A modified phase diversity wavefront sensor with a diffraction grating

The phase diversity wavefront sensor is one of the tools used to estimate wavefront aberration, and it is often used as a wavefront sensor in adaptive optics systems. However, the performance of the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is limited by the accuracy and dynamic ranges of the intensity distribution at the focus and defocus positions of the CCD camera. In this paper, a modified phase diversity wavefront sensor based on a diffraction grating is proposed to improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency. The basic principle and the optics construction of the proposed method are also described in detail. The noise propagation property of the proposed method is also analysed by using the numerical simulation method, and comparison between the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor and the traditional phase diversity wavefront sensor is also made. The simulation results show that the diffraction grating phase diversity wavefront sensor can obviously improve the ability to measure the wavefront aberration, especially the wavefront aberration with larger amplitude and higher spatial frequency.

Active wavefront shaping for controlling and improving multimode fi ber sensor

Wavefront shaping(WFS)techniques have been used as a powerful tool to control light propagation in complex media,including multimode fibers.In this paper,we propose a new application of WFS for multimode fber-based sensors.The use of a single multimode fiber alone,without any special fabrication,as a sensor based on the light intensity variations is not an easy task.The twist effect on multimode fiber is used as an example herein.Experimental results show that light intensity through the multimode fiber shows no direct relationship with the twist angle,but the correlation coefficient(CC)of speckle patterns does.Moreover,if WFS is applied to transform the spatially seemingly random light pattern at the exit of the multimode fiber into an optical focus.The focal pattern correlation and intensity both can serve to gauge the twist angle,with doubled measurement range and allowance of using a fast point detector to provide the feedback.With further development,WFS may find potentials to facilitate the development of multimode fber-based sensors in a variety of scenarios.

High signal-to-noise ratio sensing with Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor based on auto gain control of electron multiplying CCD

High signal-to-noise ratio can be achieved with the electron multiplying charge-coupled-device（EMCCD） applied in the Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor（S–H WFS） in adaptive optics（AO）.However,when the brightness of the target changes in a large scale,the fixed electron multiplying（EM） gain will not be suited to the sensing limitation.Therefore an auto-gain-control method based on the brightness of light-spots array in S–H WFS is proposed in this paper.The control value is the average of the maximum signals of every light spot in an array,which has been demonstrated to be kept stable even under the influence of some noise and turbulence,and sensitive enough to the change of target brightness.A goal value is needed in the control process and it is predetermined based on the characters of EMCCD.Simulations and experiments have demonstrated that this auto-gain-control method is valid and robust,the sensing SNR reaches the maximum for the corresponding signal level,and especially is greatly improved for those dim targets from 6 to 4 magnitude in the visual band.

Simultaneous quantification of longitudinal and transverse ocular chromatic aberrations with Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor

A simple method to objectively and simultaneously measure eye's longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberrations was proposed.A dual-wavelength wavefront measurement system using two Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensors was developed.The wavefronts of the red(639.1 nm)and near-infrared(786.0 nm)lights were measured simultaneously for different positions in the model eye.The chromatic wavefronts were converted into Zernike polynomials.The Zernike tilt cofficient(irst term)was used to calculate the transverse chromatic aberration along the ax-direction,while the Zernike defocus coefficient(fourth term)was used to calculate the longi-tudinal chromatic aberration.The measurement and simulation data were consistent.

哈特曼-夏克波前传感器高精度球面波标定方法研究

为解决哈特曼-夏克波前传感器传统标定方法存在的测量精度低、稳定性不足等问题,提出了一种基于球面波的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器高精度绝对标定方法。通过理论推导获取了球面波的高精度标定方法,结合搭建的球面波标定实验装置,对子孔径数为128×128的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器完成高精度标定。该方法计算得到了哈特曼-夏克波前传感器结构参数f,w以及L_(0)的精确值。对标定后的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的测量精度进行测试,实验结果表明,经本文方法标定后的哈特曼-夏克波前传感器的波前复原精度达到了PV=1.376×10^(-2)λ,RMS=4×10^(-3)λ(λ=625 nm),重复性精度为PV=3.2×10^(-3)λ,RMS=9.76×10^(-4)λ(λ=625 nm)。该方法可以为大口径的SHWFS完成高精度标定,提升测量精度。

结合光学掩模调制的鼠眼像差精确测量

进行波前探测时,标准动物模型小鼠的眼底视网膜双层反射光会导致像差探测失效。为解决这一问题,本文提出了一种结合光学掩模调制的鼠眼像差测量方法,以期提高鼠眼波前像差测量精度。首先,根据鼠眼视网膜的关键参数,建立鼠眼波前像差探测的光学系统模型并进行光学仿真。然后,分析比较不同孔径的光学掩模对视网膜非目标层反射光束的遮拦效果,确定光学掩模参数与实验方案。最后,搭建鼠眼波前像差探测系统并开展在体鼠眼波前像差的测量实验。实验结果表明:0.5 mm孔径的光学掩模可以将鼠眼波前像差的测量均方根误差降低74.9%,与理论仿真的80%区域实现非目标层反射光遮拦效果近似。本文研究实现了对鼠眼视网膜非目标层反射光的有效遮拦,提升了鼠眼波前像差探测精度,为进一步实现鼠眼高分辨率成像奠定了基础。

微透镜阵列衍射效应对夏克一哈特曼波前探测器的影响分析

微透镜阵列的衍射效应会影响夏克—哈特曼波前探测器的探测精度。本文根据惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射理论建立二维微透镜阵列衍射模型,模拟分析使用理想平行光入射微透镜阵列时在焦平面产生的二维衍射光斑阵列。然后,通过计算衍射光斑偏移一个像素的过程中质心的误差,确定最大质心计算误差。接着,利用模式法进行波前重构,获得波前探测误差。仿真结果显示:在偏移0.21和0.79个像素,即波面偏转0.03°和0.13°时,衍射导致的波前误差最大为0.125λ。最后,实验验证了该误差计算方法的有效性。该研究结果可为夏克一哈特曼波前探测器的设计提供理论依据。

基于Transformer结构的高精度湍流波前重构

动态变化的大气湍流和观测目标的亮度的降低严重影响了夏克-哈特曼波前传感器(SHWFS)探测波前的精度。针对这两种复杂的观测条件,本文提出了一种以Transformer结构为基础的神经网络模型,它具有很好的全局建模能力,可以高精度地从SHWFS光斑阵列图像中重建波前。通过在动态变化的典型大气湍流相干长度r_(0)下进行仿真模拟,所提出的网络模型的残余波前RMS误差值稳定在0.010~0.024μm之间。与已有的方法相比,本文方法能够更准确地重构波前像差。此外,本文方法的重构精度受导星或观测目标的亮度变化影响很小。因此,本文方法的重构精度对两种观测条件变化均具有较强的稳定性,为大口径天文光学望远镜的高分辨率成像提供了一种有前景的方法。

Wavefront detection performance analysis of plenoptic sensor

A numerical simulation model of plenoptic sensor aberration wavefront detection is established to simulate and analyze the detection performance of plenoptic sensor aberration wavefront for different turbulence intensities.The results show that the plenoptic sensor can achieve better distortion wavefront detection,and its wavefront detection accuracy improves with turbulence intensity.The unique optical structure design of the plenoptic sensor makes it more suitable for aberration wavefront detection in strong turbulent conditions.The wavefront detection performance of the plenoptic sensor is not only related to its wavefront reconstruction algorithm but also closely related to its structural parameter settings.The influence of structural parameters on the wavefront detection accuracy of plenoptic sensors under different turbulence intensities is simulated and analyzed.The variation law of wavefront detection accuracy and structural parameters under different turbulence intensities is summarized to provide a reference for the structural design and parameter optimization of plenoptic sensors.

高功率超短脉冲钛宝石激光系统波前测量实验

为表征SILEX-Ⅰ超强超短脉冲钛宝石激光装置的性能,利用高空间分辨的哈特曼波前传感器实验研究了该系统的光束波前畸变特性。实验中采用俄罗斯科学院激光和信息技术研究所研制的自缩束哈特曼波前测量系统,哈特曼波前传感器的最大入射口径可达95mm,测量精度为0.08μm。得到激光脉冲在压缩前的P-V值仅为0.13λ(λ=800nm),RMS值为0.02λ;压缩后P-V值为0.63,λRMS值为0.09λ,并对实验结果进行了分析和讨论。结果表明,该激光装置具有良好的光束质量,其主要波前畸变来源于压缩池。

哈特曼传感器测量人眼波像差的特性研究

准确测量人眼波像差,对提高正常眼睛的视力和人眼屈光矫正手术具有重要的实验和临床 价值。对哈特曼传感器测量人眼波像差的精确性和重复性进行了研究,测量人眼离焦的精度为0.2D,波像差的平均偏差为0.065mm。

用夏克-哈特曼探测器测量人眼波前像差

为了精确测量人眼的高低阶像差,设计并搭建了一套人眼波前像差精确测量光学系统。该系统采用夏克-哈特曼波前探测器进行波前探测,可以在不同瞳孔、不同视场和不同调焦状态下精确测量人眼的波前像差。用ZEMAX软件对系统进行模拟分析,验证了该系统的探测精度,讨论了系统的调焦性能。用该系统实验分析了人眼各阶像差的分布情况、瞳孔大小和调焦状态对人眼波前像差的影响,以及人眼波前像差的时间和空间变化特性(变化频率约3 Hz,等晕角约为1.5°)。结果表明,该系统精度高(PV<1/20λ),操作方便,是人眼波像差的研究和个性化角膜手术的有力工具。

哈特曼波前传感器的应用

夏克—哈特曼（S－H）波前传感器可以用很高的采样频率同时测量出光场的相位分布和强度分布。它不仅作为波前传感器广泛地应用于自适应光学系统之中，而且还用于光学元件和光学系统的检测、激光光束质量诊断和大气扰动测量之中。我们研制了一系列S－H波前传感器。本文总结了这些传感器在不同领域的测量结果。

Shack-Hartmann波前传感器图像自适应阈值的选取

Shack-Hartmann(S-H)波前传感器光斑图像阈值的选取对质心探测精度有较大的影响。本文分析了S-H波前传感器光斑图像的特点,研究了光斑图像阈值对质心探测精度的影响,在此基础上提出了一种基于灰度直方图原理的多峰自适应阈值选取方法。实验结果表明,对于信噪比>4的S-H波前传感器光斑图像,本方法能够比较有效地自动选取每帧图像的阈值;但对于信噪比<4的图像,分割效果不是很理想。将使用本阈值算法的S-H波前传感器应用到自适应光学系统中进行闭环校正实验,结果显示,校正后的系统波前误差从10.41λ(PV值,λ=632.8nm)降低到0.12λ,基本达到了衍射极限水平,表明本方法可以满足S-H波前传感器的实用要求。

高级像差对人眼成像质量和视觉的影响

定量地研究高级像差对人眼成像质量和视觉的影响对人眼像差矫正具有重要的实验和临床意义。利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器人眼像差仪测量了正常人眼6mm瞳孔的波前像差,由波前像差计算出人眼光学系统的光学调制传递函数MTF和Strehl比率,并由MTF和视网膜空间像调制度AIM曲线计算出人眼视锐度和对比敏感度函数CSF。根据MTF和Strehl比率分析了高级像差对人眼成像质量的影响,根据视锐度和对比敏感度函数CSF分析了高级波像差对视觉的影响。研究表明Zernik前6级像差对人眼成像质量和视觉的影响是不可忽略的,更高级的像差对人眼成像质量和视觉的影响较小,甚至可以忽略。对Zernik前6级像差进行矫正,可以得到相当好的视觉。

云南天文台1．2m望远镜61单元自适应光学系统

云南天文台1．2 m望远镜61单元自适应光学系统已经完成升级改造并投入使用。该自适应光学系统主要由倾斜跟踪控制回路、高阶校正回路以及高分辨力成像系统组成。为了提高系统的跟踪精度,倾斜跟踪控制回路由两级倾斜校正回路串联而成,用于校正望远镜的跟踪误差和大气湍流引起的倾斜跟踪误差。高阶校正回路主要由一套哈特曼波前传感器、一块61单元变形反射镜以及一套高速数字波前处理机组成。系统中哈特曼波前传感器的工作波段为400-700 nm,系统成像波段为700-900 nm。在介绍61单元自适应光学系统各组成部分的基础上,对该系统的性能进行了分析,并给出了实际天文恒星目标的高分辨力自适应光学成像观测结果。

一种Hartmann-Shack波前传感器图像的自适应阈值选取方法

在Hartmann-Shack波前传感器中,图像阈值的选取对质心探测精度有较大的影响。根据 模式识别理论,提出一种适用于Hartmann-Shack波前传感器图像阈值选取的新方法棗基于类别方差的自适应门限方法。实验结果表明,本方法在Hartmann-Shack波前传感器图像信噪比大于3时,能够比较有效地自动选取每帧图像的阈值。

高功率固体激光装置哈特曼传感器参考波前标定方法

在高功率固体激光驱动器中,参考波前标定是自适应光学系统应用过程中的关键技术之一。基于国内某大型激光原型装置光路特点,对比研究了两种不同的参考波前标定方法,详细分析了两种方法的标定过程和影响标定结果准确性的主要因素,选取了较为准确的参考波前标定结果。基于该参考波前,对AO系统闭环和开环条件下的远场进行了对比测试,实验证明了标定结果的有效性。该研究结果成功应用于该激光原型装置的AO系统波前补偿实验。

基于衍射光栅曲率波前传感器的实时波前重构研究

自适应光学系统要求波前传感器能实现动态实时测量,曲率波前传感技术符合这一发展要求。一种新型的基于扭曲衍射光栅的曲率波前传感器在探测装置的实现方法方面具有较大优势,其波前重构已应用于光学度量。根据衍射光学理论,对其探测信号进行数值模拟,并利用Neumann边界条件的Green函数法对其波前重构进行数值模拟。结果表明:Green函数法归结为2矩阵相乘,计算速度快,达到实时重构要求;Green函数法对阶数不高的Zernike多项式重构效果较好;影响重构误差的主要因素是光强梯度的边界噪声。

自适应光学系统中变形镜和波前传感器共轭位置要求的分析

通过对几何光学和物理光学模型的数值计算,分析了自适应光学系统中小像差畸变波前在空间自由传播时自身的变化情况,进而给出了系统中对变形镜和波前探测器与被校正瞳面之间共轭位置关系的要求和允许范围。结果表明,波前自由传播时的变化程度决定于像差自身的类型和大小、光束的口径以及传播的距离,大口径小像差波前近距离传播时波前变化误差很小。一般来说,变形镜和波前传感器偏离被校正瞳面共轭位置距离满足菲涅尔数大于1000时,对系统校正效果的影响可以忽略。实际应用中,应该根据校正对象的特征来具体计算波前误差随传播距离的变化,从而设计波前传感器和变形镜的位置,以及选择使用4F光学系统。本文的分析可以为自适应光学系统的整体光路设计提供一定理论参考。