Thinking on Effective Methods of Successful Prediction of Geological Hazards in Shaanxi, China

In the process of human survival and development, it is inevitable to transform the original state of the world, thus forming a contradiction between the earth and the earth. The violent form of this contradiction is geological disasters. Geological disasters pose a threat to human life and property, and cause damage caused by natural or human factors, often causing casualties. The destruction process of geological disasters is usually a gradual process, showing many pre-disaster symptoms, such as local landslides, surface cracks, building deformation, tree skew, and ground sound. Evacuation can be avoided in advance according to the disaster precursors, so as to avoid casualties and achieve successful prediction. By reviewing the general situation of geological disasters in Shaanxi Province and the casualties in 2020, the difficulties in the prevention and control of geological disasters are summarized. In view of these difficulties, an on-site investigation, visit and analysis of geological disaster points and successful forecast points in Shaanxi Province in 2020 were conducted. In addition, combined with actual cases and years of work experience, the successful prediction experience of geological disasters was discussed from 8 aspects. Finally, the “Regulations on the Reward for Successful Geological Disaster Forecasting in Shaanxi Province” was revised in order to improve the successful prediction ability of geological disasters in Shaanxi Province and even the whole country, provide reference for future prevention and control of geological disasters, and effectively protect the safety of people’s lives and property.

Agricultural Vulnerability to Drought in China's Agro-pastoral Ecotone:A Case Study of Yulin City,Shaanxi Province

Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China is the prominent area for agricultural production,but it is also the most typical ecological fragile area with frequent drought disasters.Taking Yulin City at Shaanxi Province in China as the case area,the paper aims to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of agricultural vulnerability to drought in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone in the period 2000 to2020.The results show that:1)the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City has shifted from high vulnerability in the period2000–2010 to low vulnerability in the period 2011–2020.2)There exist obvious spatio-temporal differences of the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City during the research period.3)Four sensitive events and 14 resilient events were identified in the research and the crops of Yulin had become more resilient to drought.Finally,the paper put forward with policy implications to make adaptive strategies of agriculture to climate change in China’s agro-pastoral ecotone in the future,e.g.,carrying out agricultural zoning based on agricultural production conditions,intensifying the construction of disaster prevention and relief system,and integrating with modern agricultural technology to develop new type agriculture.

A New Ootype of Dinosaur Egg (Faveoloolithidae： Duovallumoolithus shangdanensis oogen, et oosp. nov.) from the Late Cretaceous in the Shangdan Basin, Shaanxi Province, China

A new ootype collected from the Upper Cretaceous Lijiacun Formation in the Shangdan Basin,Shaanxi Province is described in this paper. Based on general external shape, size, eggshell thickness and honeycomb-like eggshell microstructure, eggs are referable to the oofamily Faveoloolithidae. Compared with other members of Faveoloolithidae, specimens described in this paper show special characteristics:adjacent pores are usually separated by two eggshell units between which often develop interspaces;columnar eggshell units are relatively closely arranged in radial view. According to these characteristics,we erect a new oogenus and a new oospecies: Duovallumoolithus shangdanensis oogen. et oosp. nov. The new discovery expands the diversity of Faveoloolithidae.

Optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty groups among farmers: a case study of the Qin-Ba Mountain area in South-Shaanxi, China

Achieving sustainable livelihood is the ultimate goal of poverty alleviation efforts in mountainous areas,and selecting an optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty-type farmers greatly improves farmers’livelihood capital,resists livelihood risks,and promotes sustainable development.For farmers,optimal livelihood strategy means better employment opportunities,higher family income(or better income structure),and stronger employability or development potential.This paper classifies different types of farmers’poverty on the basis of a quantitative evaluation of farmers’livelihood capital in the Qin-ba Mountain Area in South-Shaanxi by using the k-means clustering method and subsequently the fuzzy evaluation method to evaluate the effectiveness of farmers’livelihood strategies.Then,the multi-attribute decision-making model is used to analyze the selection of optimal livelihood strategies for different poverty-type farmers.The results suggest a significant difference in the selection of the optimal livelihood strategy for different poverty-type farmers.Farmers without financial and human capital choose to"go out to work,"farmers lacking natural capital choose to"acquire social insurance and government relief,"farmers without physical capital choose to"use loans,"and farmers lacking social capital choose to"use savings."Studying the selection of optimal livelihood strategies for different poverty-type farmers can help to propose targeted sustainable livelihood optimization programs for farmers and accelerate efforts to overcome poverty in mountainous areas.

New Discovery of Reproductive Organs and Spores in Situ of Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales from the Middle Jurassic of Shaanxi, China

Objective Ginkgoales and Czekanowskiales are important components of Mesozoic flora and were widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere.They are usually preserved together in the stratum.Their fossils are abundant in the Middle Jurassic of Shaanxi Province,but there are no reports on their reproductive organs.Here,we report

Effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention for the improvement of nutritional status and nutrition knowledge of children in poverty-stricken areas in Shaanxi Province, China

Objectives:Compare the differences between the intervention and control groups in changes of primary outcomes(body mass index[BMI]and waist-to-height ratio[WHtR])and secondary outcomes(nutrition knowledge of children and parents),from baseline to the 6-and 12-month follow-ups;examine the associations of changes in nutrition knowledge of children and their parents with children’s changes in BMI and WHtR.Data sources:Data collected from four schools in two poverty-stricken counties in northern Shaanxi Province in 2020‒2021.Methods:A multifaced intervention program targeted children(promoting healthy diet and nutrition education)and their parents(promoting nutrition knowledge)was conducted in the interventional group.Four schools,with two in each group,were randomly allocated to the intervention or control group,with 814 eligible children aged 7.1 to 12.8 years.The control group conducted myopia promotion.Differences in changes of BMI and WHtR between groups were compared with t-test.Mixed-effects model was used to examine the associations between changes in nutrition knowledge of children and parents with changes in children’s BMI and WHtR.Results:At the 6-month follow-up,the difference in changes in BMI between the intervention and control groups was 0.4 kg/m 2(P<0.001).At the 12-month follow-up,the difference in changes in BMI and WHtR between intervention and control groups was 0.1 kg/m^(2)(P<0.001)and 0.01 kg/m^(2)(P<0.001).In the intervention group,the nutrition knowledge awareness rate of children increased from 16.9%(69/409)at baseline to 21.3%(87/409)at 6-month,and 22.7%(93/409)at 12-month.The awareness rate of nutrition knowledge of parents also fluctuated,from 5.6%(23/409)to 6.6%(27/409)and 5.4%(22/409).However,the difference in changes in nutrition knowledge between intervention and control groups was non-significant.The 6-month follow-up changes in children’s nutrition knowledge scores were negatively associated with changes in BMI in girls(β=−0.26,95%confidence interval[CI]:−0.38 to−0.14,P<0.001),while positively associated with changes in WHtR in boys(β=0.003,95%CI:−0.0002 to 0.005,P=0.035).The 12-month follow-up changes in children’s nutrition knowledge scores were positively associated with changes in children’s WHtR(β=0.003,95%CI:0.0004 to 0.01,P=0.018).Conclusions:The intervention strategies did not reduce the BMI and WHtR of children,and the nutrition knowledge of children and parents increased after the intervention in intervention group.Changes in nutrition knowledge of children and their parents are associated with changes in children’s BMI or WHtR.Interventions with a new focus on obesity are needed to help improve children’s nutritional status in poverty-stricken areas in Shaanxi Province of China.

Empirical Analysis on the Determinants of Economic Growth in Shaanxi Province, China

Status of economic development in Shaanxi Province is analyzed, showing that Shaanxi Province has achieved the fast and stable economic growth; and total GDP and fixed assets investment have shown a sustainable growth. According to the time series statistics of Shaanxi Province in the years 1978-2008, Cobb-Douglas Function is used to carry out the empirical analysis on the contribution of fixed assets investment and labor input to economic growth of Shaanxi Province, China. Result shows that capital and labor input are the major driving forces for the economic growth of Shaanxi Province. In other words, economic growth mode of Shaanxi Province is still extensive. Economic growth of Shaanxi Province is increasingly dependent on capital investment and technological progress. Contribution rates of capital and labor to economic growth are 66.9% and 33.1%, respectively. Therefore, investment is a source of economic growth in Shaanxi Province through the reform and opening up in the last three decades.

HUMAN IMPACT ON SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT YIELD IN NORTHERN SHAANXI, CHINA

Soil erosion in northern Shaanxi region has been greatly affected by human activities. On the one hand, newly occurred soil and water loss has been observed due to accelerated soil erosion caused by irrational human economic activities such as excessive reclamation, mining, etc.. On the other hand, great economic, social and ecological benefits have been brought into play due to vast amount of sediment trapping in watershed management as a result of adoption of engineering measures like silt arrester and horizontal terracing and of biological measures like afforestation and grass planting.

Geological Features and Genesis of the Jinduicheng Porphyry Molybdenum Deposit, Shaanxi Province, China

Situated in the Henan-Shaanxi fault-uplift area on the southern margin of the Sino-Korean Paraplatform,the jinduicheng porphyry molybdenum deposit is the most important molybdenum producer in China.During Yenshanian the Jinduicheng granite porphyry was emplaced in metaspilite of the Proterozoic XiongerGroup,controlled by a NW trending fault Mineral compositions are mainly quartz （25-40％）,microclineand microcline perthite（27-40％）and plagioclase（An8-14-,14-32％）,associated with minor biotite andmuscovite,and phenocrysts are made up of K-feldspar,quartz and phagioclase.Accessory minerals includemagmatite,apatite and zircon,The porphyry contains SiO2 73.83％ and K2O+Na2O 8.06％（withK2O/Na2O ratio being 1.82）,beloning to the calc-alkaline series Mineralization occurs in the porphyry body and biotitized and hornfelsized spilite Within the exocontactzone.The maximum depth of mineralization reaches 1000 meters below the surface.According to mineralassemblage,ore veins are classified into five types:（l） Pyrite-quartz;（2） Pyrite-K-feldspar-quartz; （3）pyrite-molybdenite-quartz:（4） pyrite-molybdenite-K-feldspar-quartz;and（5） Muscovitefluorite-pyrite-molybdenite-quartz. As the most important economic molybdenum mineral,molybdenite occurs in various forms.Wall-rockalterations show a gross zonation of K-feldspathization-greisenization→silicification→propylitization fromthe porphyry outwards,of which silicification is most intense and has close genetic relationship with Momineralization. Fluid inclusion studies yield homogeneous temperatures ranging from 240to240℃,with the main stagebetween 400 and 300℃.Gas inclusions frequently coexist with multiphase inclusions containing suchdaughter minerals as halite,sylvite,molybdenite and K-feldspar.Under moderate-high temperatures,lowerfo2,high fs2 and weak。acidity conditions,boiling of ore-forming fluids is prerequisite for the Precipitation ofmolybdenite. Sulfur,oxygen and carbon isotopic compositions suggest that at the high temperature stage（450℃）magmatic water is dominant and at the main ore-forming stage a mixture of mixture of magmatic water and meteoricwater is expected.At the late stage,the mixture is predominated by meteoric water.Sulfur and molybdenumare mostly of magmatic origin.

New Early Cambrian Maikhanellids(Mollusca) from Zhangjiagou Section, South Shaanxi, China

A new maikhanellid genus, Totornatus gen. nov., from the Lower Cambrian(Fortunian Stage) of Zhangjiagou section at Xixiang County, southern Shaanxi Province, South China, is based on a new taxon T. strigatus gen. et sp. nov. Although showing similar morphology with a cap-shaped shell and an oval aperture to other members of the family, the new species differs from previous maikhanellids in its smooth apex. The apical field consists of dense, small, round or oval granules, which gradually merge to bigger, elongated, scale-like protrusions toward the apertural margin. On this basis, we establish Totornatus strigatus, which shows a transverse groove in two-ninths of its shell. This result enriches the diversity of the earliest mollusks and maikhanellids.

Coupling Coordination Analysis of Cropland Intensification and Agroecosystem Services:Evidence from Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province,China

One of the greatest challenges in the agroecosystem is to improve cropland intensification while preserving agroecosystem services.While many studies have investigated the effect of cropland intensification on agroecosystem service,the interactive coupling and coordination among these factors remain largely unexplored.In view of this,this study performed a case study of the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi Province,China and constructed comprehensive evaluation models to quantify the cropland intensification and agroecosystem service in this area.Balance analysis and the coupling coordination degree model were used to evaluate the interactive relationship between cropland intensification and agroecosystem service,and statistical analysis and spatial autocorrelation were used to analyze the spatial characteristics and potential mechanism of the coupling coordination.Results show that both the cropland intensification and agroecosystem service in the study area were relatively low yet gradually increased from 2000 to 2020.Agroecosystem service lag was identified as the dominant unbalanced development type.Improving the supply capacity of agroecosystem services plays a key role in the balanced development of cropland in the Loess Plateau.The coupling coordination degree between cropland intensification and agroecosystem service ranges from basic coordination to serious incoordination.Therefore,cropland intensification practices in the area should be optimized to enhance this coordination degree.An upward trend was also observed in the coupling coordination degree from2000 to 2020.The withdrawal of marginal cropland in the Grain for Green program is one of the most important reasons for this trend,especially for the northern region.Around 83.6%of the high-high clusters are concentrated in the southern region of the Loess Plateau,whereas 70.5%of the low-low clusters are distributed in the northern region.These clustering characteristics are mainly attributed to the environmental suitability of these areas for agriculture and their degree of economic development.

Study of Sand Dunes and Their Effect on Desertification of Cultivated Lands in Shaanxi Province, China Using Remote Sensing Techniques

About half of the arid and semi arid lands in the world are deserts that comprise various types of aeolian sand dunes deposits. In Shaanxi Province, aeolian sand dunes cover considerable areas of the Yulin desert and northern Jinbian. Sand dunes are moving in the main wind direction and converting some agricultural area to wasteland. Remote sensing of sand dunes helps in the understanding of aeolian process and desertification. Remote sensing data combined with field studies are valuable in studying sand dunes, regional aeolian depositional history. In particular, active and inactive sand dunes of the north Shaanxi Province were studied using remote sensing and geographic information system. In this study, we describe the Landsat thematic mapper (TM) images, covering north Shaanxi Province, which were used to study the distribution, shape, size, trends, density and movement of sand dunes and their effect on desertification of cultivated lands. Estimation was made depending on soil erodibility factor ( Ⅰ ) and local climatic factor ( C ) during the period (June to September). The result indicates that soil erosion caused sand drift of 8.957 5, 7.03 ton for Yulin and Jinbian, respectively. The mean sand dunes movement rate were 4.37, 3.11 m, whereas, monthly sand dune advance rate were 1.092 5, 0.777 5 m, for the two locations, respectively. The study reveals that cultivated lands extended obliquely to the direction of sand dune movement are extremely affected, while other segments that extend parallel to the direction of the movement are not affected. Accordingly the north Shaanxi Province was divided into areas of different classes of potential risk. Moreover, blown sands and sand movement from neighboring highlands also affect the area of western desert.

Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China

Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved.

Formation of the Micro-Disseminated Strata-bound Gold Deposits, With Special Reference to Structural Evolution, Miliang Area, Zhen'an County,Shaanxi Province, China

Based on detailed geologic study, the important role of structuring in the formation of gold deposits in the area is discussed with special reference to structural evolution. Syngenetic faulting contemporaneous with tectonic-volcanic events is thought to be responsible for providing the ore-forming material at depth. The lithofacies formed by highly alternating deposition of terrestrial and carbonate detritus is chemically characterized by the assemblage of Au-Sb-As,constituting a favorable source bed for the activation and enrichment of gold. This gold source bed has undergone four major stages of structural deformation, accompanied by multi-staged alteration and mineralization.

Study on the clustering of a typical industry:a case of apple industry in Shaanxi Province, China

The apple industry in Shaanxi Province is a resource-based industry; compared to the best productiveregions at home and abroad, it is advantageous in high quality as well as geographical and natural resources. Currently,big changes have occurred in the apple market supply-demand relations; long-term and comprehensive shortage haspassed; the buyer’s market has come into being; competitions in the domestic market are fierce. At the same time, theforeign apple will impact on the domestic market, increasing competitive pressure. Foreign anti-dumping measures,green barriers and technologies restrict the exportation of the domestic apple. Based on successful experience of otherindustrial clusters, this paper analyzes the existing problems in the development of Shaanxi apple industrial cluster,combining empirical analysis, qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, proposes specific policy recommendationsand get the conclusions. First, the characteristics of the agricultural industrial cluster are analyzed; Shaanxi appleindustry is characterized by cluster. Second, the rapid development of Shaanxi apple industrial cluster exposes someproblems. Third, we need the government to control the disorderly competition of Shaanxi apple industry.

Desertification Risk Monitoring for NorthShaanxi Province, China, Using NormalizedDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI)

In this study, the remote sensing is applied to the examination of the relationship between desertification and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in the context of northern Shaanxi Province. This relationship is also examined using spatial analysis methods. A strong negative correlation is found in the largest area desert, indicating that the relationship between desert and NDVI is not a simple linear one and that the correlation coefficient between NDVI and vegetation abundance is significant. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was compared with other vegetation index-based methodologies. NDVI is a valuable first-cut indicator for such systems, although the analysis and interpretation of its relationship to desertification are complex and also based on the detailed analysis of its relationship to ecological zone, vegetation type and season. Conclusions thus made would help to upgrade the methodology as an effective tool for early-warning desertification in the northern Shaanxi

Morphology and taxonomy of Gazella （Bovidae, Artiodactyla） from the Late Miocene Bahe Formation, Lantian, Shaanxi Province, China

Gazella羚羊是"三趾马动物群"中常见成员,在晚中新世至更新世地层中广泛分布,演化速率相对较快,具有重要的生物地层学及生态指示意义,但在我国尚未有保德期之前的化石报道。本文研究的化石发现于陕西蓝田灞河组中部,磁性地层学资料显示其年代为晚中新世灞河期。化石标本包括了5个近乎完整的头骨、下颌以及颅后骨骼。根据发现的标本装架起第一个完整的Gazella羚羊骨架。形态对比与测量数据表明,蓝田标本与巴基斯坦西瓦里克发现的Gazella lydekkeri非常相近,而不同于欧洲晚中新世常见的Gazella各种以及我国发现的种类。从肢骨的形态分析与测量比例数据来看,Gazella cf.G.lydekkeri适合快速奔跑运动,可能生活在相对开阔的环境中,与灞河期动物群的生态类型以及与灞河组沉积学、同位素地球化学等研究所指示的相对干旱、半干旱的开阔草原环境相一致。

Phlogopite-Amphibole-Pyroxenite Xenoliths in Langao, Shaanxi Province, China: Evidence for Mantle Metasomatism

Phlogopite-amphibole-pyroxenite xenoliths contained in the alkali basic-ultrabasic subvolcanic complex in Langao, Shaanxi Province, are composed of diopside, Ti-rich pargasite, phlogopite apatite, sphene and ilmenite, which have subsolidus metamorp hism- de formation textures such as triple-points, cataclastic boundaries and kink-bands. Mineral chemical characteristics show that the diopside, Ti-rich pargasite and phlogoPite are derived from the mantle and are the products of mantle metasomatism. Compared with normal mantle-derivedspinel-lherzolites, the xenoliths are enriched in TiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, Na2O and K2O, with apparent depletion in MgO. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns and primordial-mantle normalized trace elements data show that they are enriched in REE (especially LREE) and incompatible trace elements. The petrographic, mineralogical and petrochemical characteristics indicate that the xenoliths are metasomatized mantle xenoliths, which offers the evidence for mantle metasomatism and represents the anomalous mantle beneath the Early Paleozoic rift in northern Daba Mountains. The agents of mantle metasomatism are probably derived from the rising of mantle hot plumes. The processes of metasomatism varied from limited-range fluid metasomatism in deep mantle (＞90 km) to pervasive metasomatism of silicate melt.

Development Strategies of Qin Pepper Industry in Shaanxi Province in Northwest China

Qin pepper,a famous local agricultural product of Shaanxi Province,has grown in Guanzhong Area for several hundred years.In recent years,Qin pepper industry has already made considerable progresses,but it also faces many challenges.To ensure a stable planting area of over 100 000 hm 2,a total output of 1.85 million tons and a ratio of 1:2:2 among freshly used peppers,dried peppers and processed peppers in 2015,on the basis of full investigation,expert argumentation as well as research and analysis,industrialization modes of " leading enterprise + agricultural department + base"," leading enterprise + agricultural company" and " leading enterprise + specialized cooperative" are presented herein,on the principle of " appropriate centralization,scale development,company operation,and plate promotion" and in accordance with the general idea of " stabilizing area,optimizing layout;relying on technology,highlighting superior quality;leading by enterprises,and improving efficiency".Some development strategies including " optimizing layout to facilitate plate promotion;increasing science and technology input to improve industrial competitiveness;supporting leading enterprises to accelerate industrialization process;promoting industrial certification to make well-known brands" are also put forward herein.