Intensity of the Reverse Sexual Double Standards in Females and Males and Possible Factors

Despite past researches on the sexual double standards(SDS),recent research has found that another type of sexual double standard exists,which is the reverse sexual double standard(i.e.reverse SDS,which means that men are judged more harshly than women in comparative sexual behaviors).According to previous researchers,the reverse SDS may stem from women’s worry about being infected by transmitted sexual diseases,women’s preference for men’s virginity in sexual behaviors,and the shift in attitude towards men’s sexual behaviors.Also,women tend to judge men’s sexual behaviors based on men’s attractiveness(body appearance and financial status).The present study investigated people’s implicit endorsement of the reverse SDS among 200 adults in Shanghai(20 to 50 years old,110 women,90 men)using the Implicit Association Test(IAT)with a priming procedure to limit participants’awareness including different levels of men’s body appearance and financial status.Additionally,SDSS(sexual double standard scale)was used to measure the explicit endorsement for the reverse SDS.According to my results,adults in Shanghai endorsed both an implicit and explicit reverse SDS,but women tend to endorse it more strongly than men.Also,when men are more attractive,women will judge them less harshly.These results indicate that the reverse SDS also exists in men.Implications and limitations are indicated for future researchers to call for attention to the reverse SDS and gender equality.

Male heterogametic sex determination in Rana dybowskii based on sex-linked molecular markers

Identifying the mechanism for sex determination in amphibians is challenging.Very little is known about sex determination mechanisms of Rana dybowskii,a species of importance to evolutionary and conservation biology.We screened for sex-linked molecular markers in R.dybowskii in China using target region amplification polymorphism with 2 fixed primers against the sequences of Dmrt1.We found 2 male-linked molecular markers in R.dybowskii,which were 222 bp and 261 bp long.The detection rates of 222 bp marker in males form Xinglong,Huadian,and Dandong were 93.79%,69.64%,and 13.64%,respectively,while the rate in females from Huadian was 27.50%.Besides,the detection rates of 261 bp marker in the above 3 regions were only observed in males at the rate of 93.79%,87.50%,and 32.73%,respectively.The inheritance patterns of sex-linked molecular markers showed that the 2 sex-linked molecular markers were heterozygous.Compared to the XY-male parent,progeny from XX-pseudo-male parent possessed lower sex reversal ratio at the same rearing temperature,and the proportion of female froglets from an XX-pseudo-male parent was more than 95%at low rearing temperature(15°C).Our findings suggest that R.dybowskii displays male heterogamety,and the 2 sex-linked molecular markers may have a guiding significance for the protection and utilization of R.dybowskii.