Aim: To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles' contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters. Methods: Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to isc...Aim: To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles' contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters. Methods: Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscle stimulation was studied in 17 healthy volunteers (10 men, 7 women, mean aged 38.3 ± 11.6 years). The test was repeated after individual anesthetization of anal sphincters and the two cavernosus muscles,and after using saline instead of lidocaine. Results: Upon stimulation of each of the two cavernosus muscles,external and internal anal sphincters recorded increased electromyographic activity. Anal sphincters did not respond to stimulation of the anesthetized cavernosus muscles nor did anesthetized anal sphincters respond to cavernosus muscles' stimulation. Saline infiltration did not affect anal sphincteric response to cavernosal muscles' stimulation.Conclusion: Cavernosus muscles' contraction is suggested to evoke anal sphincteric contraction, which seems to be a reflex and mediated through the "cavernoso-anal reflex". Anal sphincteric contraction during coitus presumably acts to close the anal canal to thwart flatus or fecal leak.展开更多
Aim:To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles'contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters.Methods:Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to ischio...Aim:To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles'contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters.Methods:Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscle stimulation was studied in 17 healthy volunteers(10 men.7 women,mean aged 38.3± 11.6 years).The test was repeated after individual anesthetization of anal sphincters and the two cavernosus muscles, and after using saline instead of lidocaine.Results:Upon stimulation of each of the two cavernosus muscles, external and internal anal sphincters recorded increased electromyographic activity.Anal sphincters did not respond to stimulation of the anesthetized cavernosus muscles nor did anesthetized anal sphincters respond to cavernosus muscles'stilnulation.Saline infiltration did not affect anal sphincteric response to cavernosal muscles'stimulation. Conclusion:Cavernosus muscles'contraction is suggested to evoke anal sphincteric contraction,which seems to be a reflex and mediated through the'cavernoso-anal reflex'.Anal sphincteric contraction during coitus presumably acts to close the anal canal to thwart flatus or fecal leak.展开更多
在S v Ncanywa一案的影响下,南非于1993年颁布了《反家庭暴力法》,废除了"婚内无奸"规则。但是,法院往往很难认定妻子是否"同意"性交,从而认定丈夫是否构成强奸罪。在南非学者和女权主义者的推动下,南非法律委员会...在S v Ncanywa一案的影响下,南非于1993年颁布了《反家庭暴力法》,废除了"婚内无奸"规则。但是,法院往往很难认定妻子是否"同意"性交,从而认定丈夫是否构成强奸罪。在南非学者和女权主义者的推动下,南非法律委员会开始着手对强奸罪进行改革。改革的重点集中在三个方面:首先,强调对被害人心理的保护;其次,重视强奸罪中的暴力因素;最后,扩大强奸行为的外延。随后,南非国民议会颁布《性犯罪法》,彻底改变了强奸罪的构成要素,确定了强奸罪的法定刑。根据新法,强奸罪侵犯的法益具有性权利和尊严权的双重性,强奸是一种行为犯。展开更多
文摘Aim: To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles' contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters. Methods: Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscle stimulation was studied in 17 healthy volunteers (10 men, 7 women, mean aged 38.3 ± 11.6 years). The test was repeated after individual anesthetization of anal sphincters and the two cavernosus muscles,and after using saline instead of lidocaine. Results: Upon stimulation of each of the two cavernosus muscles,external and internal anal sphincters recorded increased electromyographic activity. Anal sphincters did not respond to stimulation of the anesthetized cavernosus muscles nor did anesthetized anal sphincters respond to cavernosus muscles' stimulation. Saline infiltration did not affect anal sphincteric response to cavernosal muscles' stimulation.Conclusion: Cavernosus muscles' contraction is suggested to evoke anal sphincteric contraction, which seems to be a reflex and mediated through the "cavernoso-anal reflex". Anal sphincteric contraction during coitus presumably acts to close the anal canal to thwart flatus or fecal leak.
文摘Aim:To prove the hypothesis that cavernosus muscles'contraction during coitus affects the reflex contraction of anal sphincters.Methods:Electromyographic response of external and internal anal sphincters to ischiocavernosus and bulbocavernosus muscle stimulation was studied in 17 healthy volunteers(10 men.7 women,mean aged 38.3± 11.6 years).The test was repeated after individual anesthetization of anal sphincters and the two cavernosus muscles, and after using saline instead of lidocaine.Results:Upon stimulation of each of the two cavernosus muscles, external and internal anal sphincters recorded increased electromyographic activity.Anal sphincters did not respond to stimulation of the anesthetized cavernosus muscles nor did anesthetized anal sphincters respond to cavernosus muscles'stilnulation.Saline infiltration did not affect anal sphincteric response to cavernosal muscles'stimulation. Conclusion:Cavernosus muscles'contraction is suggested to evoke anal sphincteric contraction,which seems to be a reflex and mediated through the'cavernoso-anal reflex'.Anal sphincteric contraction during coitus presumably acts to close the anal canal to thwart flatus or fecal leak.
文摘在S v Ncanywa一案的影响下,南非于1993年颁布了《反家庭暴力法》,废除了"婚内无奸"规则。但是,法院往往很难认定妻子是否"同意"性交,从而认定丈夫是否构成强奸罪。在南非学者和女权主义者的推动下,南非法律委员会开始着手对强奸罪进行改革。改革的重点集中在三个方面:首先,强调对被害人心理的保护;其次,重视强奸罪中的暴力因素;最后,扩大强奸行为的外延。随后,南非国民议会颁布《性犯罪法》,彻底改变了强奸罪的构成要素,确定了强奸罪的法定刑。根据新法,强奸罪侵犯的法益具有性权利和尊严权的双重性,强奸是一种行为犯。