARICR decreased.The optimal reconstruction path of rural settlements,the comprehensive conservation path of cultivated land and the urban-rural integration development path in karst mountainous area were proposed.The findings would contribute to our understanding of the spatiotemporal interaction between rural settlements and cultivated land,and would provide a theoretical basis for promoting the coordinated development of rural man-land relationship and rural revitalization in karst areas.

Naming and Distribution of Traditional Mountain Settlements in Mentougou in Western Beijing

Settlement naming is an important carrier of settlement society and culture,carries regional culture,historical information,beliefs and other information,and is an important clue to understand regional culture and development characteristics.In this paper,the naming of traditional mountain settlements in Mentougou in western Beijing was studied through literature review and field research,and the correlation between the naming and distribution characteristics of the settlements was discussed to provide reference for the protection and construction of mountain settlements in Mentougou.

Climate Change Adaptation and Historic Settlements: Evidence from the Old Town of Corfu

The Old Town of Corfu is an excellent example of a historic town and a World Heritage Site, distinguished by its authentic and unique character, as reflected in its Venetian-era fortifications and extensive historic building stock. Simultaneously, the Old Town of Corfu is also a vibrant modern city vulnerable to various pressures, including climate change. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of climate change on this modern city monument, assess its vulnerability using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s methodology, and develop a comprehensive set of adaptation proposals. The methodology of this paper is based on the analysis of climate data for the Old Town of Corfu, from which the assessment of the extreme weather events and climate changes that pose the greatest threat to the Old Town and the assessment of its vulnerability to these threats are derived. The dense geometrical characteristics of the city’s structure, the intense pathology observed in the materials and structures of the historic building stock, problems in the existing electromechanical infrastructure, and the poor management of issues such as increased tourism and heavy traffic congestion are the primary factors that make the Old Town of Corfu vulnerable to the effects of climate change.

Research on Spatial Distribution of Settlements in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River

Under the background of the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the settlements in the upper reaches of the Min River are significantly affected by the mountain environment, and their spatial distribution is typical and representative. In this study, the relationship between settlements and topography, rivers and transportation, and the spatial distribution patterns of settlements, such as the aggregation and orientation characteristics of settlements, have been studied. The main conclusions include: 1) The settlement density decreases with the increase of elevation, slope, and distance from rivers and roads;76.25% and 63.17% of the settlements are distributed in the range of elevation 1500 - 3000 m and slope 6° - 25°, the upper reaches of the Min River are mostly alpine valley terrain, the bottom of the river has a low altitude, the landscape is undulating. The warm and humid climate is suitable for farming, conducive to agricultural production, and an ideal living environment for mountain residents. 2) The nuclear density of the settlement is distributed in strips along the axis of the river, and the closer to the river, the greater the nuclear density value. 3) Mathematical statistical methods were applied for the first time to realize the quantitative expression of the coupling of settlement and river direction. The influence of topographic conditions in different watersheds on the coupling degree of settlement extension and river flow direction was revealed. The slope of the fitted straight line between the settlement and river direction was 0.897, and the two directions were consistent. Except for the mainstream of the Min River, the larger values of the standard deviation ellipse flattening of settlements in each basin appeared in the upper reaches of the bay, and the overall trend showed a gradual decrease from the upstream to the downstream, which was consistent with the topographic change characteristics of the basin.

秦望广场塔楼沉降后浇带提前封闭技术研究

研究目的:带超高层物业开发的大型地下综合体,为了不影响裙房和地下室提前投入使用,需要研究超高层建筑沉降后浇带提前封闭可行性,通过杭州富阳秦望广场通道工程实际项目,采用有限元整体建模分析,提出了残余沉降差计算方法,利用试桩静载试验P-S曲线确定了桩基线刚度参数,推导出沉降后浇带提前封闭楼层,通过实际监测数据,对理论计算结果进行对比验证。研究结论:(1)试桩线刚度与单桩承载力特征值比值在76~119之间,与传统经验值100倍单桩承载力特征值相比,试桩结果离散性较大;(2)塔楼总沉降量与楼层数关系不大,与桩基线刚度取值关系较大;(3)塔楼桩基采用相同线刚度,楼层数与总沉降量成正比;(4)塔楼沉降呈线性发展趋势,理论计算与监测数据基本一致,因成桩工艺控制不稳定,导致工程桩线刚度有离散性,理论计算沉降速率与监测相比均偏小,导致后浇带提前封闭楼层判断有误差;(5)本研究成果可为超高层建筑提前封闭沉降后浇带设计提供参考。

基于静力水准的采空区地表变形监测及误差分析

目前,采空区上方的地表沉降变形监测主要采用人工水准仪测量,该方法效率低、成本高、周期长,且无法实现自动化实时监测。为解决上述问题,引入静力水准自动化监测技术,在分析静力水准自动化监测工作原理及监测系统构成的基础上,对其可靠性、误差来源及消除方法进行了深入探讨,最后结合条带采空区上方地表监测实例从监测方案、测点布置、数据分析等多个角度进行了系统研究。研究结果表明:该技术能够满足条带采空区上方地表沉降变形自动化监测的要求,可为相关监测工作提供技术支撑。

考虑侧向刚柔边界约束的黄土填方路基沉降计算方法

提出一种新的考虑刚柔边界约束和侧向变形的黄土填方路基沉降计算方法。基于自主研发的三向加载设备和室内压缩试验,分析不同竖向加载方式和不同侧向约束对土体竖向及侧向变形的影响,提出考虑土体压实度和围压的边界影响系数,建立压实黄土侧向应变模型,给出考虑刚柔边界条件和侧向变形的黄土路基沉降计算方法。研究结果表明:边界影响系数与路基压实度和围压都呈正相关,且刚柔约束边界对黄土压缩性指标的影响程度最高能达到40%。提出的竖向和三向边界影响系数综合考虑了路基压实度、侧向围压以及边界条件的影响。利用工程实例验证了新模型计算方法的准确性和实用性,提高了传统分层总和法的精度。

乡村旅游与农村人居环境的耦合协调关系及障碍因子诊断——以山西省为例

在构建乡村旅游与农村人居环境评价指标体系的基础上,运用层次分析法、耦合协调度模型等定量分析山西省11个地级市乡村旅游与农村人居环境的耦合协调关系,运用障碍度模型对其耦合协调关系的障碍因子进行诊断。结果表明:(1)各地级市乡村旅游水平、农村人居环境水平的区域差距较大,且二者之间存在明显的空间错位。(2)晋中、临汾和运城为中度耦合协调级乡村旅游领先型,晋城、长治和吕梁为中度耦合协调级同步型,太原和阳泉为中度耦合协调级乡村旅游滞后型,忻州和大同为勉强耦合协调级同步型,朔州为初级耦合协调级乡村旅游滞后型。(3)基础设施、公共服务、产业机构是限制山西省乡村旅游与农村人居环境耦合协调发展的关键障碍因子,且7个维度的障碍分布状况差异较大,各地级市的关键障碍因子并不一致。(4)山西省今后应加强基础设施建设、提升公共服务水平和优化乡村旅游供给,并结合各区域的耦合协调关系及障碍因子状况,采取合理措施推动乡村旅游与农村人居环境持续协调发展。

考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降动态特性研究

基于桩基运动控制方程,对荷载作用下的桩基沉降动态特性进行了研究。首先,考虑桩土间黏滞与滑动两种接触状态,建立了一种考虑侧阻软化及侧阻恢复的桩土相互作用模型;然后采用该模型及修正三折线模型分别模拟桩与桩侧土以及桩端土间的相互作用,结合有限差分法建立了考虑桩土间黏滑机制的桩基沉降分析方法;最后,基于建立的桩基受荷沉降分析方法,研究了桩基沉降的黏滑动态特性以及桩身的力学特性,并讨论了桩土相互作用模型中的参数对桩基沉降动态特性的影响。结果表明:当桩顶荷载接近桩基单级加载极限值,桩基沉降表现出黏滞位移与快速滑动位移交替的动态特性;桩身力学响应表现出加载路径相关性,与单级加载相比,分级加载时桩侧摩阻力能得到更好发挥,桩基极限承载力更高;提出的分析方法能够较好地模拟桩基静载试验沉降过程。

“住有所居”对流动人口定居意愿的影响--基于非正规产权房的视角

流动人口及其家庭在城镇安居是新型城镇化进程中流动人口市民化的重要内容,探索影响其定居城镇的决定因素具有十分重要的理论和现实意义。基于2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据,从住有所居的视角出发,探讨非正规的产权住房--小产权房对流动人口定居意愿的影响。研究发现:第一,小产权房通过其价格低廉化和在购买后形成的事实性占有提高了流动人口的定居意愿,但在现实中仍应高度警惕和重视小产权房对流动人口完整市民化和正规房地产市场健康运作带来的诸多负面挑战;第二,小产权房对流动人口定居意愿的“锁定”效应存在显著的群体异质性,在法律意识淡薄和对廉价住房需求高的“初中”“收入低”“老一代”流动人口群体中的影响作用更加明显,说明经济地位偏低和法律风险感知能力弱的流动人口在面对小产权房的低廉性时更容易作出“非理性”选择。这一结果预示着提供可负担的保障性住房和稳定城市住房价格,将附着在小产权房上的“廉价保障房”功能剥离开来,可能是解决小产权房问题行之有效的方式;同时,在治理和整顿存量小产权房时,要对蜗居其中的弱势流动人口群体予以充分的人文关怀,找寻保障弱势流动人口群体的住房权益与解决小产权房问题之间的平衡点和兼容性。

上覆软弱路基加固对既有地铁隧道沉降的影响规律

为研究道路施工引起下方既有地铁隧道的沉降问题,在地铁隧道上方斜穿施工道路的基础上,进行了现场隧道沉降变形实测研究,分析了道路在路基注浆加固、路床和路面结构层施工阶段中地铁隧道的沉降曲线。建立地铁隧道-土体-道路模型对道路施工的注浆加固过程及路床和路面结构层施工进行模拟,通过比较地铁隧道沉降计算结果与现场实测值,验证了该精细化模型的准确性。基于此,分析了路床和路面结构层总施工厚度、道路土体性质、隧道下卧土层、隧道衬砌强度等关键参数对地铁隧道的沉降影响规律。结果表明:地铁隧道的沉降值与施工厚度呈正相关关系;道路的存在对隧道的沉降影响越小,其弹性模量和泊松比对地铁隧道沉降几乎没有影响;卧土层的弹性模量越大,土层越不易变形,且地铁隧道沉降越小;衬砌弹性模量增大对地铁隧道沉降影响反而越小。

商贸驱动下汕头港市聚落的形成与形态研究

港市聚落是海岸带上因港而兴的典型商贸聚落,自古以来是海内外文化交流与商贸往来的重要桥梁。我国近代通商口岸汕头是粤东韩江流域的重要港市,其对国家贸易网络和潮汕城镇体系都产生了重要影响。以汕头港市聚落形态为研究对象,借助历史地图、经济史和地方志等相关资料,通过历史地图转译和建筑类型学等方法,梳理韩江三角洲港市群的演替规律和汕头的历史空间脉络,并着重探究以商贸为主导机制、通过自下而上的力量形成的民国初期的汕头港市聚落形态,从选址规律、空间结构和街巷体系等方面总结其形态特征,挖掘海港人居环境营建的智慧与多元文化价值,为港市聚落发展规划及遗产保护提供科学依据。

基于InSAR-COMSOL的露天矿边坡稳定性分析及形变预测

露天矿地表形变特征的快速、准确分析及形变趋势精准预测是推进矿山绿色安全生产的重要保障。针对当前形变监测技术存在的时空采样率低、成本高,预测模型参数难确定等问题,以东鞍山露天铁矿为工程背景,提出了一种融合短基线子集干涉测量(SBAS-InSAR)技术和COMSOL有限元模拟的边坡稳定性分析和形变预测一体化方法。首先,利用SBAS-InSAR技术处理2018年5月—2020年6月获取的62景Sentinel-1A升轨SAR数据,获取了该区域2 a内地表形变时间序列,分析了其形变时空演化特征。然后,采用COMSOL Multiphysics软件模拟外界强降雨影响下的典型沉降区域边坡稳定性状况,探讨了坡体损伤裂化规律及形变机理。基于此,利用粒子群算法(PSO)优化长短期时间记忆(LSTM)网络,搭建了形变时序预测最优模型,开展典型沉降区的形变时序预测,并引入平均绝对误差和均方根误差作为预测精度评价指标。结果表明:矿区西部沉降相对严重,年均沉降速率高达47.8 mm/a,形变速率与区域降雨量存在显著相关性。相较于传统形变预测模型,PSO-LSTM模型的2种误差至少降低了14%和36%,且能够有效反映采区地表形变波动趋势,为滑坡灾前预警提供了新思路。

基于北斗系统的地表与地下一体式沉降监测新方法

为实现对地质灾害易发区地表沉降与地下沉降的同步、实时、自动监测,研发了基于北斗系统的地质体地表与地下一体化沉降监测新方法。该方法融合了北斗系统、静力水准仪、分层沉降标等沉降监测技术,监测原理如下:在稳定区域设置北斗基准点,在监测区域设置工作基点与监测点;工作基点处的北斗卫星接收机与静力水准仪安装至同一桩上,北斗卫星接收机观测工作基点处静力水准仪的绝对沉降;监测点处的静力水准仪与分层沉降标同轴连接,分层沉降标将深层沉降引至地面由静力水准仪观测;北斗系统与静力水准系统同步采集数据,数据经时间同步后分别得到工作基点和监测点的绝对沉降量。该新方法成功解决了大面积沉降监测中面临的非稳定工作基点校测问题,实现了对地质体地表与地下沉降的远程和实时监测。

东秦岭传统村落的景观基因与意象表达——基于11个村落的调研

基于对东秦岭地区11个传统村落的实地考察,研究了该地区传统村落的形成与演化、景观基因及其意象表达,讨论了传统村落所蕴含的古人对人地关系的认识,以及传统村落对乡村振兴与乡村现代化的意义。得到:东秦岭传统村落有世居型和移居型两类,以移居型为主,移居型传统村落按成因不同可分为避乱型、军转型、明志型、生产型4种。东秦岭传统村落的演化受外族群迁入、匪寇侵扰、生产生活方式转变等因素影响,至今仍在发展演化中。东秦岭传统村落的景观基因包括自然景观基因和人文景观基因,其在宏观上依赖自然,在微观上改造自然,呈现因山就势、依水而建、四面围合、家族维系的特征。对应于中国传统村落的基本意象,其中的山水意象和生态意象本质上是古人自然观、生态观的反映,宗族意象和趋吉意象本质上是古人对生存与发展问题思考的反映,而东秦岭传统村落的基本意象为“崇文向善一围落,掩映青山绿水间”。

北京丰台站改扩建项目分期施工沉降变形分析

为确保丰台站改扩建施工期间既有铁路运输线不受影响,项目划分为3个施工区域,分两期先后施工,并于分期施工衔接部位设置了沉降后浇带。车站主体以现浇混凝土框架结构为主,后浇带的存在严重制约后期施工进度。为此,采用有限元计算软件PLAXIS3D对地层、结构及施工步序精细化建模,进行上部结构-基础-地基的协同沉降变形计算分析。分析结果显示,后浇带两侧因后期施工引起的差异沉降满足规范及设计要求,据此取消了沉降后浇带,为保证施工工期创造了条件。项目沉降监测数据及运行状况表明协同分析预测结果可靠,可供类似工程参考。

基于多域物理信息神经网络的复合地层隧道掘进地表沉降预测

复合地层中盾构掘进诱发地表沉降的准确预测是隧道工程安全建设与施工决策的关键问题。基于隧道施工诱发地层变形机制构建隧道收敛变形与掘进位置的联系,并将其耦合至深度神经网络(deep neural network,简称DNN)框架,建立了预测盾构掘进诱发地层变形的物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network,简称PINN)模型。针对隧道上覆多个地层的地质特征,提出了多域物理信息神经网络(multi-physics-informed neural network,简称MPINN)模型,实现了在统一的框架内对不同地层的物理信息分区域表达。结果表明:MPINN模型高度还原了有限差分法的计算结果,可以准确预测复合地层中隧道开挖诱发的地表沉降;由于融入了物理机制,MPINN模型对隧道施工诱发地表沉降的问题具有普适性,可应用于不同地质和几何条件下隧道诱发地表沉降的预测;基于工程实测数据,提出的MPINN模型准确预测了监测断面的地表沉降曲线,可为复合地层下盾构掘进过程中地表沉降的预测预警提供参考。