Sex Determination and Sexual Organ Differentiation in Flowering Plants

The research in the genetics of sex determination and the differentiation of reproductive organs in flowering plants has long been a topic in recent years. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control sex determination in flower- ing plants relies on detailed studies of the differentiation of sexual organs. Current theories about sex chromosomes have illuminated the mechanisms of plant sex determination. In addition, recent progress in cloning floral homeotic genes which regulate the identity of the floral organs has generated molecular markers to compare the developmental programs of male, female and hermaphrodite flowers in several species. In this review, the authors focus attention on these recent findings and provide a brief overview of the genetics of plant sex determination and the mechanism of sex determination gene expression and gene programs.

Effects of the Mixture of <i>Erigeron floribundus</i>(<i>Asteraceae</i>) and <i>Tragia benthamii</i>(<i>Euphorbiaceae</i>) on the Growth and Architecture of Estrogen-Sensitive Sexual Organs

The mixture of Erigeron floribundus and Tragia benthamii (AEMEFTB) is traditionally used against pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea and female sexual dysfunctions. In a recent study, we showed that the aqueous extract of the mixture of AEMEFTB suppresses the endometrium growth in rats with experimental endometriosis. The present study was aimed at investigating the effects of AEMEFTB on estrogen’s sensitive sexual organs growth and architecture. Immature gonado-intact female rats were randomly distributed into 7 groups of 5 animals each and daily treated during one week with either distilled water (10 ml/kg), refined palm oil (1 ml/kg) or 17β-estradiol (1 μg/day). Plant extract groups received aqueous extract of AEMEFTB at 130 or 260 mg/kg. The remaining groups were co-administered with 17β-estradiol (1 μg) plus 130 or 260 mg/kg of the plant mixture. Moreover, thirty-five immature female rats were bilaterally ovariectomized, then left and treated as before. Five other females, considered as sham animals, orally received distilled water (10 ml/kg). The body weight of each animal was recorded daily and at the end of the treatment (day 8), animals were sacrificed under anesthesia, and the vaginas, uteruses and ovaries (if any) were collected for analysis. Treatment with AEMEFTB did not affect the ovarian weight and architecture in gonado-intact immature female rats. However, a moderate increase of the uterine weight was recorded in animals treated with plant mixture at the high dose (260 mg/kg). On the contrary, a drop in the uterine growth index and total plasmatic proteins was observed in immature females co-administered with the extract and estradiol. Results from this work showed that the mixture of Erigeron floribundus and Tragia benthamii possesses a weak but observable estrogen-mimetic potential.

Prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction among Women with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Diagnosed by Pisq-12 and Related Factors in Hung Vuong Hospital, Vietnam

Pelvic organ prolapsed is a common problem today, and it has been gradually increasing because of the longevity of women. Pelvic organ prolapse can result in negative psychological feelings that affect on women’s sexual activity. Methods: There is a cross-sectional study on sexual dysfunction in 296 women with pelvic organ prolapse grade II and III followed up at gynecological-pelvic floor unit of Hung Vuong hospital from 09/2017 to 06/2018. Results: The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction in PISQ-12 was 76.4% and 95% CI [71.6 - 81.2]. The rate of female sexual dysfunction in turn is: 1) Behavioral-Emotional: 93.6% 95% CI [90.8 - 96.4]. 2) Physiology: 62.2% CI 95% [56.7 - 67.7]. 3) Relationship to partner: 89.5% 95% CI [86.0 - 93.0]. Factor related to sexual dysfunction in women with pelvic organs (p < 0.05) is general sexual dysfunction: 1) Age group: women over age 55 increased generally the risk of sexual dysfunction, OR = 5.89, 95% CI [1.38 - 25.20]. 2) Diabetes mellitus increased the risk of sexual dysfunction with OR = 5.03, 95% CI [1.42 - 17.82]. 3) Patients with previous abortions reduced the risk of sexual dysfunction with OR = 0.49 95% CI [0.27 - 0.90]. Conclusion: Research on quality of life in pelvic organ prolapse should be considered more in the future.

Effects of Boesenbergia rotunda （L.） Mansf. on sexual behaviour of male rats

Aim： To study the effects of Boesenbergia rotunda （Krachai） on sexual behaviour in male albino rats. Methods： Thirty-two male Wistar rats were equally divided into four groups： experimental groups were gavaged with the ethanolic extract of the rhizome of B. rotunda at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg and a control group received distilled water, for 60 days. Sexual behaviour, reproductive organs, diameter of seminiferous tubule, epididymal sperm density, and androgenic hormones were evaluated. Results： Within 30-min observation, there was no significant difference of courtship behaviour, mount frequency （MF）, intromission frequency （IF）, mount latency （ML）, intromission latency （IL）, copulatory efficiency or intercopulatory interval in male rats. In three 10-min intervals over a 30-min period, courtship behaviour and MF during the first 10-min were significantly higher than those in the second and third i0-min observation in all groups, whereas IF had no significant difference. All doses of B. rotunda extract significantly increased the relative testicular weight and the diameter of the seminiferous tubules. The dose of 60 mg/kg also significantly increased the relative weight of the seminal vesicle. Nevertheless, the sperm density, serum testosterone and androstenedione levels were not affected by the B. rotunda extract. Conclusion： B. rotunda does not affect sexual behaviour nor serum androgenic levels.

The influence of prolapse surgery on sexual activity of women

Aims: A prospective study to assess sexual activity in patients with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and evaluate changes in sexual functioning after surgery. Secondary outcomes were quality of life and anatomical results. Methods: Patients completed the validated Leiden Questionnaire (LQ) and the short form 36 (SF-36) pre- and two months postoperatively. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: 74 patients (average age 61.5 years) were approached, of whom 33.8% were sexually inactive due to other reasons than POP. 23 patients (average age 56.7 years) were included for further analysis. Postoperatively we found a significant improvement for orgasm during intercourse. The remaining domains didn’t change significantly. A trend is noted, indicating that sexual activity stayed unchanged in 82.6% of patients. Dyspareunia improved in 47.8% of patients, lubrication in 34.8% and sexual satisfaction in 40%. Quality of life improved in 73.9%. We found a significant improvement in POP grading. Conclusion: More than a third of the patients presenting with POP are not sexually active due to other reasons than POP. POP surgery appears to improve lubrication, dyspareunia, sexual satisfaction and orgasm during intercourse in a considerable part of patients. Furthermore, there’s no negative influence on sexual activity. POP surgery improves quality of life in the majority of patients.

性早熟女童锌营养状况与性激素水平及性器官发育的相关性研究

目的:探讨性早熟女童锌营养状况与性激素水平及性器官发育的相关性,为性早熟的防治提供新的思路。方法:采用方便抽样的方法,对2022年1月至2022年12月徐州医科大学淮安临床学院儿科门诊及住院收治的中枢性性早熟患儿102例(CPP组)和外周性性早熟患儿231例(PPP组)的临床资料进行研究。另从同期儿保门诊中选择100例健康体检儿童作为对照组。记录年龄、体质量指数等一般资料,完善血性激素、血清锌、胰岛素生长因子-1、子宫附件等检查。比较3组女童锌营养状况的差异,并分析性早熟女童锌营养状况与性激素、性器官发育水平的相关性。结果:CPP、PPP女童血清锌及尿锌水平高于对照组女童(P<0.001);CPP组女童血清锌水平与基础卵泡刺激素、泌乳素、雌二醇、子宫容积、卵巢容积水平呈正相关(r分别为0.52、0.57、0.48、0.52、0.50,P<0.05)。补锌与CPP、PPP的发生有相关性(OR分别为2.286、1.998,P<0.05)。结论:性早熟女童中普遍存在补锌问题,性早熟女童血清锌、尿锌水平普遍偏高,且血清锌水平与性早熟女童性激素水平及性器官发育呈正相关。

针灸治疗女性盆底功能障碍性疾病的临床研究进展

女性盆底功能障碍性疾病(pelvic floor dysfunction,PFD)是由于盆腔支持结构的损伤、退化或功能缺陷而引起的一类妇科疾病。其发病率随着女性年龄的增长而升高,是影响女性身心健康及生活质量的慢性疾病之一。文章通过查阅近年来针灸治疗PFD的文献,发现针灸在临床治疗PFD上应用广泛,不论是单纯针灸或是联合其他疗法,均具有显著的疗效,表明针灸治疗PFD有其独特的优越性。文章为针灸治疗这一疾病的深入研究及推广提供思路及依据。

阴道哑铃结合热敏灸、Kegel运动训练治疗产后盆底功能障碍的效果

目的分析阴道哑铃结合热敏灸、Kegel运动训练治疗产后盆底功能障碍(PFD)的效果。方法选择2021年1月至2023年12月诊治的PFD初产妇118例,依照随机抽签法分为观察组和对照组,每组59例。对照组采用阴道哑铃结合Kegel运动训练,观察组给予阴道哑铃结合热敏灸、Kegel运动训练。比较2组治疗效果,干预前后阴道收缩力、盆底肌力、盆底功能、女性性功能指数、尿失禁分级情况。结果观察组总有效率[98.31%(58/59)]高于对照组[84.75%(50/59)](P<0.05)。干预后,观察组阴道收缩力相关指标、盆底肌力、性功能指数均高于对照组(P<0.01);干预后,观察组盆底功能相关评分低于对照组(P<0.01);干预后,观察组尿失禁分级优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论PFD患者经阴道哑铃结合热敏灸、Kegel运动训练干预盆底肌力、盆底功能、尿失禁分级得到了改善,女性性功能指数、阴道收缩力得到了提升,效果较好。

青少年学生体像烦恼现状研究

采用自编的《青少年学生体像烦恼现状调查表》,对3121名大、中学生的形体烦恼、性别烦恼、性器官烦恼和容貌烦恼等进行抽样调查。研究表明:(1)22.3%青少年存在体像烦恼,且女性高于男性;(2)44.0%青少年肥胖指数异常,其中偏瘦的为33.7%,偏胖的为10.3%,前者男性高于女性,后者女性高于男性;(3)7.6%的学生存在形体烦恼,且女性多于男性;(4)8.9%的学生存在性别烦恼,且女性多于男性;(5)5.2%学生存在性器官烦恼,且男性多于女性;(6)5.1%学生存在容貌烦恼,男女之间没有差异。

小花风毛菊的性器官在青藏高原的海拔变异

小花风毛菊（Saussurea paniflora）是菊科风毛菊属的一种多年生草本植物，是该属在青藏高原东缘的一个优势种。该文研究了小花风毛菊11个居群性器官的变异与11个海拔高度（2100～3500m）之间的相关性，以及花丝、花药长和花柱、花柱分枝长与花粉数之间的相关性；探讨了小花风毛菊的性器官是如何随海拔高度发生变异，如何与胁迫环境相适应，实现交配成功，提高繁殖成功率，使其成为该属植物“现代分布中心”的优势种。结果表明：1）花丝、花药长与海拔高度呈极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01）；2）花粉数与海拔高度呈极显著的负相关关系（P〈0．01）；3）花柱、花柱分枝长及花柱分枝长和雌蕊长的比与海拔高度呈极显著的正相关关系（P〈0．01）；4）花柱、花柱分枝长和花丝长与花粉数呈显著的负相关关系（P〈0．05）；5）种子的成熟率与海拔高度呈显著的正相关关系（P〈0．05）。说明小花风毛菊种内性器官在特定的生存环境下发生了变异，特别是在花粉数随海拔的升高明显减少以及昆虫的多样性、丰富性和活动性明显降低的情况下，它能够通过花柱分枝长度的变异来提高柱头对传粉昆虫的感受性，能通过种子成熟率的提高来保证高海拔数目显著减少的种子的成功发育，进而在一定程度上导致了该物种繁殖成功率的上升，使它成为青藏高原这一胁迫环境中的优势种。

仙鹿胶囊对性功能的影响

仙鹿胶囊的处方是在六味地黄丸和五子衍宗丸处方的基础上加减而成。实验证实本方对慢性悬吊应激引起的雄鼠性功能障碍具有明显的防治作用。在骑跨、交配次数、精子计数和活动率以及对去势小鼠的精囊腺重量等方面，仙鹿胶囊组均明显高于对照组、六味地黄丸组和五子衍宗丸组，但对未成熟雌性大鼠性器官重量和血清雌二醇含量的影响不明显。

哈蟆油对生长及性器官的影响

哈蟆油对大黄、甘蓝大油致体虚小鼠体重减轻有明显抑制作用，而对正常小鼠体重无影响．对雌性幼年小鼠有促性成熟趋势（Ｐ＞０．０５），促进去势幼年大鼠前列腺、睾丸生长．

枸杞多糖对大鼠性器官及血清性激素水平的影响

目的:探讨枸杞多糖(LBP)对不同性别、不同月龄大鼠性激素和性器官的影响。方法:23只SD雌性成年大鼠(15月龄)、20只雌性幼年大鼠(1.5月龄)及19只雄性青年大鼠(5.5月龄),按给予枸杞多糖的不同剂量分别分为4组、2组和4组,灌胃给药,两周后测定大鼠性激素水平及性器官脏器系数。结果:LBP对雌性成年大鼠子宫和卵巢有增重趋势,200 mg/kg剂量组效果较好;对雌性幼年大鼠子宫和卵巢有显著增重作用;对雄性大鼠提肛肌具有显著增重作用,100 mg/kg剂量组增重作用更明显。LBP各给药组T,E2有下降趋势,但无统计学差异,可能属正常波动范围。结论:LBP对大鼠性器官有增重作用,对性激素在正常范围内维持在较低水平,其机制可能是通过增加受体表达和敏感性发挥效应。

紫苞雪莲花期繁殖分配及花部特征与海拔高度的相关分析

【目的】对不同海拔高度下的菊科风毛菊属植物紫苞雪莲(Saussurea iodostegia Hance)10个居群的花期繁殖器官特征和繁殖分配进行研究,为探讨紫苞雪莲如何与胁迫环境相适应及提高其繁殖分配率提供科学依据。【方法】2009-09,在位于青藏高原东缘的甘肃甘南藏族自治州,于不同海拔下(3 050,3 200,3 300,3 400,3 500,3 600,3 700,3 800,3 925,4 000m)采集10个居群的紫苞雪莲,每个居群取20株样品,测定紫苞雪莲的性器官长度、花粉数、个体大小及繁殖分配,并分析各个指标与海拔高度间的相关性。【结果】紫苞雪莲个体大小与海拔高度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),紫苞雪莲繁殖分配与海拔高度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),个体大小与繁殖分配呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),花药和花丝长度及花粉数与海拔高度呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),花柱长度与海拔高度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),花丝长度与花粉数呈显著正相关(P<0.05),花柱长度与花粉数呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。【结论】海拔高度对紫苞雪莲的个体大小及繁殖分配有重要影响,随着海拔升高,植株可获取的资源总量降低,分配给繁殖器官的相对资源量增加,并且在花粉数随着海拔的升高而减少的情况下,紫苞雪莲通过花柱长度的增加来提高柱头对传粉昆虫的感受性,从而在一定程度上提高了其繁殖成功率。

短期糖尿病雄鼠性腺重量和血糖、糖化血清蛋白、睾酮动态变化的分析

目的 :探讨短期糖尿病雄性大鼠血糖、糖化血清蛋白、血清睾酮和性腺重量的动态变化。方法 :Wistar雄性大鼠分为正常对照组 (C)和糖尿病组 (D)。糖尿病组分别观察 1、3、5、7及 14d。动物处死后 ,称量各性腺重量 ,检测血糖、糖化血清蛋白和血清睾酮。结果 :糖尿病组血糖、糖化血清蛋白水平显著升高 ,血清睾酮于链脲菌素 (STZ)注射 3d后显著下降。糖尿病组附睾、精囊腺、前列腺重量显著降低 ;精囊腺、前列腺重量与血糖、糖化血清蛋白负相关 ,与血清睾酮正相关。结论 :短期糖尿病雄鼠睾丸附睾、精囊腺和前列腺发生明显变化 。

钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂在性器官部位白癜风中的临床疗效及对TNF-α的影响

目的:观察钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂在性器官部位白癜风患者的临床效果及对机体TNF-α水平的影响。方法:选取2013年8月至2016年8月医院诊治的性器官部位白癜风患者100例,采用随机数字方法分为对照组(n=50)和观察组(n=50)。对照组采用窄谱中波紫外线照射治疗,观察组联合钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂治疗,采用平衡法利用r技术其对TNF-α水平进行测定,比较两组临床疗效及对TNF-α水平的影响。结果:两组治疗前皮损面积、色素积分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后皮损面积、色素积分、首次复色累及照射剂量、治疗次数少于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后TNF-α水平,显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组治疗后不良反应发生率为6.0%,显著低于对照组的12.0%(P<0.05)。结论:与窄谱中波紫外线照射治疗相比,性器官部位白癜风患者利用钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂治疗能降低TNF-α水平,值得推广应用。

四眼斑水龟雄性生殖器官的季节性变化

采用解剖学、组织学方法,分别在1月(冬季)、3月(春季)、8月(夏季)、10月(秋季),对24只四眼斑水龟的雄性生殖器官的季节性变化进行研究。结果表明:睾丸重量在夏季达到最大值,秋季开始逐渐下降,春季达到最小值。曲细精管直径和生精上皮高度与睾丸重的季节性变化相一致。睾丸组织切片观察,精子发生于夏季,秋季是精子活跃期,在交配的同时将精子释放。

巴西橡胶树性器官加倍技术的研究

利用秋水仙素对巴西橡胶树性器官进行加倍诱导，获得二倍性的大小孢子。研究结果表明：（1）处理后外部形态变异与器官加倍具有相关性。（2）采用包棉花法，秋水仙素浓度为0．25％，有较高的诱导率。（3）同一雄花各花药加倍可以同步，同一花药中花粉的加倍率可达100％。

阴股沟皮瓣的显微解剖学基础研究

目的明确阴股沟皮瓣的显微解剖基础。方法对11具(22侧)成人尸体阴股沟区进行显微解剖学研究。结果阴股沟区动脉血液供应充足,并且位置均比较恒定,其中以阴部外浅动脉和阴囊后动脉外侧支最为恒定。静脉回流丰富,神经支配可靠。结论阴股沟皮瓣血运丰富,解剖简便易行,切取方便,供区隐蔽,再造性器官外形及神经感觉均较理想,是一种值得推广的方法。

蛇床子素对阳虚症小鼠影响的实验研究

目的研究蛇床子素对阳虚症小鼠的影响。方法①建立氢化可的松致阳虚小鼠模型,测定小鼠性腺器官、肾上腺及免疫器官的重量,测定小鼠体重、体温、自主活动和游泳时间。②研究蛇床子素对幼年雄性小鼠及去势雄性小鼠性腺器官重量的影响;③测定LD50。结果①蛇床子素(150mg/kg)可增加肾阳虚雄性小鼠睾丸、附睾和精液囊脏器系数;增加小鼠的体重,延长游泳时间。②蛇床子素(150mg/kg)可增加雄性幼鼠的体重、精液囊脏器系数和去势小鼠精液囊、包皮腺脏器系数。③蛇床子素经口的LD50为3.60±0.40g。结论蛇床子素对氢化可的松所致的阳虚小鼠和去势小鼠症状有一定改善作用。