Sustainable Livelihood of Ecological Migrants in Qinling-Daba Mountains of Southern Shaanxi

The severe environment in Qinling-Daba Mountains has made it not suitable for the long-term residence due to the large amounts of ＂ecological migrants＂, and these migrants have moved out of the mountains and changed their economic and life styles, resulting in many problems. In this paper, the problems of ＂ecological migrants＂ were analyzed, including the education problem, different life styles, incomplete national protecting measures and policies, with the aim to provide governments with constructive suggestions for the establishment of the education and training system, acceleration of the development of industries （especially the tertiary industry, subsidiary business）, and labor transferring, increasing the incomes of ＂ecological migrants＂, and making the ＂ecological migrants＂ have the financial resources for a long time, thereby better stabilizing the ＂ecological migrants＂.

Spatial Coupling Relationship and Driving Mechanism of Population and Economy in Rural Areas in Qinling-Daba Mountains,China

Addressing the issue of the healthy and coordinated development of the population and economic factors in rural areas will not only help consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation,but will also lay a foundation for comprehensive rural revitalization.In this paper,the spatial coupling relationship between the population and economic factors in rural areas in the QinlingDaba Mountains,China,is explored to provide a reference for rural revitalization and regional sustainable development in poverty areas.Sixty-eight county units in rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains,as well as the population and economic factors in rural areas,are used to study the spatial coupling relationship between population and economy,as well as the driving mechanism,in rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains from 2010 to 2020.The results show that a population contraction phenomenon occurred in the rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains,and the spatial agglomeration trends of the population and economic factors were consistent.The agglomeration was mainly located in the suburban areas of the municipal area,and the agglomeration degree was significantly higher in these areas than in other areas.In terms of the spatial distribution,the economic development level of the rural areas in the northeastern part of the Qinling-Daba Mountains was generally higher than that in the central and western parts,and the unbalanced trends of the population and economic spatial differentiation in the eastern and western regions were significant.The spatial coupling relationship between the population and economy changed from coordinated development to economic advancement.This was mainly due to the mutual restriction and joint actions of the industrial structure,capital situation,natural environment,policies,and institutional regulations,among which the industrial structure and capital status had significant effects.

The value of vegetation ecosystem services:a case of Qinling-Daba Mountains

According to differences in vegetation types and their coverage, combining the latest research, using theory and method on the value of vegetation ecosystem services, this paper not only calculated goods produced by different types of vegetation but also estimated the value of various vegetation ecosystem services and set up database, GIS and eco-account of vegetation ecosystem. The result was as follows: the value of vegetation's primary productivity, soil and fertility conservation, water conservation, CO 2 fixation and O 2 release was 199.6 billion yuan/a, 22.64 billion yuan/a, 22.66 billion yuan/a, 352.24 billion yuan/a and 374.19 billion yuan/a, respectively. The total value of ecosystem services was 968.33 billion yuan/a. The temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest had the highest contribution rate, accounting for 16.42%. The result of value can reflect regional reality more exactly.

Optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty groups among farmers: a case study of the Qin-Ba Mountain area in South-Shaanxi, China

Achieving sustainable livelihood is the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation efforts in mountainous areas,and selecting an optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty-type farmers greatly improves farmers’livelihood capital,resists livelihood risks,and promotes sustainable development.For farmers,optimal livelihood strategy means better employment opportunities,higher family income(or better income structure),and stronger employability or development potential.This paper classifies different types of farmers’poverty on the basis of a quantitative evaluation of farmers’livelihood capital in the Qin-ba Mountain Area in South-Shaanxi by using the k-means clustering method and subsequently the fuzzy evaluation method to evaluate the effectiveness of farmers’livelihood strategies.Then,the multi-attribute decision-making model is used to analyze the selection of optimal livelihood strategies for different poverty-type farmers.The results suggest a significant difference in the selection of the optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty-type farmers.Farmers without financial and human capital choose to"go out to work,"farmers lacking natural capital choose to"acquire social insurance and government relief,"farmers without physical capital choose to"use loans,"and farmers lacking social capital choose to"use savings."Studying the selection of optimal livelihood strategies for different poverty-type farmers can help to propose targeted sustainable livelihood optimization programs for farmers and accelerate efforts to overcome poverty in mountainous areas.

The Development of Mountainous Rural Landscapes in Southern Shaanxi from the Perspective of Ecotourism

This study introduced the connotation of rural ecotourism,and analyzed the advantages of tourism resources development of mountainous rural landscapes in southern Shaanxi.On this basis,it expounded the existing problems of mountainous rural landscape development in southern Shaanxi,and concluded that its rural landscape resource tourism development was not enough,ecological awareness needed to be strengthened,and the characteristics of rural landscapes were not fully explored.Furthermore,the suggestions and measures for the protection and sustainable development of the ecological environment pattern and the inheritance and excavation of the characteristic culture of the rural landscape were proposed,with a view to providing a reference for the development and construction of rural landscape tourism in China.

基于VSD模型的陕南城市群水资源脆弱性评价及影响因子研究

[目的]构建基于社会-经济-生态耦合作用下的陕南城市群水资源脆弱性模型,阐明水资源脆弱性状态,厘定影响因子,助力秦岭地区人水和谐。[方法]基于暴露度-敏感性-适应性(Vulnerability Scoping Diagram,VSD)对陕南城市群水资源脆弱性进行了评价,结合多元统计法,进一步识别了社会-经济-生态耦合作用下水资源脆弱性的影响因子。[结果]2011—2020年,陕南整体水资源脆弱性的变化趋势与商洛市最相似,除2011年极度脆弱外,基本保持在轻度脆弱状态,而汉中市和安康市的水资源脆弱性等级较高,水安全保障程度相对较低;陕南城市群水资源脆弱性的主控因子有生态环境用水量、人均水资源量、年降水量;优化生态环境用水量分配,加强对年降水量与人均水资源量监测,将成为陕南城市群降低水资源脆弱性新的工作重心。[结论]陕南城市群水资源系统安全性的提升与当地注重水生态文明建设以及与社会-经济协调发展有关。此外,构建的VSD模型适用于陕南城市群水资源脆弱性评价,可为缓解人-城-水矛盾提供理论指导。

基于DPSIR模型的秦岭北麓陕西城市群水安全评估及驱动因子识别

水安全评估是水资源开发利用与区域发展的基础。为了加强秦岭北麓陕西城市群可持续建设,助力秦岭“中央水塔”绿色发展,基于DPSIR模型构建秦岭北麓陕西城市群水安全评估体系,结合主客观综合赋权法与模糊综合评价法对区域2011~2021年水安全进行评估分级,并利用灰色关联度法分析其水安全的驱动因子。结果表明:秦岭北麓陕西城市群2011~2021年水安全状态变化具有一致性,波动中稳步提升。西安市水安全等级相较宝鸡市、渭南市上升趋势显著,于2021年转为无警状态;宝鸡市一直保持低警状态,而渭南市长期处于中警状态。陕西城市群的水安全状态及发展趋势与人均GDP、年降水量、人均用水量等10个驱动因子密切相关,其中经济因子是水安全等级呈现一致性的根本保证,社会和生态因子则是造成水安全差异性的主要原因。

共同富裕视阈下旅游发展助推县域脱贫振兴的效率研究——以陕西秦巴山片区为例

紧密契合新发展阶段推进共同富裕的战略目标,以陕西秦巴山片区为例,运用三阶段DEA-Malmquist指数模型、地理探测器等方法对旅游发展助推县域脱贫振兴的效率进行测度,明确其演变特征,识别影响因素及其交互作用。结果表明:(1)陕西秦巴山片区旅游发展助推县域脱贫振兴的综合效率总体处于中等水平,各县域效率存在明显的区域异质性;(2)2016—2021年陕西秦巴山片区旅游发展助推县域脱贫振兴的效率整体呈波动上升趋势,通过旅游发展来带动县域脱贫振兴还存在较大的提升空间;(3)交通、人均财政支出、人均地区生产总值等因素及其交互作用对旅游发展助推县域脱贫振兴的效率存在显著影响。最后,从合理配置旅游投入产出要素、构建旅游共享发展新格局、改善基础设施及旅游产业经济基础等方面提出了策略建议。

乡村振兴背景下脱贫山区乡村韧性演变及影响因素--以陕南秦巴山区为例

探究乡村振兴背景下乡村韧性动态演变及影响因素,对于脱贫山区推进乡村全面振兴与实现乡村可持续发展具有重要意义。陕南秦巴山区受脆弱生态环境以及薄弱经济基础的双重胁迫,脱贫乡村发展与农户生计仍面临不确定性风险。以陕南秦巴山区28个县区为例,将乡村韧性分解为经济、社会、生态以及制度四个维度,构建乡村韧性指标体系并对其进行量化,运用GIS技术和地理探测器探究乡村韧性的时空演变及影响因素。结果显示:(1)陕南秦巴山区2010—2021年乡村韧性整体呈先下降后上升的趋势。社会韧性与经济韧性变化较小,制度韧性逐年上升,生态韧性逐年下降。(2)近10年土地资源利用、文化教育等是乡村韧性分异的主导因子,且制约因子由生态维度转向社会维度,乡村基础教育与农业生产效率影响程度不断加深,土地利用与人口结构的作用不断减弱。(3)依据研究区乡村振兴背景下面临的现实问题,针对各县区乡村韧性提升的短板和关键影响因子,从产业、人才、组织、文化、生态五大振兴出发提出了脱贫山区韧性提升的建设路径及对策。乡村产业振兴方面应打造新兴产业集群,提升农业现代化水平;乡村人才振兴方面应开展农户就业扶持活动,政策吸引人才返乡下乡;乡村文化振兴方面应推进教育新型基础设施建设,建立农民群众文化需求反馈机制;乡村生态振兴方面应优化农业生产结构和区域布局,盘活耕地资源促进绿色生产;乡村组织振兴方面应探索多元组织协作,全面建立健全村务监督委员会,为未来脱贫山区韧性建设提供了参考依据。

生草对苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及细菌群落的影响

【目的】探究陕北榆林山地苹果园种植不同草种对土壤理化性质以及细菌群落的影响,筛选适宜榆林山地气候条件的草种,为山地苹果园生草及土壤有效管理提供试验依据。【方法】以2年生优系苹果为试材,在行间种植三叶草(Trifolium repens L.)、黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.),以传统清耕为对照,研究不同生草处理对苹果园0~20和20~40 cm土层土壤理化性质(pH,有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,含水量,体积质量)、酶活性(β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、纤维二糖水解酶(CBH)和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG))及细菌群落的影响。【结果】在0~20和20~40 cm土层,与清耕处理相比,生草处理降低了山地苹果园土壤pH和体积质量,其中紫花苜蓿处理土壤pH和体积质量降低幅度最大,其次是三叶草和黑麦草。在0~20和20~40 cm土层,与清耕处理相比,生草处理提高了土壤含水量以及有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,增加土壤βG、AKP、CBH和NAG活性,其中紫花苜蓿处理的效果较佳。在0~20和20~40 cm土层,不同生草处理的OTUs数、香浓(Shannon)指数、辛普森(Simpson)指数、Chao1指数、PD指数均高于清耕处理,其中黑麦草处理各指标均较高,其次是紫花苜蓿。在0~40 cm土层,不同生草处理与清耕处理土壤细菌门和属水平优势菌群相对丰度差异较大;与清耕处理相比,黑麦草处理土壤细菌部分属水平优势菌群相对丰度明显增加,对细菌优势属的提升效果最为明显,紫花苜蓿次之,三叶草作用效果较差。【结论】综合来看,陕北榆林山地苹果园行间种植紫花苜蓿的处理效果最佳,可显著提高土壤综合肥力。

陕西秦岭以北地区清代霜雪灾害与寒冷气候事件研究

运用灾害等级法、数理统计法、小波分析法等对清代陕西秦岭以北地区的霜雪灾害等级、时空分布、周期性及致灾因子进行研究。结果表明:(1)陕西秦岭以北地区清代(1644—1911年)268年内共发生霜雪灾害97次,1644—1703年和1864—1911年为高频期,1704—1783年和1784—1863年为较低频期,且存在3年、7年、11年、28年的准周期。(2)霜雪灾害频次和等级存在季节性特征。霜灾在春秋两季最为频繁,雪灾在冬春季节发生最多,冻灾几乎仅在冬季发生。中度等级灾害多发生于春秋两季,重度等级灾害常发生于秋冬之际。(3)霜雪灾害的强弱与频次在空间上有较好一致性,多集中于陕北黄土高原北部和西北部以及关中盆地东南部。(4)霜雪灾害发生高频期对应气候更为寒冷干燥。冬季风强度是决定霜雪灾害发生的直接因素。(5)小冰期气候在清代最突出的特点是在较暖或炎热月份发生降温达15~20℃的灾难性降温事件,并导致灾难性天气过程。(6)清代陕西秦岭以北地区发生两次极端寒冷气候事件,分别在1662—1692年和1861—1900年,后者指示清代气温最低的时期。

Latitudinal differentiation and patterns of temperate and subtropical plants in the Qinling-Daba Mountains

Geographically,the Qinling-Daba Mountains serve as the main body of the north-south transitional zone of China.However,the transitional patterns of their plant species still need to be clarified.This study analyzed latitudinal variations of plant species richness,relative importance values(RIV),and plant species abundance based on plant community field survey data for 163 sample sites along three north-south transect lines in the eastern,middle,and western parts of the study areas.The difference in RIV between subtropical and temperate species(SND-RIV)was selected to reveal the latitudinal interlacing pattern of northern and southern plant species.Along the eastern(Sanmenxia-Yichang),middle(Xi’an-Dazhou),and western(Tianshui-Guangyuan)transects,the richness and RIV of subtropical plant species increased while those of temperate plant species decreased from north to south.In the eastern transect,temperate plant species richness and RIV were the highest at Shennongjia and Funiu Mountain,respectively,because of their high elevations.In the middle transect,subtropical plant species richness and RIV were the highest in the Daba Mountains.In the western transect,richness and RIV were higher for subtropical than temperate plant species from the south of Longnan.The crisscrossing areas of northern and southern plant species were∼180 km,∼100 km,and∼60 km wide for the eastern,middle,and western transects,respectively,showing a narrowing trend from east to west.For the eastern and western transects,decreases in subtropical plant species distribution from south to north could be attributed to a decrease in mean annual precipitation in the same direction.However,for the middle transect,mean annual temperature had a slightly greater influence on plant species’latitudinal distribution than the moisture index.This study provides a more solid scientific basis for future investigations of this key geographical boundary in China.

陕西省重点生态功能区绿色高质量发展研究——“两山”理念的陕西实践研究

生态文明建设是中华民族永续发展的根本大计。本文立足习近平生态文明思想,围绕“两山”理念的陕西实践研究背景,系统梳理了陕西省6大重点生态功能区的类型基础、功能特征、发展现状,着重分析了以50个县(市、区)为基本单元的陕西省重点生态功能区,在探索实践“两山”理念中存在的突出问题、主要原因与解决方法。为陕西省根据关中、陕北、陕南差异化比较优势,把握秦岭创建国家公园战略机遇与生态产业化、产业生态化发展趋势,统筹实施区域协调发展、可持续发展、能源安全等国家战略与黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展区域重大战略,加快构建以县域为基础的区域现代生态经济体系,带动乡村振兴,推动实现绿色高质量发展,形成富有陕西特色的“绿水青山就是金山银山”,提供政策启示参考。

秦岭北麓筠竹种子育苗试验

因气候条件的限制,秦岭北麓很难获得竹子种子,因而难以通过播种育苗获得造林绿化所需要的大量苗木。2019年7月在秦岭北麓陕西省楼观台国有生态实验林场辖区的森林公园内发现了一株筠竹开花并结实,遂采集种子,开展了播种试验,以期探讨秦岭北麓竹种子育苗的可行性。结果显示,筠竹采种后在室温下贮藏,第2年播种的出苗率为25.4%;实生苗前3年的生长状况优于秦岭北麓优势竹种淡竹的生长。该研究表明,在秦岭北麓筠竹通过播种进行繁殖是可行的,并探索了一套实生苗繁育的管理经验,可在一定范围内推广,为绿化造林和生态建设提供大量苗木。

陕西省植物新记录--轴果蹄盖蕨

于2023年,在对陕西省汉中市秦岭地区的林草种质资源普查中发现蹄盖蕨科植物新记录-轴果蹄盖蕨[Athyrium epirachis (Christ) Ching]。凭证标本收藏于山东省林草种质资源中心(SDF)。

陕西秦岭悬钩子属植物资源分析及县域分布

【目的】明确陕西秦岭悬钩子属植物资源县域分布格局,确定热点地区,绘制以行政单位为基础的专题图,总结和分析陕西秦岭悬钩子属植物生长状况及分布情况。【方法】野外调查法与文献资料的整理对比,确定悬钩子属植物的种类、生境、观赏特性和空间分布;以行政县(区)为单位,按照自然间断点分级法,绘制县域水平分布图;使用Dobson筛除算法筛选其植物分布热点县(包括县级市和区)。【结果】陕西秦岭悬钩子属植物共计36种10变种。广泛分布于海拔500~2 999 m,最宜海拔1 500~1 999 m。分布热点区域为8个县(区),南坡以宁陕、石泉为核心,北坡以太白为核心。分化强度与物种密度呈高相关,分布趋势为沿海拔较高的山区向海拔较低的山区逐渐递减;数量在研究区中部地区两侧方向上呈现阶梯形减少的趋势。【结论】1)陕西秦岭悬钩子属植物种类繁多,生活型多样,花色、果色丰富,主要观赏季节为夏季。2)物种分化强度一定程度上影响物种多样性分布格局,陕西秦岭悬钩子属植物空间区域格局与山脉海拔高度密切相关。3)陕西秦岭地区气候和地形条件共同影响悬钩子属植物的县域分布格局和分化强度。

秦岭(陕西段)植被碳汇时空变化与气候关联性研究

秦岭是我国重要的生态安全屏障,研究植被净生态系统生产力时空变化与气候关联性,对解释植被的碳汇变化具有重要意义。本文基于谷歌地球引擎云计算平台,利用净初级生产力数据、气温数据、降水数据和太阳辐射数据,采用Theil-Sen Median回归分析、变异系数和偏相关性分析对秦岭(陕西段)2000—2021年植被净生态系统生产力时空变化和气候因子关联性进行研究。结果表明:①2000—2021年,秦岭(陕西段)植被净生态系统生产力在空间分布上呈西部高、东部低,由西向东逐渐递减格局。年均净生态系统生产力为595.91 gC/(m^(2)·a)且基本全部是碳汇区(NEP>0)。②2000—2021年,秦岭(陕西段)植被净生态系统生产力平均趋势系数为-0.007,趋势变化呈稳定状态。③2000—2021年,秦岭(陕西段)植被净生态系统生产力稳定性在空间分布上呈显著异质性,其中92.03%面积的区域持续发挥着碳汇功能。④2000—2021年,秦岭(陕西段)植被92.62%面积的区域净生态系统生产力与降水呈正相关,54.34%面积的区域净生态系统生产力与太阳辐射呈正相关,96.63%面积的区域净生态系统生产力与气温呈正相关,表明气温是影响该地区最重要的气候因子。本文对提高生态系统碳汇价值和尽早实现我国“双碳”目标都具有积极意义。

陕西秦巴山区药用观赏植物的物种多样性和空间分布

目的:探究陕西秦巴山区药用观赏植物资源,为该区域生物多样性保护规划和科学管理提供有效途径。方法:通过文献检索和在线数据库,对陕西秦巴山区45个县(区)的药用观赏植物进行了编目和分布统计,并对其科属种组成、药用部位、观赏特性、园林用途、受威胁状况、多样性分布格局及保护空缺情况进行分析。结果:140科,500属,906种,多为草本植物;从药用部位上看,全草(株)类药用植物最多;从观赏特性来看,观花类植物最多;从园林用途来看,地被类植物最多;基于县域尺度的物种多样性水平分布格局呈现出从东北向西南递增的变化趋势,太白县和眉县是分布热点县,西部和东南部药用观赏植物大多处于保护空缺状态;在垂直分布上,物种丰富度呈现出随海拔的升高先上升后下降的单峰格局。结论:本研究结果可为陕西秦巴山区药用观赏植物资源的持续开发利用,以及未来自然保护区的建立提供科学依据。

陕西天胡荽属一新记录植物——鄂西天胡荽

在柞水县进行野外植物资源调查期间,首次在陕西省及秦岭山脉发现鄂西天胡荽(Hydrocotyle wilsonii Diels ex Wolff),现予以报道。

陕北安塞山地苹果树干液流变化特征及其对环境因子的响应

为揭示陕北黄土区不同生育期山地苹果树蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应,为陕北黄土区农业水资源的高效利用及山地苹果产业的可持续发展提供科学依据。采用热扩散式探针法(TDP)和自动气象站对陕北黄土区山地苹果树干液流速率和环境因子进行连续动态监测,分析山地苹果液流速率的变化规律及其与太阳辐射、气温和大气相对湿度等环境因子的关系。结果表明:不同生育期山地苹果树干液流速率日变化总体上呈“几”字型曲线,具有明显的昼夜变化规律,有微弱的夜间液流产生;不同生育期山地苹果树干液流日累积量表现为果实膨大期(14.396 kg·d^(-1))>幼果期(14.10 kg·d^(-1))>果实成熟期(9.682 kg·d^(-1))>开花期(6.49 kg·d^(-1))>着色期(4.104 kg·d^(-1));晴天山地苹果树干液流速率高于多云和阴雨天气;构建了山地苹果树干液流速率与环境因子的多元回归模型,各方程均达到了极显著水平,各生育期方程决定系数R2均大于0.81,拟合良好。陕北黄土区夏季果实膨大期蒸腾耗水量最大,应及时于日落前或日出后进行补水灌溉。